Thermal conductivity

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Thermal conductivity is heat flow per second per unit area per unit temperature gradient. Heat conduction / Heat energy is the transferred from the hot end of heat conductor to the cold end consider a cylindrical conductor as shown in fig. 1, where the temperature at T1 is greater than at T2, the heat energy flows from the hotter end at temperature T1 to cooler end at temperature T2.

Ingénierie

Heat Transfer Laboratory
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
((Thermal conductivity))
Aim:
To find the thermal conductivity (k) of a selection of metals.
1. Theory
1.1 Definition of thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity is heat flow per second per unit area per unit temperature gradient. Heat
conduction / Heat energy is the transferred from the hot end of heat conductor to the cold end
consider a cylindrical conductor as shown in fig. 1, where the temperature at T1 is greater than at
T2, the heat energy flows from the hotter end at temperature T1 to cooler end at temperature T2.
Fig. 1 Cylindrical conductor
Temperature Gradient/the temperature gradient along a material is a temperature change per unit
length, so for the example in fig.1 the temperature gradient is:
(1)
Thermal Conductivity/ to calculate the thermal conductivity of a material the equation must
rearranged to give:
(2)
The heat energy transfer rate (Q/t) is replaced by the power (Wh) for this apparatus and experiment.
This will change the general equation to:
(3)

Heat Transfer Laboratory
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E x p e r i m e n t N o . 2 Page 2
Fig. 2 Thermal conductivity measurement apparatus [1]

Heat Transfer Laboratory
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E x p e r i m e n t N o . 2 Page 3
2. Controlled heat flow and accuracy
To measure the thermal conductivity of a material, a controlled flow of heat energy must move
along the specimen. The thermal conductivity apparatus has a controllable heater and cooler to
create the heat flow.
For accurate result, the heat loss due to convection and radiation must be minimized, so that all the
heat is transferred by conduction. In a normal environment, much of the heat from the heater
would be lost by convection (see fig. 3), so the heat flow would be difficult to control and measure.
If the average specimen temperature is within a few degrees of the surrounding surface the heat
loss by radiation is very small and can be ignored [2-4]
.
Fig. 3 Heat loss in a normal environment and in the TE19 Low air environment
When the air is removed from around the specimen, there is no gas available for convection to take
place, the heat flow is virtually all due to conduction. However, it is virtually impossible to remove
aal the air or other particles from an environment, this would create a perfect vacuum.
It’s impossible to remove all the air, but the RE19 Vacuum pump creates a very good vacuum, so
that the errors due to convection are very small.

Heat Transfer Laboratory
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Table 1 Notation
Table 2 Specimens characteristics

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