Clean, solar energy use has soared since the turn of the century and is becoming more cost-effective. The three technologies used (photovoltaics), low-temperature, and high-temperature are now available. More and more plants are being opened, capacity records are regularly broken and ever more ambitious projects are in the works.

1. Clean, solar energy use has soared since the turn of the century and is becoming more
cost-effective. The three technologies used (photovoltaics),
low-temperature, and high-temperature are now available. More and more plants are
being opened, capacity records are regularly broken and ever more ambitious projects
are in the works.
*Clean Energy
Solar energy is clean, releases almost no greenhouse gases, and produces no waste. And
every year the earth receives 8,380 times the amount of energy spent annually by
humankind - 11 billion tons of oil equivalent! However, solar energy on its own cannot
replace fossil fuels.
It offers an important opportunity to diversify the energy mix. For example, solar
technologies used in houses are both efficient and proven. Low-temperature thermal
solar energy uses thermal panels to convert light into hot water. This technology can be
used alongside photovoltaic panels- that convert light into electricity which individuals
can use themselves or sell to distributors.
Moreover, there are many photovoltaic power plants already operating or under
construction. In France, the plant has been operational since 2006, the Reunion plant has
been open since 2006 and the Saint-Charles plant near Perpignan opened in 2010.
Switzerland, Germany, and the United States also have photovoltaic power plants; and in
2008 the huge plant was opened in Southern Portugal. This plant has installed capacity
of over 46 MW and can produce 93 million kW/h per year, enough to meet the energy
needs of 30,000 homes.
So solar energy is being produced in all four corners of the planet. In industrialized
countries, most photovoltaic power plants are hooked up to the grid, while stand-alone
facilities are more common in developing countries.
Thus solar energy is starting to develop and is now reaching maturity, even if it remains
much more expensive than conventional energy sources. However, to make a decisive
transition in terms of improving yield, reducing costs and diversifying applications, the
solar sector still needs significant human, technological, and financial investment.
*It Takes an Investment
While solar panels fitted with thermal collectors to produce domestic hot water are
relatively cheap to install and operate, this is not the case with photovoltaics. One of the
reasons for this is that the panels contain silicon, which is used to convert sunlight into
electricity. This involves substantial initial investment that takes several years to pay off.
Rich in sunshine but poor in technology, developing countries are unable to take
advantage of their solar potential.
However, improvements in technology, increasing numbers of production areas and the
industrialization of this field should lead to a significant drop in the cost of solar energy
over the next 10 years.

2. *Solar energy is Very Mobile
True. Eco-shops and some larger retail outlets sell many solar-powered items, like:
flashlights, garden lamps, clock radios, mobile phones, and watches. This proves that
consumers are taking to solar energy. Another advantage of solar energy is its mobility.
Solar chargers can now be used to charge cell phones, GPS navigating systems, and
laptops. Long-distance travelers can now even get backpacks fitted with solar panels!
Some are already dreaming of clothes with built-in photovoltaic cells for plugging in
their MP3 or cell phone.
*There is a Promising Future
Solar power plants use high-temperature thermal solar technology, an alternative to
photovoltaics. These operate in a similar way to conventional thermal power plants,
Iobtained in this way drives turbines that generate electricity. These plants are called
thermodynamic solar power plants.
These power plants have two major advantages over photovoltaic power plants:
*First
They can store energy. This is key because solar energy is intermittent - it changes
according to season and sunshine. By storing it, even for a few hours, it is easier to
match electricity supply to demand, which is constant.
*Second
It is cheaper to build a solar power plant than a photovoltaic power plant because silicon
is not required.
Many countries are interested in these advantages. For example, Spain has had the most
powerful thermal solar power plant in Europe since 2009. It is called Andasol and will
eventually comprise 3 units. The first two plants, Andasol 1 and 2, are already
operational. Their 624 parabolic mirrors supply electricity to 45,000 homes.
The government of Dhabi is pursuing the Shams 1 project, the largest concentrated solar
power plant in the world. It will cover an area of 2.5 km2 and will have production
capacity of over 100 MW thanks to its 768 parabolic mirrors. It will help Dhabi reach its
7% renewable energy target by 2020.
The future of solar technology may also be in adjustable mirrors. A heliostat tracks the
course of the sun to collect as much of its energy as possible throughout the day. It
concentrates this energy to a photovoltaic collector, increasing the intensity of the light
and therefore electricity production. Of the many concentrated solar power projects
currently being studied, the Victoria project in Australia is particularly ambitious. In this
plant the solar flux will be beamed by 19,250 heliostats to 246 towers which have
concentrated photovoltaic cells at the top. It will produce 270,000 MWh per year, equal
to the annual electricity needs of 45,000 homes. The Victoria plant will begin operating
in 2014.
Another technology currently being studied is the solar chimney, whose operation is

3. based on the principle of circulating air. A flat-plate collector with a greenhouse-like
structure heats the air that rises naturally inside the central tower. The airflow drives
turbines that are connected to generators. A chimney of this type was operational in
Spain in the 1980s. Two new projects are being studied: a 40 MW plant with a 200m
tower in Spain and a 200 MW plant with a 990m tower in Australia.