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Greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon
      stocks in the agricultural phase of
sugarcane-derived ethanol production in Brazil




                                          Cerri (2009)
NON-FOSSIL EMISSIONS

              FOSSIL EMISSIONS




         NON-FOSSIL EMISSIONS

         FOSSIL EMISSIONS                                  ETHANOL




                                     SURPLUS ELECTRICITY
SOIL C
                                 FILTER CAKE

                                 VINASSE
                                                           Cerri (2009)
Soil carbon stocks

         100 cm
100 cm

                  10 cm

                          Stock = C content X bd X layer


                                    %C           m
                                            d=              10 cm

                                                 V


                              kg C m-2 or Mg C ha-1


                                                       Cerri (2009)
Central trench


                                0-0.10m




                   1.5 m




Cerri (2009)                              Cerri (2009)
Central trench




             0.40-0.50m
    1.5 m




                          Cerri (2009)
Central trench




                   1.5 m

                           0.90-1.00 m



Cerri (2009)                             Cerri (2009)
Small trenches


    0-0.10m




              0.10-0.20m




                              0.20-0.30m




                           Cerri (2009)
Soil carbon laboratory analyses




                              Cerri (2009)
Soil carbon laboratory analyses

Sample combustion (1400 oC) in closed furnace (pure O2)
       - C Quantification (%) → infrared




                                                          Cerri (2009)
Field sampling of GHG

                         T1




                     Incubation chamber



                       T 2 T 3......T n
                       Hermetic seringes
    Manual static chambers

                                           Cerri (2009)
Field sampling of GHG




  GHG emissions from N fertilizer



                                    Cerri (2009)
Field sampling of GHG




     Automated chambers



                          Cerri (2009)
Field sampling of GHG




Vinasse – storage and trasportation   Cerri (2009)
Análises na própria usina




                            Cromatógrafo portátil

                                               Cerri (2009)
GHG laboratory analyses




Detectors:
Electron Capture Detector → CO2 e N2O
Flame Ionization Detector → CH4
                                        T0 T5 T10 T20
                                              Cerri (2009)
Manual harvest – with burning




http://www.sugarcaneart.com/gallery/sugarcane.htm




                                                    Cerri (2009)
Manual harvest – with burning




Sugarcane quality



                    Gas emissions
    Charcoal        Biomass losses
                                     Cerri (2009)
Mechanized unburned
                sugarcane harvest




Cerri (2009)                         Cerri (2009)
Cerri (2009)
Native vegetation
                                            Burned sugarcane
  Soil carbon (kg.m-2)




                         CARBON REMAINING FROM FOREST

                                                               years (2009)
                                                                   Cerri
                                   Change in management
Native vegetation             Burned sugarcane          Cana-de-açúcar
                                                      colhida sem queima
  Soil carbon




                CARBON REMAINING FROM FOREST

                               Change in management              Cerri (2009)
Experiment in Pradópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
                  burned                       not burned




        In 8 years = 12.4 t C ha-1 (0-30 cm)


               1.6 t C ha-1 year-1 (0-30 cm)
Cerri (2009)                                                Cerri (2009)
Soil carbon and LUC

Degraded pastures              Greencane
Soil carbon




                        Time
                                           Cerri (2009)
 Limited capacity to store carbon
    
  Carbon can be lost with disturbance
    
  Dependent on soil and climate variables
Cerri (2009)                                 Cerri (2009)

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Carbon Stocks in the Agricultural Phase of Sugarcane-derived Ethanol Production in Brazil