6. Gut Microbiota
»Causes of changes
~ Mode of delivery
~ Diet during childhood
~ Diet during adulthood
~ Aging
~ Medications
~ Environmental Factors
~ Surgery
13. Gut Microbiota
~ Benefits of short chain fatty acids
• Decreases pH in the colon
~ Enhances absorption
~Calcium
~Iron
~Magnesium
14. Gut Microbiota
~ Benefits of short chain fatty acids
• Maintains intestinal barrier integrity
• Mucus production
• Protection against inflammation
• Source of energy
• Regulator of gene expression
• Participates in cell metabolism
• Acts as a signal molecule
~ Regulate blood pressure
15. Gut Microbiota
Regulation and influence of
metabolism and physiology of
the host.
Control of proliferation and pathogenic
bacteria present in the intestinal tract.
Stimulation of the immune
system.
Regulation of the acquisition
of nutrients.
Regulation of cell
renewal.
Production of vitamins &
enzymes.
58. References
~ Guinane, C.M. & Cotter, P.D. (2013). Role of the gut microbiota in health
and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ. Ther Adv
Gastroenterol, p. 295-308. DOI:
10.1177/1756283X13482996
~ de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, J., Corrales-Agudelo, V., Carmona, J.A.,
Abad, J.M., Escobar, J.S. (2017). Body size phenotypes comprehensively assesscardiometabolic risk
and refine the association
between obesity and gut microbiota. Intl Jour of Obesity accepted article preview 16 November 2017;
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.281.
~ Parnell, L.D. (2012). Advances in technologies and study design. Progress in Molecular Biology and
Translational Science. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398397-8.00002-2
~ Enserink, M. (2011). Your Gut Bacteria Are What You Eat. Science.
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/09/your-gut-bacteria-are-what-you-eat
~ Jandhyala, S. M., Talukdar, R., Subramanyam, C., Vuyyuru, H., Sasikala, M., Reddy, D. N. (2015).
Role of the normal gut microbiota. World Journal of Gastorenteroloy, 21(29), 8787-8803. DOI:
10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787
~ American Gastroenterological Association. Probiotics: what they are and what they can do for you.
Available at: http://www.gastro.org/patient-center/diet-medications/probiotics.
~ Kligler, B., Cohrssen, A. (2008). Probiotics. American Family Physician.
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/1101/p1073.html
~ Hawrelak, J. Probiotic Advisor. https://www.probioticadvisor.com/probiotic-essentials-2/dosage/
~ ConsumerLab.com. https://www.consumerlab.com/answers/which-probiotics-require-
refrigeration/probiotic_refrigeration/
~ F. Rincón-León, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003
~ F. Shahidi, Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Whole versus processed foods, Trends in Food
Science & Technology, 20 (2009), pp. 376-387
~ Al-Sheraji, S.H., Ismail, A., Manap, M.Y., Mustafa, S., Yusof, R. M., & Hassan, F.A. 2013. Prebiotics
as functional foods: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 5(4), 1542-1553.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.08.009
~ Hemarajata, P. & Versalovic, J. (2013). Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: mechanisms of
intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol.6(1): 39-51.
doi: 10.1177/1756283X12459294
59. References
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Ludmila F.M.F. Cardozo, Henrique Fragoso dos Santos, Hugo
Emiliano de Jesus, Junia Schultz, Paul G. Shiels, Peter Stenvinkel,
Alexandre Rosado, Archaea from the gut microbiota of humans:
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