climate change impact and mitigation measures in Aquatic Ecosystem

1. PRESENTED BY:
B. Bhaskar
FRM-PB0-09
ICAR-CIFE

2. Introduction
 Climate change is the main cause for altering the
composition of climate, leading to consequences as
global warming.
 Climate is the weather of a place averaged over a
length of time.
 Weather and climate have profound influence on life
on earth.
 We expect the weather to change a lot from day to
day, but we expect the climate to remain relatively
constant.
 If the climate doesn’t remain constant, we call it
climate change
 Potential threat to the earth’s biodiversity via Global
warming and associated impacts.

3. IMPACTS, PHYSICAL CHANGES
Global
warming
Heat
content and
temperature
Salinity
Acidification
Sea level
rise
Increase
in
Frequenc
y of
extreme
events

4. • Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called
greenhouse gases.
• An increase in the atmospheric concentrations
of greenhouse gases produces a
positive climate forcing, or warming effect.
• From 1990 to 2019, the total
warming effect from greenhouse gases added by
humans to the Earth's atmosphere increased by 45
percent.

5. Cont…
Fossil fuel burning:
• As fossil fuels contain carbon for many years, they can release back CO2 into
the air.
• This is one of the direct causes of carbon emission in the air, which can
cause all sorts of environmental problems including global warming.
Livestock farming:
 Through livestock farming, methane (CH4) gas is emitted into the
atmosphere.
 As we know, CH4 is a greenhouse gas, so capable of trapping a huge amount
of heat from the sun. In that way, they can contribute to global warming in
broad sense.
Aerosols:
• Aerosols are a very small naturally occurring particle in the atmosphere.
Previously the number of aerosols in the atmosphere was very less, but
now the level is increasing.
Use of fertilizers:
• Fertilizer contains a huge amount of nitrous oxide, which is responsible for a
steady increase in the earth’s surface temperature.

6. Causes of climate change
• The factors that can cause a change in the atmospheric
system or climatic regime are called “climate forcing” or
“forcing mechanisms.” these are two types
1) Internal forcing mechanisms are natural processes in
the climatic system like thermo-haline circulation, etc.
2) External forcing mechanisms can also be of two types-
i)anthropogenic mechanisms including greenhouse gas
emission & the emission of several other pollutants
and
• ii) natural mechanisms like changes in solar output,
volcanic eruptions, etc. All these mechanisms are
responsible for the change of climate.

7. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2021-
03/climate-forcing_download1_2021.png

9. Changes on aquatic ecosystem due to
climate change
• 1. Temperature
• 2. Primary productivity.
• 3. Sea surface temperature
• 4. Ocean acidification

10. SEA SURFACE SALINITY
• With weakened flows from the upstream, the seawater
intrudes higher up in the creeks and rivers, and stays
longer in the absence of a strong push from above.
• This affects the local ecological and biological
conditions

11. SEA LEVEL RISE
• More recent work by CMFRI in Maharashtra indicates that
some 75 coastal villages are vulnerable to inundation due
to a projected 1-m rise in sea level, expected to happen
over 20-50 years
• IPCC has projected that the global annual seawater
temperature and sea level would rise by 0.8 to 2.5°C and 8 to
25 cm, respectively by 2050

12. SEASONALITYAND SEASONAL PATTERNS
• The timely arrival of monsoons, especially the
southwest monsoon, remains the most critical
requirement for productive fisheries.
• Increasingly, the monsoons have become quite
irregular; even when they arrive on time, they seem
less consistent in their behaviour.
• With changing seasonal patterns, fish availability has
been affected, and some important seasonal fish
species have reportedly declined in catches.

13. ACIDIFICATION OF SEAWATER:
Low water levels may result in lower pH depending on nutrient inputs to streams &lakes .
• Aquatic species diversity decreases with low pH as it is expected to bleach most of the coral
reef ecosystems from the tropical areas.
30% in last 250
years
pH fall 0.1 unit pH fall 0.4 unit
120% in next
100 years
Increase in H+ ions in oceans

14. •UV radiation can disrupt initial stages of some parasite life cycles
and can regulate parasite populations.
• Radiation can cause immuno-suppression that increases host
susceptibility.
UV PENETRATION

15. Temperature
• All the aquatic organisms including fish and aquatic invertebrates are poikilo-thermic in
nature and the body temperature of those organisms changes with environmental
temperature.
• So, they are very much sensitive to the change in the temperature in their external
environment where they live.
• When the external environmental temperature goes beyond the tolerance limit of
these organisms, they will go for migration to the place where their internal system
allows them to regain their internal homeostasis.
• This procedure is termed as behavioral thermoregulation, This will result in rapid
migration to the cooler zones of the water body.
• This migration allows the shifting of the aquatic animals from shallow coastal waters
&semi-enclosed areas into deeper cooler waters.
• This phenomenon of migration can alone reduce the maximum catch potential of the
tropics by 40%.
• Temperature enhancement of water, where fish live, will slow down their growth and
maximum size as the temperature would increase their metabolic rate .
• The increased temperature would bring a deadly impact on reef fisheries by inducing
bleaching of the coral reef .
• As the major consequences of climate change, especially increased temperature
strongly affects the recruitment process [5]. Some stocks may become intolerance to
the sustainable fishing effort because they experience them as overfishing due to the
side effects of temperature enhancement .
• Local extinction of fish species would be noticed, among freshwater and dia-dromous
species especially [7]. Because of the higher potential for migration, terrestrial species
show a higher rate (15–37%) of overall migration than marine species .

16. • The levels of light and temperature determine the
availability of nutrients in the water body, which in turn
affects the primary productivity.
• Due to climate variability, reduced precipitation would
lead to reduced run-off from land, which caused the
starvation of wetland and mangrove and damage local
fisheries.
• In some other places, due to increased precipitation
from extreme weather events like flooding, nutrient
level in the water body tremendously increased causing
eutrophication and washout fertilizer causing harmful
algal blooms into the water bodies, known as red tides.
• Most of the small scale fisheries locate at the lower
latitude, where climate change hit the most and decline
the primary productivity of the fisheries sector.

17. Primary productivity
• The levels of light and temperature determine the
availability of nutrients in the water body, which in turn
affects the primary productivity.
• Due to climate variability, reduced precipitation would lead
to reduced run-off from land, which caused the starvation
of wetland and mangrove and damage local fisheries.
• In some other places, due to increased precipitation from
extreme weather events like flooding, nutrient level in the
water body tremendously increased causing
eutrophication and washout fertilizer causing harmful algal
blooms into the water bodies, known as red tides.
• Most of the small scale fisheries locate at the lower
latitude, where climate change hit the most and decline
the primary productivity of the fisheries sector.

18. Impacts of climate change on fisheries& Aquaculture

19. Specific impacts of climate change on fish& Food security

20. Regional variability of climate change impacts on
fisheries and Aquaculture

21. Impact of climate change on fish production and ecosystem
• 1 Aquaculture system:
• 1.1 Marine system
• 1.2 Freshwater systems
• 2. Coral reef
• 3. Global marine biodiversity

22. Aquaculture system:
• Fisheries &aquaculture are largely dependent on
the interactions among the various factors like the
earth’s climate and ocean environment.
• So, changing the pattern of air and sea-surface
temperatures, rainfall, sea level, ocean acidity and
wind-pattern will adversely affect the fisheries and
aquaculture.

23. Marine system
• Marine fish production is largely disrupted by climate change.
• With the change in the climatic conditions, several changes are
observed in the ocean including a rise in temperature, melting of
polar ice, rising sea level, change in ocean current system and
acidification of seawater.
• Over the coming decades, the temperature of the Indian seas is
going to increase by 1–3°C.
• The species that is going to be affected first due to these
conditions is plankton.
• It forms the basis of the food chain in the marine ecosystem.
Other species including corals, fishes, sea birds will be affected
simultaneously.
• Due to increased ocean acidification, marine organisms like
oysters, shrimps and corals would unable to form their outer
covering or shell through the process of calcification.
• Thus, the entire marine food web get affected because of the
formation of cracks in the marine food chain.

24. Carbon foot print by global fishing fleets
• The avg Co2 emission (Co2 t/t of fish) increasing from 1961(0.5t/t
fish) in 1985(0.79t/t of fish) in 2010 about (1.02t Co2/t of fish).
• Worldwide fisheries burnt nearly 134 million tonnes of fuel/year, to
land around 90 million tons of marine fish (1.5ton Co2/ton of fish).
• Carbon foot print by diesel used produces 3t of Co2
• World fisheries account at least 1.2% of the world oil consumption,
which is equal to that of Netherlands,18th largest oil consuming in the
World.
• Fuel burned by global fisheries produce 12.5 times greater energy
content than the edible protein energy content of resulting catch.

25. Fuel consumption & CO2 emission from
major fishing Crafts and gears

26. Impact of climate change on few reported fish species
• Indian mackerel usually occupies surface & Sub surface waters, while in
recently it is reported its occurrence is extended up to about 50m depth.
• It shows that mackerel descends down to overcome warmer surface waters.
Physiological changes:
• Faster growth (at 1year age: 16cm in 1980s; now with same age growth
increased to 18cm).
• Increased food ingestion; higher metabolic rate
• Attains early maturity(at age 1 year in 1980’s now maturing earlier than one
year(8months).
• Smaller egg size and larvae
• Impacting Larval survival
• Mobile species may adapt while sedentary fish species are more vulnerable
Phenological changes:
Spawning season is changing towards cooler months
More spawning activity during October-March.

27. Case study along Mexican coast
• Due to climate effect
• Mahi Mahi is expected to have largest reduction(-
27%),
• Pacific Sardine (-24%)
• Jambo- Squid and black tip shark (-23%)
• Red snapper (-21%)

28. Strategies to reduce carbon footprint&
promote resource sustainability

29. Freshwater systems
• The vulnerability of the freshwater ecosystems
against climate change is very high.
• The size, depth and trophic status of the lake
determine the vulnerability of this system against
climate change.
• According to Field and coworkers, the negative
impact was observed on the cold-water species and
positive impact on the warm-water species.
• Due to acute effects of climate change, alteration of
shapes and distribution is seen in the freshwater
lake system.
• These are the attributes of the dynamics change in
precipitation, evaporation and run-off.

30. Cont..
• Climate change promotes long-term increases in fish-
production by inducing the enhancement of the
production rate of invertebrate prey logarithmically
with increasing temperature.
• The increasing rates are 2–4 times for each 10°C
increase in temperature.
• But on the other hand, climate change will result in a
change in prey-species composition.
• This change may cause antagonistic effects on the long-
term enhancement of fish production.
• In short-time, climate change will cause a decrease in
fish-production because of timing mismatch.
• The ability of the movement of the freshwater species
is vital in determining the resistance of those species to
withstand climate change

31. Coral reef
o The coral reef is an important source of income for
many developing countries.
o Coral provides habitat for more than half of all marine
species.
o The main reasons are increasing temperature, acidity,
etc.
o Climate change-related impact on the coral reef can
be based on three different time-scales.
o Years: Coral bleaching which increased in recent years
and results in degradation of reefs.
o A few decades: Acidification increased and carbonate
structures degenerate.
o Multi-decades: Weakened the structural integrity of
the reefs which causes large scale composition shifts.

32. Cont…
• The coral reef is one of the most resistant ecosystems
and too resilient to recover from weak chronic as well
as acute stresses.
• Increasing acidity causes decreasing the pH of the
ocean, which results in decreased aragonite
saturation that can disrupt the calcification of coral.
• The saturation level of aragonite in deep cold water
corals are 90–150 m,The impact of the acidification is
badly seen in these deep- cold-water corals.
• According to Grandcourt and Cesar, coastal fisheries
are badly affected by the warming of the climate and
bleaching events.
• coral reef destruction causes a long-term impact on
the animals (reef fish- biodiversity) which depends
on these reefs for their food and habitat.

33. Global marine biodiversity
• Climate change acts as an important determinant of the
distribution of biodiversity in past and future aspect.
• Environmental factors reflect strong influences upon species
richness of aquatic organisms.
• Ocean warming can cause change to the marine species
especially in their latitudinal range and depth range.
• At a larger scale, such changes can lead to local extinction
and invasions and shifting to their bio-geographic pattern.
• A huge shift in species richness can occur which is regarded as
the main cause of disruption of marine biodiversity &
ecosystem.
• The climate in the aquatic environment can affect
biodiversity, community structure & ecosystem function .

34. Human intervention on marine ecosystem
• Overexploitation
• Habitat degradation
• Pollution
• Climate change
• Critical to adaptation
• Relief from current stressors
• Full implementation of existing current regulations
eg: MFR act, ICZM, MPA, EAM, Biodiversity act,
various state fisheries acts etc.

35. Economic challenges:
• Climate change may alters the cost& Revenue
• Pressure on international trade, agreements
• Tackling impacts is often costly.

36. Economical crisis of the fish farmers due to climate change
• Change in the aquatic environment has a direct impact on the lives of the
fish farmers, as Besides global warming, cyclone is another problem that
affects the lives of the farmers.
• Due to disturbed fish production, farmers face economic losses.
• Cyclone combined with a flood and heavy rainfall creates a major problem
every year for the farmers especially in the coastal states of India.
• The factors such as warm sea temperature, high humidity and instability of
atmosphere are responsible for intensifying the cyclone, as The frequency
of intense tropical cyclones promoting devastating has increased in the
Indian ocean.
• In May 2019, a cyclone named Fani hit Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West
Bengal, It caused damage to the coastal land, boats, jetties and the shelters
of the fishermen and five lakh houses were destroyed in 14 districts.
• In Odisha only, the losses were estimated to be 12,000 crores. Regarding
the seafood sector, the production of shrimp was declined by 60–70%.

37. Economical crisis of the fish farmers due to climate change
• Most recently, in May 2020, cyclone Amphan hit eastern India specifically
West Bengal and alos Bangladesh.
• This was the first super cyclone in Bay of Bengal since 1999 super cyclone
that hit Odisha took the life of more than 9000 people.
• According to Chief Minister of West Bengal, the death toll was more than 86
and the state suffered a damage of 1 lakh crore rupees (15.38 Billion USD).
• Specially, the Sundarban areas were highly devastated, millions of homes
were damaged breached embankments led to flood in villages.
• It takes years for the local residents as well as fishermen to recover from
these situations.
• They do not have shelter to stay, do not have a boat for fishing and no
money to pay back the loans that ultimately affects their psychological
health sometimes leading to suicidal tendencies.

38. Social challenges and Equity issues due to impact of climate
change

39. Adaptation and mitigation measures to reduce the effects of
climate change
• Consideration of future climate changes in advance and
making them a part of short-term decision making is
known as adaptation.
• This includes using more eco-friendly substances,
planting more trees and preserving our nature as much
as possible.
• On another hand, preventing the chances of climate
change, before it has occurred, reducing the effects of
climate change in case of occurrence is known as
mitigation.
• Reducing the carbon footprint and related activities
should be a major step. The level of environmental
pollution should be decreased as soon as possible
before it becomes too late to act.

40. Some strategies that we should follow immediately
are discussed below
• Adaptation of forest conservation measures: Forest
plays an important role in maintaining equilibrium in
our ecosystem.
• We should conserve and prevent the destruction of
forest land through afforestation as well as
reforestation and prohibit the use of forestland for
nonforest purposes to meet the livelihood of local
people.
• Inclusion of climate-study in the school-level
educational system: If we want to generate awareness
in the young generation by the introduction of climate-
related study along with traditional educational system
with the help of governmental initiatives.

41. Recommendation for better management of
fisheries against climate changes
 The ecosystem approach should be comprehensive, sound,
integrated, compact and revised to make complete
management of sand oceans of coasts, fisheries and
aquaculture.
 Environmental friendly aquaculture and fishing practices to
be undertaken.
 Fuel-efficient aquaculture and fishing practices to be
undertaken.
 Integration of climate-proof aquaculture with other sectors.
 Over-fishing and excess fishing capacity should be eliminated
through the implementation of reduced subsidy systems.
 Risk assessments should be proper and accurate at the local
level.
 Exploration of the carbon sequestration process by aquatic
ecosystems.

42. Steps for sustaining the fish production and economy
against climate change
• In order to assess the risk of climate change to coastal
communities, human and institutional capacity building
should be strengthened and proper adaptation and
mitigation measures should be implemented.
• Therefore, well managed fisheries and aquaculture
could give birth to a healthy and productive ecosystem.
• Careful use of coastal areas and catchment areas
should be cross-sectoral responsibility to encourage the
building process of a healthy and productive
ecosystem.
• Youth engagement in each & every policy and decision-
making process related to aquaculture and fisheries
both at continental and national levels should be
institutionalized efficiently as youth are the backbone
of our society.

43. Positive effects of climate change on the aquatic
environment
• Slowed down the winter death rate of aquatic organisms:
• Many years ago, especially before the drastic climate change, winters were too cold
to maintain the minimum metabolic rate of the aquatic organisms and the
consequent death rate has increased rapidly.
• As a result of climate change, the average temperature of the water body
increased so rapidly that winter has now become bearable considerably.
• So, the number of death due to winter temperature –falling has decreased.
• Reduction of the fuel cost of the aquatic environment:
• As a result of climate change, heat energy becomes available and affordable at a
cheaper rate.
• So, the demand for fuel in the aquatic environment has decreased and the
consequent cost of fuel has also become cut down.
• Growth in aquaculture production:
• Some Thermophilic organisms living in the aquatic environment demand high
temperature for maintaining their metabolic rate at an optimum level.
• The excess heat which is introduced as a result of climate change meets the
demand of those aquatic organisms.
• So, in that way, climate change benefited the overall aqua-cultural yield.

44. Climate change and fisheries

45. VARIABLE EFFECTS
Sea level rise and storms
• higher risk of inundation and
flooding
• shoreline erosion and realignment
Warmer ocean temperatures
• coral bleaching
• distribution and reproductive
patterns of marine organisms
Ocean acidification
• difficult for calcitic organisms such
as coccolithophores, corals
&molluscs to grow & function
Decreased rainfall and drought
• greater evaporation, increasing the
severity of drought
Increased river temperatures
(freshwater)
• change species distributions
• migrating to cooler water
• metabolic rates increase

46. Run-off changes
• changes in riverine flooding
frequency and intensity
Ocean stability and currents
• affect dispersal & distribution
patterns of marine organisms
ENSO
• increase in the frequency or
intensity of El Nino events- if so,
Australia may have more intense
droughts & La Nina floods
Tropical cyclones and storm surges
• frequent and intense coastal
flooding
• shifts in prevailing wind & wave
patterns
Increased fire and wind
• affect coastal productivity &
promote blooms

47. IMPACT ON FISH STOCKS
• Alteration of NPP
• Habitat Changes
• Changes in Species assemblages
INDIRECT
EFFECTS
• Affects Physiology & Behaviour
• Migration pattern
• Distribution
• Mortality
• Phenological changes
DIRECT
EFFECTS

48. ALTERATION OF NPP (NET PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY)
• Prevents the mixing of nutrients- Upwelling
• Reduction of Primary producers
• Pacific and Atlantic Oceans - Nutrient supply to the upper
productive layer of the ocean is declined.

49. HABITAT CHANGES
• Direct physical alteration of coastal habitats
• Coral bleaching due to the rise in sea surface temperature,
resulted in the death of coral reefs and fish loss.
• Tropical cyclone reportedly caused the destruction of natural
forest.
• Sea level rise and the increased penetration of seawater could
result in an increase in the brackish water fish and a decrease
in the freshwater fish.

50. CHANGES IN SPECIES ASSEMBLAGES
• Food availability, species specific differences in thermal
tolerances, disease susceptibility and shifts in the competitive
advantage of species.
• IPCC Assessment Report IV (2007)- shifts in ranges and
changes in algal, plankton and fish abundance in high latitude
oceans.

51. PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES
(Thread Fin Breams)
• Temperature preference for spawning
• Distribution – Entire Indian coast(10-100m depth)
• Longevity – 3 years
• Lmax - 35cm
• Spawning season is changing towards cooler months (April-
September to Oct- March)
• During this month Optimum temperature for this species
reached (28-29 ˚C)

52. PHYSIOLOGY
• Difference in 1°C seawater affect distribution and life processes.
• Oxygen transport to tissues limited at higher temperatures.
• Constraint in physiology will result in changes in distributions,
recruitment and abundance
• Faster growth (at age 1 year: 16 cm in 1980s ;now: 18 cm)
• Increased food ingestion; higher metabolic rate
• Attains early maturity (at age: 1 year in 1980s; now: at 8 months)
• Smaller egg size and larvae

53. MIGRATION PATTERN
• Tuna migrated according to Temperature
• Not able to locate fishing zone.
• Changes the Migration route
REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
• The tropical Fisheries are characterized by several fast
growing (k: 0.5 to 1.0) and multiple spawning species.
• Pelagic eggs exposed to the higher temperature and currents.
As temperature Increases, development duration decrease.
• Squid, average life-span decrease with increased growth
rate, mature at a smaller size, reduction in absolute
fecundity.

54. DISTRIBUTION
Oil Sardine( Sardinella longiceps)
• Coastal, pelagic, schooling fish
• Maximum size – 20cm
• Massive fishery in India; probably the largest stock in the
Indian ocean
• Crucial role in marine ecosystems as a plankton feeder
and as food for larger fishes
• Low priced; staple sustenance and nutritional food for
millions
• A tropical fish with preference for SST > 28°C

55. EXTENSION OF NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF
OIL SARDINE

56. MORTALITY
Temperature
increase
Migration
towards poles New pathogens Mortality

57. IMPACT ON FISHING
COMMUNITIES
• Face increased vulnerability in terms of less stable livelihoods in
three major ways:
Decrease in availability of quality/quantity of fish for food:
• Nutrition for 3 billion people and at least 50% of animal
protein
Higher fishing risk:
• Lower CPUE
• Artisanal fishers moves to explore deep - vulnerable
Natural Disaster
• 32% lives in kutcha house
• Lose of equipments.

58. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INLAND
FISHERIES
• Increased minimum water temperatures; 1.5◦C in colder stretches of the
Ganga and 0.2 to 1.6◦C in the aquaculture farms of the State of West Bengal
in the Gangetic plains
• Rainfall has also increased in the post monsoon months of September–
December.
• The impact is manifested in the breeding failure of the Indian Major Carps
(IMC) and a consequent decline in fish spawn availability in river Ganga.
• A geographic shift of warm water fish species Glossogobius gurius and
Xenentodon cancila to the colder stretch
• The predator prey ratio in the middle stretch in the river Ganga has also
declined from 1:4.2 to 1:1.4 in the last three decades.
• The contribution of IMC has decreased from 41.4% to 8.3% and that of
miscellaneous and catfish species increased.

59. IMPACT IN INLAND FISHERIES
IN INDIA
• Enhanced water temperature:
Adaptation options: low oxygen is a problem with enhanced
temperature substitution with low oxygen tolerant species like
catfishes in the culture system is essential.
• Floods :
Adaptation options: To offset the loss of fish due to recurrent
floods, provision for continuous supply of seed from fish
hatcheries is required.

60. Damage and losses from climate related impacts
on agriculture, fisheries and Aquaculture

61. Major challenges to fishing communities posed
by climate change

62. Adaptation experiences from FAO & Partners

63. VULNERABILITY
• Traditional fishermen (highest: lack access to facilities, live
close to the water, difficult to get loans, no alternative, at high
risks during storms)
• Mechanized fishermen/trawlers (lower; capacity to extent
fishing range towards deeper water)
• Chinese-net fishermen (lower: highly vulnerable during SW
monsoon)
• Women of fishermen (lower: take on alternative employment,
SHG)
• Youth (lower: might have a better future, due to education and
migration)
• Fish vendors (low: more financial capital, affected by price
fluctuation)

64. Adaptable Marine
Organisms
(species with wider ecological
niches, greater mobility, fast
growth, quick turnover of
generations)
Small pelagics (clupeids,
mackerel etc)
Threadfin breams
Cobia
Tunas
Squids
Pufferfish
Jellyfish
Vulnerable Marine
Organisms
(species with narrow ecological
niches, sedentary/sessile with
calcareous exoskeleton, slow
growth)
Corals
Sponges
Bivalves
Gastropods
Echinoderms
Bombayduck, catfish, Hilsa
Large predatory fish (sharks,
rays, seerfish)
Sea turtles

65. Vulnerability of national economies to
climate change Edward H. Allison et al.

66. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FUNDS
• GEF funds countries to address fisheries and aquaculture
adaptation
• FAO assisting this process
• UNFCCC funds the Least Developed (LDCF) and Developing
Countries (SCCF) under the Climate Convention

67. Mitigation

68. MITIGATION
• “Blue carbon” refers to carbon that is Sequestered in coastal
vegetation systems (e.g. Mangrove forests, sea grass beds,
salt Marshes).
• These systems are better at Removing and keeping carbon
from the Atmosphere than their terrestrial Counterparts (e.g.
Rainforests) due to their High productivity and how well they
trap Sediments (and therefore carbon).
• These Areas may even increase their potential as
Carbon sinks over time, unlike many Terrestrial soils….….

69. Resilience

70. Fisheries & Aquaculture in international
instruments

71. • Drought:
Adaptation options: Smaller ponds that retain water for 2–4
months can be used for fish production with fish species like
catfish and appropriate management practices.
• Cyclones and storms:
Adaptation options: An early warning system for weather
events is essential to cope up with post cyclone
management.
• Water stress:
Adaptation options: Aquaculture should be integrated with
other farming systems for many fold use and reuse of water
areas.

72. UNFORTUNATELY
Majority of diversity rich habitat/areas are being lost at a critical
rate all over the world due to rapid coastal development and
mismanagement of Coastal areas.

73. Categories of adaptation activities, fisheries

74. ADAPTATION
PLANNED
AUTONOMOUS
PLANNED ADAPTATION - research funding for finding species
resistant to salinity and temperature fluctuations for aquaculture.
AUTONOMOUS ADAPTATION - changing the timing or locations of
fishing as species arrive earlier/later or shift to new areas.

75. • Adaptation activities may be addressing short- or longterm
impacts, although coping can sometimes be confused with
adaptation
• COPING : A short-term response to an impact (e.g.
responding to extreme storm impacts for a single season), and
can result in undermining adaptation activities as the benefit
time scale for coping activities is very short term

76. Adaptation activities that can be applied
in most fisheries and aquaculture contexts
• Reduce external stressors on natural systems – eg :
destructive fishing activities
• Identify and protect valuable areas – eg : e.g. dam building
leading to siltation, or basin development leading to pollution
runoff).
• Investments in safer harbours and landings and measures to
improve safety at sea due to increased storm severity as well as
improved early warning and forecasting systems for severe
weather events.

77. • Promote disaster risk management in general (including
disaster preparedness) and protective infrastructure eg : sea
walls.
• Capacity building Partnerships between private, public, civil
society and NGO sectors are vital for holistic climate change
adaptation planning
• Recognition of opportunities. New opportunities may become
available, for example, the promotion of aquaculture-based
livelihoods where delta areas have been inundated and
agriculture is no longer possible.

78. • Safety at sea. One potential to increase safety at sea could be
to invest in larger vessels that are safer than smaller vessels
in rough conditions.
• LSA can be done with wetland plants, oyster reefs, sand fill,
some stone, fibre “logs” and submerged aquatic vegetation
(Currin, Chappell and Deaton, 2010). This approach has
many benefits compared with “hard” coastal protection
approaches (e.g. seawalls, bulkheads and riprap)

79. • Identification of useful information and where to obtain
it (e.g. future fish production projections, decision-making
tools under uncertainty).
• Ghost fishing. As storm severity increases - more gear,
such as lobster traps, will be lost - cause mortality and
habitat damage. However, there are some measures that
can reduce their impacts. In addition to gear retrieval
programmes, certain gear could be designed to minimize
impacts if lost. For example, traps could have
biodegradable escape panels (e.g. after a week) so trapped
animals would be able to escape.

80. Management options that try to address the unsustainable
practices
• Catch control(total allowable catch, dedicated
catch shares, catch trip limit),
• Input control ( vessel license controls,efforts
quotas, gear& vessel restrictions);
• Technical or temporal control (season length,
gear specification, size(minimum size), gender
selectivity restrictions.
• Spatial control ( No take areas, territorial user
rights in fisheries, individual vessel special
license).

81. AT REGIONAL LEVEL:
• Strengthening regional organizations and place climate change
agenda as a priority
• Addressing transboundary resource use; and
• Evolving common platforms and sharing the best practices.
AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL:
• linking with mitigation activities
• enhancing co-operation and partnerships; and
• applying international fishery agreements
ACTION PLANS

82. CONCLUSION
• Global climate change is impacting and will likely
increasingly impact marine and estuarine fish and fisheries.
• Current data show global climate change effects ranging
from changes in metabolic rates to changes in fish behavioral
patterns in polar seas to fish community changes associated
with bleached tropical corals.
• Changing fish distributions and abundances will undoubtedly
affect communities of humans who harvest these stocks.
Harvesters (subsistence, commercial, recreational) may be
impacted (negatively or positively) by changes in fish stocks
due to climate change.

83. • Marine protected area boundaries, low-lying island
countries dependent on coastal economies, and disease
incidence (in aquatic organisms and humans) are also
affected by a relatively small rise in temperature.
• Therefore, there is a great need for research on fish
physiology and ecology, particularly in the tropics where
relatively little research has to be conducted.
• With a broader and deeper information base, researchers
will be able to more accurately predict future situations

84. REFERENCES
S. Ayyappan (2011), Handbook Of Fisheries And
Aquaculture, ICAR, 794-822
Fisheries and Climate Change, Global Warming and it’s
impact on Marine Fisheries in India, “ENVIS - MoEF
Newsletter on Coastal Zone Management and Coastal
Shelterbelts” Vol.8 (1) June 2009
www. fao.org
IPCC
Fisheries profile of India

85. Thank you all