This presentation is most use in Environment study for Engineering student.

2. 
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3.  THERE ARE FIVE TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM:
1. Forest Ecosystem
2. Grassland Ecosystem
3. Desert Ecosystem
4. Aquatic Ecosystem
5. Estuarine Ecosystem

4. “Conservation is a state of
harmony between men and land.”
“A Sand County Almanac”
Aldo Leopold - 1949

5.  Ecosystem have a predominance of trees that
are interspersed with a large number of species
of herbs, shrubs, climbers, lichens, algae and a
variety of wild animals and birds.
 Forest are found in undistributed areas
receiving moderate to high rainfall and usually
occurs as a stable complex communities.

6.  Depending upon the climatic conditions forest
can be of different type:
1. Tropical rain forests
2. Tropical deciduous forests
3. Tropical scrub forests
4. Temperate rain forests
5. Temperate deciduous forest
6. Evergreen coniferous forest

7.  Hot & humid region
 Annual rainfall-2000
to 4500 mm
 Found in south and
central America ,
South East Asia &
Pacific Oceans
 Tropical forests are
considered important
because it helps in
recycling water

9.  Cold in winter and
warm & humid in
summer.
 Annual rainfall is 750-
2000 mm
 Soil is rich
 Found in western and
Central Europe,
eastern Asia and
eastern North
America.

11.  Many coniferous trees
are found in this region
like spruce, fir, pine etc.
 Found in northern parts
of Northern America,
Europe and Asia.
 The soil in these forests
is acidic and humus-rich.

12.  Abiotic Component:
These include organic & inorganic substances present in
the soil & atmosphere. The climate & soil composition
vary from forest to forest.
 Biotic Components:
Producers: Main producers are trees which shows
species diversity in tropical rain & tropical deciduo- us
forest. The dominant tree species are
Dipterocarpus,Teak,Dhak & sal.
Primary Consumers: The primary consumers are
herbivores like ants,leaf hopper,bugs,spider,flies & plant
eating animals. Some animals like rabbit,elephant,deer
are depending upon grazing.

13.  Secondary Consumer: The secondary consumers are
carnivores like birds ,snake,fox,lizard etc.
 Tertiary Consumers: The Lion , Tigers etc. are top
carnivores as they feed upon primary consumer as
well as secondary consumer.
 Decomposer: The dead animals ,decay of plants &
tress are decomposed by different bacteria , micro-organism
& fungi. The rate of decomposition soil
conditdiffers,according to climatic & soil condition.

14. Energy Capture
Trophic Levels
10%

15. Vertical structure refers to the “ladder-like”
arrangement in a forest.
Dominant
Co-Dominant Co-Dominant
Intermediate Intermediate
Suppressed
Shrubs
Ground Cover
Adapted from Baughman, et al., 1993. Woodland Stewardship. P. 17.

16.  As per report 2003 of Forest survey of India
,Dehradun the forest cover in the country is
678,333 sq.km & constitutes 20.63% of its
geographical area.
 Dense forest contributes 390,564sq.km(11.88%)
& open forest 287,769(8.75%).
 In India M.P with 76429 sq.km of forest cover
has the maximum forest among all States/UT’s
followed by AP & Chandigarh.

17.  80% of Indian forest
is of four types.
Forest
type
Area in
India
Place
Tropical
moist
deci.
37% MP,GUJR
AT,MAH
A.
TROPICA
L DRY
DECI.
28% HIMALA
YA TO
KANYAK
UMARI
SUBTRO
PICAL
PINE
7% HIMALA
YAS

18. 633,397
637,293
675,538
678,333
680,000
670,000
660,000
650,000
640,000
630,000
620,000
610,000
1997 1999 2001 2003
FOREST
COVER

19.  Grasslands are regions where average
precipitation is high(250-1500mm) for grass and
for trees to grow.
 Rainfall are erratic and uncertain in these
regions.
 Regions found is central &south America,sub
equitorial Africa &south Australia ,South India.
 Soils rich and deep ideal for grasses.

20. Contd…
 Used as grasslands for grazing livestock.
 Savanas are tropical grasslands with widely
scattered clumps of low trees.
 Large scale conversion of grasslands into
croplands as they are well suited to agriculture.

21. A desert is a landscape form or region
that receives very little precipitation.
<250 mm per annum.

22.  It covers 1/5th of earth’s land surface.
 Most of the deserts are composed of sand (ergs)
and rocky surface (reg).
 Other deserts known as cold desert is fully
covered by ice and almost no vegetation.
 Temperature ranges from 50 degree C to
nearly zero level within a single day.
 These have high biodiversity. Plants and
animals have different morphological and
anatomical modifications to reduce water loss
from the body.

23. Hot desert
 Formed of ergs or regs
 Water is very scarce.
 Temperature is very high during day and very
low at night.
 Vegetations known as ‘xerophytes’ have
modifications like pulpy stem to store water
and wax covered thorny leaves to reduce
transpiration. The roots are very long to reach
the water table.
 Animals such as reptiles, rodents, wolves etc
hide themselves in daylight and come out at
night.

24. Cold deserts
 Commonly known as ‘tundra’
 Land is covered by a thick layer of ice.
 Whatever falls remain frozen.
 Vegetation is very on the surface.
 The leaves are covered by wax.
 Animals have thick layer of fat under the skin
and a fur coating above it.

25.  Third largest desert in the world.
 Most populous desert.
 Spread over four states in India and two in
Pakistan.
 Annual rainfall is 100-500mm
 The only river in the region is Ghaggar.
 shrubs and grasses like babul, khejra and trees
like ber are found.
 Many reptiles and snakes are endemic to the
region also.

26.  Mountains cover 20% of the land area.
 Going up the mountain is similar to moving
from equator to north pole.
 Mountain are the reservoirs of water.
 A big bank of biodiversity.