Presentation on sustainable human and social development, Case study on NSDC, PURA and Disaster resilience: Japan's Experience

1. Department of Management Studies
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
By
B. Ashish Kumar
Bidyot Doley
On:
Sustainability
for Human & Social Development

2. Contents
• Human Development
• Social Development
• Human and Social Sustainability
• Evolution of Sustainable Development
• Present Scenario of Human and Social Development
• Key Priorities Areas in Human and Social Development
• Key focus areas in Human and Social Sustainability
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3. Human Development
Definition:
• Human development is a process of enlarging people's choices. In principle, these
choice can be infinite and change over time.
• But at all levels of development, the three essential ones for people are to lead a long
and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to resources needed for a
decent standard of living.- UNDP HDR 1990
Measurement:
• The measurement of human development should focus on the three essential elements
of human life- longevity, knowledge and decent living standard.
• HDI is constructed taking an indicator for each of them, namely- life expectancy at birth,
adult literacy rate and PPP adjusted real GNI per capita respectively.- UNDP HDR 2014
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*UNDP : United Nation Development Program
*HDR : Human Development Report
*HDI : Human Development Index
*PPP : Purchasing Power Parity
*GNI : Gross National Income

4. Human Development (contd.)
Snapshots of HDI 2014 – UNDP HDR 2014
Rank HDI group HDI Life
expectancy
at birth
Mean
years of
schooling
Expected
years of
schooling
GNI per
capita
HDI
Value (years) (years) (years) (2011 PPP $) Value
2013 2013 2012* 2012* 2013 2012
Very high 0.890 80.2 11.7 16.3 40,046 0.889
High 0.735 74.5 8.1 13.4 13,231 0.733
Medium 0.614 67.9 5.5 11.7 5,960 0.612
Low 0.493 59.4 4.2 9.0 2,904 0.490
135 India 0.586 66.4 4.4 11.7 5150 0.583
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*Data refer to 2012 or the most recent year available.

5. Social Development
Definition: Social development is one that is concerned with processes of change that lead
to improvements in human well-being, social relations and social institutions, and that
are equitable, sustainable, and compatible with principles of democratic governance
and social justice. - UNRISD
Measurement:
• Social Development Index(SDI)
• Social Progress Index(SPI)
• Gender Inequality Index
• Multidimensional Poverty Index
• Maternal Mortality Ratio
• Share of seats in national parliament
• Labour force participation rate
• Physician per 10000 people
• Gini coefficient of inequality
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*UNRISD : United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

6. Social Development (contd.)
Snapshots of important indices of countries from different continents
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*SPI: Social Progress Index-
http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/data/spi#data_table/countries/spi/dim1,dim2,dim3
*MPI: Multidimensional Poverty Index- UNDP HDR 2014
*MMR: Maternal Mortality Rate- UNDP HDR 2014
*Gender Inequality Index- UNDP HDR 2014
*Gini coefficient of Inequality- UNDP HDR 2014
Countries SPI Gender
inequality index
MPI MMR
(per 1000)
Gini coefficient
Of inequality
2013 2010 2010 2003-2012
Norway 87.12 .068 - - - 7 25.8
USA 82.77 .262 - - - 21 40.8
China 58.67 .202 .026 37 42.1
Brazil 69.97 .441 .012 56 54.7
Egypt 59.97 .580 .036 66 30.8
Australia 86.10 .113 - - - 7 - - -
India 50.24 .563 .282 200 33.9

7. Human and Social Sustainability
• Sustainability is to meet the needs of present generation without compromising the
ability of the future generations to meet their needs.
• The four main types of sustainability are human, social, economic and environmental. It
is important to specify which type of sustainability one is dealing with as they are all so
different and should not be fused together, although some overlap to a certain extent.-
Robert Goodland (2002), World Bank
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Environm
ent
Equity
Economy
Three E's of Sustainability

8. Human and Social Sustainability (contd.)
• Human sustainability means
maintaining human capital. Human
capital is a private good of individuals,
rather than between individuals or
societies.
• Investments in education, health, and
nutrition of individuals have become
accepted as part of economic
development.
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*Robert Goodland (2002), World Bank, “Sustainability: Human, Social, Economic and Environment”
• Social sustainability means maintaining
social capital. Social capital is
investments and services that create the
basic framework for society.
• It lowers the cost of working together
and facilitates cooperation: trust lowers
transaction costs.

9. Evolution of Sustainable Development
• 1st Earth Day celebrated on 22nd April, 1970
• First UN conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden, 1972
• UN establishes World Commission Report on Environment and Development, 1983
• Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 proposed 3 components of SD:
 Environmental Protection
 Economic growth
 Social equity
 Defined Sustainable Development as…
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
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*SD: Sustainable Development

10. Evolution of Sustainable Development
(contd.)
• Rio Earth Summit, 1992
 Over 178 participating governments
 27 principles that express the rights and responsibilities of nations as they pursue
human development and well-being
• Third UN conference on Environment and Development, Johannesburg, South Africa,
2002
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11. Present Scenario of Human and Social
Development
• The 2013 HDR revealed that more
than 40 developing countries—with
the majority of the world’s
population—had greater HDI gains
than would have been predicted given
their situation in 1990.
• Multidimensional poverty has been
considerably reduced, though wide
variation across countries and regions
remains.
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*Source: UNDP HDR 2014

12. Present Scenario of Human and Social
Development (contd.)
• The 2013 HDR found a negative relationship between inequality and human
development. Inequality reduces the pace of human development and can even bring it
to a halt.
• Women experience many kinds of disadvantage and discrimination in health, education
and employment.
• Globally, women are disadvantaged in national political representation.
• Poor reproductive health services are a major contributor to gender inequality,
especially in developing countries.
• The deficits in education are wide as well.
• Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity.
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13. Present Scenario of Human and Social
Development (contd.)
• Food price volatility has
become a growing threat to
food security and thus to
human development.
• Violent conflict: In addition to
the loss of lives, they destroy
livelihoods, generate insecurity
and disrupt social services,
institutions and markets.
• Conflicts can also cause large
population displacements.
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14. Present Scenario of Human and Social
Development (contd.)
• According to the MPI, which was introduced in the 2010 HDR to measure deprivations
in the three HDI dimensions—health, education and living standards—2.2 billion people
live in multidimensional poverty or near-poverty.
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*MPI: Multidimensional Poverty Index
*UNDESA: United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs

15. Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
• Poverty alleviation: UN identified poverty as the “greatest threat to political stability,
social cohesion and environmental health of the planet” [UNDP Report 1994]
• Poverty is both caused and exacerbated by the unequal distribution of land as well as
other resources
• Poverty can be addressed by various forms of local economic development, paying
adequate wages and providing associated benefits
• Progressive Income Tax
• Govt. can help individuals acquire skills for paid employment
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A combination of actions
 Directed Aid
 Reformations of financial
institutions
 Investment in education, health
and sanitation
( esp. Women)

16. Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
Poverty alleviation (contd.):
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
• Features:
– Banking facilities
– Overdraft facility
– Direct benefit transfer
– Mobile banking transfer
– Accidental andLife insurance (Rs. 30,000/- and 1 lac respectively)
– RuPay debit card
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17. 12.5 Cr. accounts, 11.07 Cr debit card, 10.49 k Cr deposited @ 31.01.15
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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18. Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
Poverty alleviation (contd.):
• Subsidies and free handouts (food grains-TVs)
• These are relief measures and quick fixes to settle pressing issues
• Create dependency on external sources
• Is this a Sustainable Solution ? ?
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19. Social investment
it is a prerequisite for economic development , a vibrant economy requires a healthy and educated
workforce
A. Health
 Publicly funded medical care system
 Paternal and postnatal care
B. Education and Skill development
 Higher levels of Education
 Enhanced Worker Productivity
 Ability to generate Higher Income
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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20. Social Investment (Contd.): Low Capacity-Low Income Trap
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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21. Social Investment (contd.) NSDC
• National Skill Development Corporation
• To encourage skill development for youth by providing monetary reward for successful completion
of approved training programme
• Increasing productivity and standardization of existing workforce
Relevant Statistics (Dated: 15/02/2015)
Enrolled 14,00 ,417
Trained 14,00,413
Assessment Completed 13,58,561
Passed 9,09,207
Citified 7,73,413
Reward Processed 7,08,274
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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22. Social Investment (contd.): NSDC case study
• Gram Tarang Employability Training Services Pvt. Ltd.
• Partner: Cotton Blossom, Tirpur, Tamil Nadu
• Training Content Partner: NIFT
• Skill Development: Sewing Machine Operator
• The apparel industry grew at 4.47% Y/Y (Revenue for 2014)
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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*NIFT: National Institute of Fashion Technology

23. Social Investment (contd.): NSDC case study (contd.)
• Bringing together 3 factors:
 Larger no. of poor, unskilled youth with limited education (48 girls and 12 boys)
 Large gap between need and availability of skilled manpower in the industry
 Need for higher standards of efficiency and productivity
• Beneficiary Selection
 Mobilization of BPL families from remote parts of Odisha through Job Melas and well
managed team of field workers
 Region infested by chronic unemployment and extremist violence
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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*BPL: Below Poverty Line

24. Social Investment (contd.): NSDC case study (contd.)
• Duration
 2 months- Fully residential training
 1 month- OJT (8 hr/day)
• Placement
 The trainees are now working at Cotton Blossom @ 5K pm
• Social Impact
 Sustainable livelihood
 Increase in household income
 Improve socio-economic status of entire house holds
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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*OJT: On Job Training

25. Social Investment (Contd.): Loni PURA case study
• Location: Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra,
India
• Asia’s 1st sugar cooperative farm
• Institutional workshops involving teachers
• Concept of Nirmal Goan
• Rehabilitation and improvement of lives of
widows
• Women volunteers- “Female Health Volunteers”,
“Traditional Birth Attendants”
• Shakthi+
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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*PURA: Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas

26. Social Investment (Contd.): Low Capacity-Low Income Trap
• The approach to Sustainable Development has to go beyond creating income
Capacity Building
Quality Education
Health Care
Skilled Workforce
Access to Information
Entrepreneurial
Opportunity
Productive Hours/Day
Higher Income
Savings
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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27. Energy security
• IEA defines energy security as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable
price
• The modern world relies on a vast energy supply to fuel everything from transportation to
communication, to security and health delivery systems
• India is traditionally based on fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas), and this fact leads to
conclusion that only the adequate supply of fossil fuels can guarantee future energy security
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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28. CENTRAL STATISTICS OFFICE, NATIONAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION
MINISTRY OF STATISTICS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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29. Impending oil shortages
should be an incentive to
make radical investments
and develop renewable
energy
In this way, the decline in
greenhouse gas
emissions would reduce
the risk of catastrophic
climate change
Likelihood of conflicts
over diminishing oil and
gas resources would be
minimised
The bigger percentage of renewable energy sources in country's energy portfolio also means
improved energy independence
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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30. CENTRAL STATISTICS OFFICE, NATIONAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION
MINISTRY OF STATISTICS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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31. Energy security contd.
 Dividing the total primary energy supply of a country by its energy production gives an indication on the
level of self-sufficiency (or dependency) of a country
 The total primary energy supply (TPES) in India in 2007 was estimated at 594 million tonnes of oil equivalent
(Mtoe) and net imports of energy at 150 Mtoe by the International Energy Agency (IEA)
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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32. Safe and caring communities:
• “Human Well-Being” is a concept that reflects all of economic, social, cultural and ecological
aspects of our lives
Components Variable(s)
Economic Access to employment, opportunities
for income, job satisfaction
Social Access to education, health, sense of
belongingness
Cultural Sense of identity, ease of participation
in cultural events
Ecological Health of ecosystems, availability of
fresh water
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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33. Safe and caring communities (contd.):
• Citizens’ Engagement is paramount through institutions such as schools, clubs and environmental
groups for community problem solving
• Ex: Conflict resolution in case of social unrest or lockdown
• Deliberation entails careful weighing of options and involves face-face discussion to seek
appropriate solutions
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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34. Safe and caring communities (contd.): SGP case study
• Background
 Industrial relations in SGP in 1950-60s were confrontational
 Poor working condition
 Poor investment climate, high stagnation, high unemployment, SOCIAL UNREST
 Independence : 1965
 Economic situation worsened by the withdrawal of British Forces
 Challenge- Adversarial climate
Cooperative Climate
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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*SGP: Singapore

35. Safe and caring communities: case study
•Tripartite partnership approach with the Govt. as facilitator
•The stakeholders - Government, Trade Unions and Employers
•This provided a consultative platform for industrial relations issues
•All this contributed for business growth and efficiency, improvement in working conditions and
employment opportunities
•SGP has enjoyed several decades of sustained industrial harmony
•The strong tripartite has emerged as a strong team in wake of SARS crisis of 2003
• Take Away: “Collaboration and NOT Confrontation”
Key Priority Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
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*SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

36. Example Prince Edward
Island (Canadian Province)
• Promise of Inclusion:
“They community committed to the principles of
inclusion- accepting differences, promoting quality and
respect for the dignity of all people, and taking personal
and community responsibility”
• Received ample support from National Crime
Prevention Center
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37. Key Focus Areas in Sustainability
• Equity: Early ideas of equity
postulated that individuals should
be rewarded according to their
contribution to society.
• Used interchangeably with
fairness, equity has come to refer
primarily to distributive justice—
that is, unjust inequalities
between people.
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*Refer UNDP HDR 2011: Sustainability and Equity, page 18 & 20

38. Key Focus Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)
• Participation: Participation means that people are closely involved in the economic,
social, cultural and political processes that affect their lives.
• People can participate as individuals or as groups.
• Participation in economic terms, social terms and in political terms
• Mobility: The world distribution of opportunities is extremely unequal. This inequality
is a key driver of human movement and thus implies that movement has a huge
potential for improving human development.
• Larger numbers of people in both destination and source places are affected by the
movement of others through flows of money, knowledge and ideas.
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*Refer UNDP HDR 1993 “People’s Participation”, page 21
*Refer UNDP HDR 2009 “Overcoming Barrier: Human Mobility and development”, pages 8 & 9

39. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Refer UNDP HDR 2009 “Overcoming Barrier: Human Mobility and development”, page 23
Key Focus Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)

40. • Reducing vulnerability and building resilience: Vulnerability threatens human
development—and unless it is systematically addressed, by changing policies and social
norms, progress will be neither equitable nor sustainable.
• Hundreds of millions of poor, marginalize otherwise disadvantaged people remain
unusually vulnerable.
• If not systematically identified and reduced, these chronic vulnerabilities could
jeopardize the sustainability of human development progress for decades to come.
• Shocks from multiple causes are inevitable and often unpredictable, but human
vulnerability can be reduced with more-responsive states, better public policies and
changes in social norms.
• Life cycle vulnerability, structural vulnerability and insecure lives are fundamental
sources of persistent deprivation—and must be addressed for human development to
be secured and for progress to be sustained.
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*Refer UNDP HDR 2014 “, page 10
Key Focus Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)

41. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Refer UNDP HDR 2014 “, page 10 & 19
Key Focus Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)

42. • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines resilience as the “ability of a
system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from
the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner.”
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*Refer UNDP HDR 2014 “, page 16 & 26
Key Focus Areas in Sustainability
(contd.)

43. Disaster resilience: Japan’s Experience
• In 2011 a powerful earthquake off the east coast of Japan triggered large tsunami waves that
killed more than 15,000 people and caused extensive damage to economic and social
infrastructure. It also led to a nuclear disaster in Fukushima.
• Japan’s early warning system prevented a much larger death toll. As soon as seismic activity
was detected, alerts were broadcast by television, radio and mobile phone networks.
• This enabled many people to prepare and mitigate the impact, such as moving to higher
ground, while the country’s rail network and factories quickly came to a halt—thus avoiding
greater damage.
• Emergency sirens, clearly marked evacuation routes and public education programmes were
also critical in saving lives.
• Strict building codes ensured that tall buildings withstood the earthquake, while forested
green belts and concrete barriers provided some protection against the tsunami.
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Refer UNDP HDR 2014 “, page 78
9.0 $210B
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Thank you