From MDE to SLE (April 17th, 2015)

Benoit Combemale (Inria & Univ. Rennes 1)
http://people.irisa.fr/Benoit.Combemale
benoit.combemale@irisa.fr
@bcombemale
From Model (driven) Engineering…
… to Language (driven) Engineering

THE DIVERSE TEAM
From MDE to SLE - B. Combemale (Inria & Univ. Rennes 1) - 2

DiverSE Research Group
DiverSE team (env. 40 people)
-  8 faculty members
-  1 Research Engineer
-  ~20 PhD students
-  ~6 Software Engineers
-  ~6 Post doc
- 3From MDE to SLE - B. Combemale (Inria & Univ. Rennes 1)

Applications Domains
Software
intensive
systems
Multiple dimensions of
software diversity

Model driven
engineering
Functional
diversity
Language
diversity
Implementation
diversity
Execution
diversity
Research Foundations and Topics

Shared Vision: Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)
Distribution
« Service Provider
Manager »
Notification
Alternate Manager
« Recovery Block
Manager »
Complaint
Recovery Block
Manager
« Service
Provider
Manager »
Notification
Manager
« Service Provider
Manager »
Complaint Alternate
Manager
« Service
Provider
Manager »
Complaint
Manager
« Acceptance
Test Manager »
Notification
Acceptance Test
Manager
« Acceptance
Test Manager »
Complaint
Acceptance Test
Manager
« Recovery
Block Manager »
Notification
Recovery Block
Manager
« Client »
User Citizen
Manager
Fault tolerance Roles
Activities
Views
Contexts
Security
Functional behavior
Book
state : StringUser
borrow
return
deliver
setDamaged
res
erv
e
Use case
Platform
Model Design
Model
Code
Model
Change one Aspect and
Automatically Re-Weave:
From Software Product Lines…
..to Dynamically Adaptive Systems
Benoit Combemale, Julien DeAntoni, Benoit Baudry, Robert B. France, Jean-Marc Jézéquel,
Jeff Gray, "Globalizing Modeling Languages," Computer, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 68-71, June, 2014
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, David Mendez, Thomas Degueule, Benoit Combemale, Olivier Barais,
"When Systems Engineering Meets Software Language Engineering," In Complex Systems
Design & Management (CSD&M'14), Springer, 2014.

FROM MDE TO SLE

Aerodynamics
Authorities
Avionics
Safety
Regulations
Airlines
Propulsion
System
Mechanical
Structure
Environmental
Impact
Navigation
Communications
Human-
Machine
Interaction
8
Multiple
Concerns

9
Aerodynamics
Authorities
Avionics
Safety
Regulations
Airlines
Propulsion
System
Mechanical
Structure
Environmental
Impact
Navigation
Communications
Human-
Machine
Interaction
Heterogeneous
Modeling

Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)
- 11
J. Whittle, J. Hutchinson, and M. Rouncefield, “The State of Practice in Model-
Driven Engineering,” IEEE Software, vol. 31, no. 3, 2014, pp. 79–85.
From MDE to SLE - B. Combemale (Inria & Univ. Rennes 1)
"Perhaps surprisingly, the majority of MDE examples in our study
followed domain-specific modeling paradigms"
Distribution
« Service Provider
Manager »
Notification
Alternate Manager
« Recovery Block
Manager »
Complaint
Recovery Block
Manager
« Service
Provider
Manager »
Notification
Manager
« Service Provider
Manager »
Complaint Alternate
Manager
« Service
Provider
Manager »
Complaint
Manager
« Acceptance
Test Manager »
Notification
Acceptance Test
Manager
« Acceptance
Test Manager »
Complaint
Acceptance Test
Manager
« Recovery
Block Manager »
Notification
Recovery Block
Manager
« Client »
User Citizen
Manager
Fault tolerance Roles
Activities
Views
Contexts
Security
Functional behavior
Book
state : StringUser
borrow
return
deliver
setDamaged
res
erv
e
Use case
Platform
Model Design
Model
Code
Model

Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs)
•  Targeted to a particular kind of problem, with dedicated
notations (textual or graphical), support (editor, checkers, etc.)
•  Promises: more « efficient » languages for resolving a set of
specific problems in a domain

Problem
Space Solution
Space
Assembler
C, Java
DSLs
Abstraction
Gap

« Another lesson we should have learned from the recent past is
that the development of 'richer' or 'more powerful' programming
languages was a mistake in the sense that these baroque
monstrosities, these conglomerations of idiosyncrasies, are really
unmanageable, both mechanically and mentally.
I see a great future for very systematic and
very modest programming languages »
ACM Turing Lecture, « The Humble Programmer »
Edsger W. Dijkstra 14
aka Domain-
Specific
Languages
aka General-Purpose
Languages
1972

15
2011
« Domain-specific
languages are far more
prevalent than
anticipated »

What is a domain-specific language ?
•  « Language specially designed to perform a task in a certain
domain »
•  « A formal processable language targeting at a specific
viewpoint or aspect of a software system. Its semantics and
notation is designed in order to support working with that
viewpoint as good as possible »
•  « A computer language that's targeted to a particular kind of
problem, rather than a general purpose language that's aimed
at any kind of software problem. »

GPL (General Purpose Language)

DSL vs. GPL
The boundary isn’t as clear as it could be. Domain-
specificity is not black-and-white, but instead gradual: a
language is more or less domain specific

Language-Oriented Programming/Modeling
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Benoît Combemale et Didier Vojtisek, "Ingénierie Dirigée
par les Modèles : des concepts a la pratique," Ellipses edition, février 2012

Language Design and Implementation
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Benoît Combemale et Didier Vojtisek, "Ingénierie Dirigée
par les Modèles : des concepts a la pratique," Ellipses edition, février 2012
Editors
(textuals, graphicals, …)
Documentation generators
Test generators
Simulators
Analyzers
Refactoring
Checkers
(static & dynamics)
Translators
Compilers
Code generators
Etc.

Abstract
Syntax
(+ static
semantics)
MOF/Ecore
+ OCL
Concrete
syntax
Dynamic
SemanticsxText, GMF,
Sirius, Antlr…
QVT*,
Kermeta AL,
Java EMF…
* *

J-M. Favre, D. Gasevic, R. Lämmel, and E. Pek. "Empirical language analysis
in software linguistics," In Software Language Engineering, volume 6563 of
LNCS, pages 316–326. Springer, 2011.
"Software languages
are softwares too"

Software Language Engineering (SLE)
•  Application of systematic, disciplined, and measurable
approaches to the development, deployment, use, and
maintenance of software languages
•  Supported by various kind of "language workbench"
•  Eclipse EMF, xText, Sirius, GEMOC, Papyrus
•  Jetbrain’s MPS
•  MS DSL Tools
•  Etc.
•  Various shapes and ways to implement software languages
•  External, internal or embedded DSLs, Profile, etc.
•  Grammar, metamodel, ontology, etc.
•  More and more literature, a dedicated Intl. conference (ACM SLE,
cf. http://www.sleconf.org)…

Metamodeling
- 24
J.-M. Favre, J. Estublier, M. Blay-Fornarino, "L'ingénierie dirigée par les modèles.
Au-delà du MDA," Hermes Science Publications, 2006.

The Kermeta Workbench (since 2005)
•  Modular design of DSMLs
•  One meta-language per language concern (merge/weave)
•  Ecore, OCL, Xtend
•  But also: QVTo, fUML, Alf, Ket, Xsd…
•  Static introduction mechanism (aspect)
•  Provides a model oriented action language to support common model
manipulation tasks
•  to implement (E)Operation’s bodies
•  Imperative, statically typed, object-oriented, aspect-oriented (aspect/
context, require), model-oriented, DbC, Unit testing
•  Java and Xtend compliant, and based on EMF
•  Run as Eclipse plugin or as standard Java application
•  Efficient implementation of DSMLs
•  Mashup of the meta-languages to efficient bytecode
•  Integrated with third-party tools (EMF compliant)
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Benoit Combemale, Olivier Barais, Martin Monperrus,
François Fouquet, “Mashup of metalanguages and its implementation in the
Kermeta language workbench,” SoSyM, 2014.

The Kermeta Workbench (since 2005)
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Benoit Combemale, Olivier Barais, Martin Monperrus,
François Fouquet, “Mashup of metalanguages and its implementation in the
Kermeta language workbench,” SoSyM, 2014.
@aspect(class=Transition)
operation fire() : String {
source.owningFSM.currentState := target
result := output
}

Model Execution, Simulation and Animation

Software Language Engineering (SLE)
- 28
J. Whittle, J. Hutchinson, and M. Rouncefield, “The State of Practice in Model-
Driven Engineering,” IEEE Software, vol. 31, no. 3, 2014, pp. 79–85.
"A clear challenge, then, is how to integrate multiple DSLs."
"Rather than attempting to formalize a wide-ranging domain (such
as financial applications), practitioners should write small, easy-to-
maintain DSLs and code generators. In practice, however, multiple
DSLs are usually required, which brings its own challenges in terms
of integration."

MELANGE
A language workbench for agile language development and use

The daily life of DSLs
•  Closely evolve with the domain and the experts’ understanding of
the domain
•  Reused, extended, shrunk, customized, replaced with alternatives

Variants or subsequent
versions cannot
leverage previous
engineering efforts

v2.4
v2.1
How can we ensure
interoperability between
subsequent versions?

How can we foster the
reuse of artifacts between
similar languages?

Challenges
•  Manage evolution
•  Generic tools &
transformations
•  Manage syntactical /
semantical variation points
•  Design families (variants)
•  Agile modeling
•  Manipulate models in
different environments
•  Reuse transformations &
tools

Towards Language Interfaces
•  Tools, transformations, environments are tightly coupled with
the language they were originately defined on
•  If the language evolves, associated tools break
•  If a variant exists, tools cannot be reused
•  An abstraction layer would reduce the coupling
•  We realize this abstraction layer with language interfaces

Towards Language Interfaces
Language
Implementation
(abstract syntax, concrete syntaxes, semantics)
Language
Interface
(meaningful information for a specific purpose)
Language and
Model engineering
(transformations, tools, editors, IDEs, …)
à Multiple implementations can match the
same interface
à Tools defined on an interface can be
reused for all matching implemention

A structural language interface: the model type
•  Interface over the structural information of a language
•  Focus on the reuse of tools and transformations
•  Structural typing semantics for model manipulation
•  Supported by a model-oriented type system
•  Models (i.e. graph of objects) as first-class citizens
•  Type group (family) polymorphism
•  Structural typing
⇒  Provides language substitutability and model polymorphism

Model Type

Model Type
Clement Guy, Benoît Combemale, Steven Derrien, Jim Steel, Jean-Marc Jézéquel,
"On Model Subtyping," In ECMFA’12, Springer, 2012.

Model Type

Melange: Overview
A language-based, model-oriented
programming language

Melange: Overview
•  A language for defining DSLs
•  Import DSLs implementation
•  Handy operators for SLE: inheritance, merge, etc.
•  Aspect-oriented modeling (e.g. for executable meta-modeling)
•  Generic transformations
•  A language for manipulating models
•  Models as first-class, typed citizens
•  Model-oriented type system providing model polymorphism
•  Flexible save and load mechanism
•  Fully interoperable with the EMF ecosystem
•  As an external or internal DSL

Melange: Benefits
DSL engineering
•  High-level operators
•  Inheritance, merge, etc.
•  Aspect-oriented modeling
•  Executable meta-modeling
•  Generic tools definition
Agile modeling
•  Manipulate models in different
environments
•  Viewpoints
•  Reuse of tools

THE GEMOC INITIATIVE
On the globalization of modeling languages

Globalization of Modeling Languages
- 49
•  DSMLs are developed in an independent manner
to meet the specific needs of domain experts,
•  DSMLs should also have an associated
framework that regulates interactions needed to
support collaboration and work coordination
across different system domains.
Benoit Combemale, Julien DeAntoni, Benoit Baudry, Robert B. France,
Jean-Marc Jezequel, Jeff Gray, "Globalizing Modeling Languages,"
Computer, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 68-71, June, 201468 COMPUTER Published by the IEEE Computer Society 0018-9162/14/$31.00 © 2014 IEEE
COLUMN SECTION TITLESOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES
Coordinating domain-specific modeling languages provides support for
language heterogeneity in software-intensive systems’ development and
runtime management.
I
n the software and sys-
tems modeling community,
domain-specific modeling
language (DSML) research
is focused on providing technolo-
gies for developing languages and
tools that allow domain experts to
develop system solutions efficiently.
Unfortunately, it’s very difficult for
software and systems engineers to
reason about information spread
across models describing different
system aspects because of the cur-
rent lack of support for explicitly
relating concepts expressed in dif-
ferent DSMLs. Here, we describe a
research initiative that broadens
the DSML research focus beyond
independent DSML development
to one that supports globalized
DSMLs—that is, DSMLs that facili-
tate coordination of work across
different domains of expertise.
DOMAIN-SPECIFIC
MODELING LANGUAGES
Model-driven engineering (MDE)
aims to reduce the accidental com-
plexity associated with developing
complex software-intensive systems.1
A primary source of this complex-
ity is the wide gap between the
high-level concepts used by domain
experts to express their specific
needs and the low-level abstrac-
tions provided by general-purpose
programming languages.2 Manually
bridging this gap, particularly in the
presence of changing requirements,
is costly in terms of both time and
effort. MDE approaches this problem
through the use of modeling tech-
niques that support separation of
concerns and automated generation
of major system artifacts (for exam-
ple, test cases and implementations)
from models.
In MDE, a model describes an
aspect of a system and is typically
created for specific development
purposes. Separation of concerns
is supported through the use of dif-
ferent modeling languages, each
providing constructs based on ab-
stractions that are specific to an
aspect of a system. For example, gen-
eralized stochastic Petri nets can be
used to create performance models,
whereas the notation provided by the
Simulink tool is adapted to simula-
tion models. MDE technologies also
provide support for manipulating
models, such as for querying, trans-
forming, merging, and analyzing
(including executing) models. Model-
ing languages are thus at MDE’s core.
Globalizing
Modeling
Languages
Benoit Combemale, Inria and Univerity
of Rennes
Julien DeAntoni, University of Nice
Sophia-Antipolis
Benoit Baudry, Inria
Robert B. France, Colorado State University
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, University of Rennes
Jeff Gray, University of Alabama
r6sof.indd 68 5/22/14 10:47 AM

Globalization of Modeling Languages
- 50
Supporting coordinated use of modeling
languages leads to what we call the globalization
of modeling languages, that is, the use of multiple
modeling languages to support coordinated
development of diverse aspects of a system.
runtime management.
I
DOMAIN-SPECIFIC
MODELING LANGUAGES
from models.
Globalizing
Modeling
Languages
of Rennes
Sophia-Antipolis
r6sof.indd 68 5/22/14 10:47 AM

Globalization of Modeling Language
- 51
•  Context: new emerging DSML in open world
⇒  impossible a priori unification
⇒  require a posteriori globalization
•  Objective: socio-technical coordination to support interactions
across different system aspects
⇒  Language-based support for technical integration of
multiples domains
⇒  Language-based support for social translucence
runtime management.
I
DOMAIN-SPECIFIC
MODELING LANGUAGES
from models.
Globalizing
Modeling
Languages
of Rennes
Sophia-Antipolis
r6sof.indd 68 5/22/14 10:47 AM

The GEMOC Initiative
- 52
An open and international initiative to
•  coordinate (between members)
•  disseminate (on behalf the members)
worldwide R&D efforts
on the globalization of modeling languages
http://gemoc.org
@gemocinitiative

GEMOC: The Community
- 53
United States
Canada

Join us!
The GEMOC Initiative
http://gemoc.org ~ @gemocinitiative
Advisory Board: Benoit Combemale, Robert B. France, Jeff Gray and Jean-Marc Jézéquel

From MDE to SLE: Wrap-up
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, David Mendez, Thomas Degueule, Benoit Combemale, Olivier
Barais, "When Systems Engineering Meets Software Language Engineering," In
Complex Systems Design & Management (CSD&M'14), Springer, 2014.
All about “family of languages”!! J
Core
Query
Language
Action
Language
Constraint
LanguageFSM
H FSM System
ODE
FSM
Activity
Language Inheritance
Subtyping, Model Viewpoint,
Generic metaprogramming
Globalization of DSLs
HFSM
UML
Rhapsody
Stateﬂow
HT FSM
Language Modularization and Composition,
Language Variability Management

From MDE to SLE (April 17th, 2015)

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