Qualitative Public health Research Reviews on Intimate partner violence & Driving force to leave

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BATTERED WOMEN SYNDROME
&
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REVIEWS
BensonBabu.,Mpharm,MPH.

2. 1.Intimate partner violence and the leaving
process: Interviews with
abused women
MARIA SCHEFFER LINDGREN, PhD student & BARBRO RENCK, Associate Professor
Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Public
health, Karlstad University, Sweden
International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 3:2, 113-
124,
Purpose: To increase the understanding of abused women’s
experience of leaving heterosexual violent relationships, and
aimed to gain deeper knowledge about how the leaving process
works, from the first thoughts about leave or efforts to leave, until
the final physical break up.
Methods: Constructivist grounded theory and method is
used
for data collection and analysis. Grounded theory
emerged from Glaser and Strauss (1967)

3. Methods employed
 Data-collection-2005-06
 in-depth interviews
 14-Women living in
heterosexual
relationships in different
parts of Sweden.
 Contact with the
respondents was
gained through;
Shelters for battered
women, from crime
victim shelters, one
lawyer and from private
contacts.
At the time for the interviews,
all of the women had at
least physically, left their
relationships, which was the
criteria for participating.
The relations had endured from
about one year to
approximately 16Years. and
the definitive break up had
taken place some time
during the last five years,
except from one relation
that ended earlier. The
respondents’ characteristics
varied by age (from 25
years to 50 years at the
time of interview)

4. CONT…….
 12-Swedish
 1-Arabic
 1-Norwegian
 12-mothers
 Open interview with few pre formulated questions.
FINDINGS
Fearfulness as a driving force to leave, related to three key
categories: Restraining break up, Balancing between leaving and
staying, Release turning point.

6. conclusion
Many factors which are depended upon the leaving of women:
 Sense of disquiet
 Increasing fear of gradually emerging men's violence.
 Confusion between men’s oscillation between tenderness
and violence.
 Fear of men and their deviating behavior.
 Worry and safety concerning their own safety
 Children!
 External human support played a vital role in leaving.

7. 2. Fighting for survival and escape from violence:
Interviews with battered
women
ANETTE M. E. HA¨GGBLOM & ANDERS R. MO¨ LLER
Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden
International Journal of Qualitative Studies
on Health and Well-being, 2:3, 169-178,
PURPOSE:
In this study, the women’s perspectives were highlighted with
the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of what being
battered means to women and the strategies they use to
handle the situation.
METHODS:
Subjects:9 battered women (separated from spouses)
 The relationships had lasted from one and half years to 23 years.
 The perpetrators, as far as the women knew, had experienced
violence in their childhood.

8. Cont….
 All of the women also reported mental, verbal, and emotional
abuse from their partners, which included belittling
comments, degrading remarks, and controlling,
manipulative behavior.
 Three of the women had experienced sexual abuse. In one case,
the woman’s daughter had been molested by the partner, and in
two cases the children had experienced violence.
Procedure:
In-depth interviews
Setting –Home (according to the women’s preferences) local
community women-Finland
Period-June 2004-June-2005.

9. Result
 The core category in this study has been conceptualized
as fighting for survival and escape.
 The abused women’s lives were closely tied up to the
abusive partner, who most often totally controlled them
and entrapped them.
Three categories emerged from the interviews
with the battered women and they were related to
develop the core category
The categories that were;
 Having a personal construct of violence,
 Struggling to cope with the violence,
 Feeling a need for support.

11. conclusion
The results of this study show that even though the
battered women’s partners used threats and slaps,
and arranged lethal accidents, all the women had
been able to escape the torture.
 The study also shows the importance of a supportive
‘other’ playing a major role in leave-taking…

12. 3.Women’s Understanding of the Effects of Domestic
Abuse: The Impact on Their Identity, Sense of Self
and Resilience. A Grounded Theory Approach
By Emma Crawford1, Helen Liebling-Kalifani2 and Vicki Hill
journal of International Women's Studies, 11(2),63-82
PURPOSE
This study aimed to explore the unique perspectives of
women who have experienced domestic abuse in order to
gain an understanding of their experiences, their perceived
identity, sense of self and resilience.
METHODS
 A grounded theory approach was considered to be the most
appropriate methodology as the study wished to explore
women’s in-depth experiences

13. CONT….
The aim of the study was for women to generate their
own views about how they were affected by their experiences.
 As this research focused on women’s experiences of domestic
abuse, a highly sensitive area, the principles of feminist
research were also adhered to. These included advocating
conscious partiality, anon-hierarchical relationship and an
interactive research process, as recommended by Bergen
(1993). In line with feminist research methods the study also
aimed for further empowerment of women participants.
 Participants were recruited from mothers of children who attended
a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) run by
Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Partnership Trust.
 All participants in the women’s group were over 18 years of age,
had at least one child, and were no longer in an abusive
relationship. No previous research had been carried out to
evaluate the group

14. Cont………
 Semi-structured interview-1 hour -45 min
 Each interview concluded with a brief review of the
participant’s emotional state and gave the opportunity for
women to discuss their views and experiences.
 RESULTS
 Following analysis forty eight lower order and six high
order categories were identified. Eventually when no
further meanings were obtained and saturation of the data
was reached, selective coding then enabled development of
the theory

16. CONCLUTION
 Analysis of the interviews suggested that women’s
identity and sense of self are strongly influenced by
the culture and society in which they lived.
 These influences affected their decisions to
attempt to persevere in an abusive relationship.
 This resulted in the women feeling ashamed of the
abuse, blamed and ultimately silenced.
 Families, friends and communities appeared unable
or unwilling to offer support further disempowering
the women.

17. CONT…..
 Women interviewed were reluctant to seek help for
themselves and prioritized the needs of their children.
 Services need to be aware of this and consider the
implementation of integrated working to support the
needs of whole families, offering ‘joined up’ services to
women and their children.
 Services need to be responsive to the needs of women
and offer ongoing support after the abusive relationship
has ended to enhance the development of resilience.

18. 4.Experiences of being screened for intimate partner violence
during pregnancy: a qualitative study of women in Japan
 Yaeko Kataoka1* and Mikiko Imazeki2
BMC Women's Health (2018) 18:75
 PURPOSE- Study aimed to conduct semi-structured
interviews with postpartum women who received IPV
screening during pregnancy to investigate women’s
experiences of reading and completing the IPV screening
questionnaire.
 METHODS-The first part of this study was a descriptive
IPV survey with a purposive sample of women. The
second part of the study was qualitative using content
analysis of semi-structured interviews of the same
sample.
This study was conducted in a general hospital that provide
antenatal to postpartum care in a city of the Nagano region.

19. CONT….
 Eligibility: Pregnant women whose due day was from the
beginning of October through the end of November 2011
and planning on giving birth at the general hospital, and
who were: (1) Japanese speaking, (2) had no severe
complications and (3) able to participate in the informed
consent process.
 IPV screening was conducted at the prenatal checkup at
35 weeks and onwards of pregnancy. Because at 35
weeks checkup women have an opportunity to consult with
a midwife, conducted IPV screening with self-
administrated questionnaire at a privacy-secured
room without her partner and other family members
after midwife’s consultation.

20. ContI…..……..
 The screening instrument used was the VAWS .VAWS is a 3-
point Likert Scale comprised of seven items dealing with
physical, psychological and sexual violence. Participants
could respond: never = 0; sometimes= 1; or often = 2. A
score of 2 points or more indicated IVP.
 In addition to the VAWS, demographic information about
the participants was also collected such as age, marital
status, family configuration, educational background,
employment status, annual income, parity, and information
about the woman’s partner.

21. Cont…..
 Interview to evaluate IPV screening during pregnancy was
conducted on the 3rd - 4th day after vaginal delivery, or the
5th - 6th day after cesarean delivery during their hospital
stay.
 RESULTS
A total 37.2% of participants responded “sometimes” for the
question “Is it difficult to settle by talking arguments
between you and your partner?”, and 14% of participants
responded“sometimes” for “feel frightened by their partner”
and“Has your partner screamed and /or yelled at you?”
“Sometimes” was answered by 4.7% for the question of“hit
the wall or thrown object”. One woman
responded“sometimes” for sexual violence, and also one
woman responded “sometimes” for physical violence.

22. Cont..
 There were 8 women (18.6%) who screened positive for IPV
during pregnancy; in other words their VAWS score exceeded the
cut-off of 2 points or greater and one was referred to the
counseling center.
 As a result of in-depth interviews, women’s experiences regarding
IPV screening during pregnancy using the VAWS questionnaire
were categorized into three themes:necessity,acceptability and
optimality
CONCLUTION
 Evaluations by women who experienced IPV screening
indicated that the majority did not find it uncomfortable.
 Although there were a few negative opinions about IPV
screening, such as concern if their husband found out,
.

23. Cont………….
 Interestingly among the positive opinions were comments
about how the questions begin a fruitful reflective process
about their marital relation plus it increased their
awareness of IPV.
 This study clarified the evaluation of IPV screening from the
women’s viewpoint. In order to support women’s health and
safety, greater awareness about IPV by health care
providers and promotion of IPV screening is required.

24. 5.How Employment Helps Female Victims of Intimate Partner
Violence: A Qualitative Study
ROTHMAN, HATHAWAY, STIDSEN, AND DE VRIES
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
2007, Vol. 12, No. 2, 136–143;
PURPOSE
 This study investigation was informed by this theoretical
perspective; we hypothesized that female victims of IPV would
report that the financial and social benefits of employment
improved possibilities for escape from abusive partnerships.
METHODS
 Between March 2001 and April 2002, we conducted semi
structured interviews with 21 female employees of an urban
hospital and health care organization that employs roughly 16,000
individuals.

25. Cont…..
 Interview format was used as the method of data
collection, rather than a survey,. Interviews were conducted
by two female social work graduate students interning with
the IPV specialists in the organization’s EAP office.
 Each participant took part in a 1-hr confidential interview in
a private room in the EAP office.
 Questions were asked verbatim in the order written.
 Schedule included 32 closed-ended and 35 open ended
questions. Responses were recorded by the interviewers on
the interview schedule.

26. Cont…..
 Interviews covered a wide range of topics including the
effect of IPV on task performance and absenteeism, career
advancement, whether participants had disclosed the fact
that they were abused to their supervisors or coworkers,
and whether participants felt that work helped them cope
with abuse.

28. conclusion
 It is noteworthy that participants in this study commented
that their workplace provided them with" emotional safety”
and a “place to hear their own thoughts,” despite the fact
that all were employed by a large, urban, health care
provider that can be described as busy and high pressure.
 That the medical work environment provided a contrast and
relief to what participants were experiencing at home is
both a testament to the extreme difficulty of their intimate
relationships and to the positive feelings that they had
about their work environment.
 The employer also made a strong statement about their
commitment to their employees’ safety by creating safety
plans for the IPV victims who wanted them.

29. Cont…..
 Findings suggest that for many victims of IPV, the
financial, social, and emotional benefits of
employment may be critical to immediate and long-
term safety. Specifically, victims’ capacity to leave
their abuser may be directly linked to their
employment income.
 Moreover, the workplace may provide victims with
periods of physical safety and a number of emotional
bolsters (such as increased self-esteem, social
support, mental respite from emotional abuse, and a
feeling of purpose in life) that increase their capacity
to formulate and carry out plans for leaving their
abusive relationships.