The document discusses urban governance in Bangladeshi settlements in the context of climate change. It finds that existing knowledge about governance is based primarily on owner-occupied settlements, but future growth will be in rented settlements. Renters have less ability to develop adaptive practices than owners. Governance is influenced by the rules and norms in a settlement, physical conditions, and whether a settlement is public or private. The type of settlement impacts residents' access to resources, community structure, and external support networks. Renters in private settlements have fewer supports and less ability to influence governance structures compared to owners in public settlements.

1. Ferdous Jahan
Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

2. The Key Concern/Message
Most knowledge about low-income settlements in Bangladesh originates from ‘owned’ settlements
But, the future growth of low-income settlements will be on private land with dwellings rented out
Thus existing knowledge may be inappropriate for the next generation of ‘slums’ that will house millions of rural migrants and people displaced by climate change
The Bangladesh research finds significant differences between the adaptive behaviours of owners and renters
People living in squatter settlements, especially those long established on public land, are better placed to develop effective adaptive practices and enjoy better governance than those in privately rented settlements.

3. Actors in Governance
A. The State- the government or agencies of the government
Producer role (e.g. infrastructure, shelter etc.)
 Provider role (e.g. water services delivery)
 Enabler role (i.e. the government will develop policies, create environmental incentive for the profit/non-profit actors to operate, contract service delivery tasks and monitor their activities)
B. Non-State Entities(NGOs, Business groups, religious organizations, for profit groups, philanthropic organizations etc.) may take on producer and/or provider roles.
C. Citizens (poor low income settlement residents)
Participator- citizens express their demands for services
 Receiver- citizens do not/cannot express their demands and act as passive recipients
 Producer- i.e. citizens produce goods and services (or forced to produce goods and services) due to lack of producer in the market

4. Three External Factors
the rules and norms used by participants to order their relationships: Rules-In Use,
the attributes of states of the world that are acted upon in these arenas: Physical/material Conditions, and
the structure of the more general community within which any particular arena is placed: Attributes of Community (public versus private)

5. The External Factors
The construction of poor people’s practices is dependent on
The social and economic resources of households and communities (i.e. resource availability),
physical location and structure of the community, and
the existing power structure.
These factors collectively influence people’s ability to maintain core functions in the face of changing contexts (i.e. resilience) and adoption of the right measures by making appropriate adjustments and changes.
Types of settlements (public versus private) matter
The differing resource availability, community structure and norms generate two different types of power structure
More external factors in public slums and less in private settlements

6. How Bagmara and Rupsaghat dwellers connect to power structures

7. Three Sets of Skills used by the poor
Physical skills (i.e. they try to make the best use of their labour and/or intelligence to get access to jobs)
Initial networking skills through which they try to access to services
Scanning skills (i.e. their access to information through which they can acquire knowledge about the risk or opportunity associated with the environment).
The reliance of the actors on these different sets of skills varies according to the variation in action situation: public settlements are in privileged situation

8. Power Structure Resource Availability Community Condition External Factors Actors with early level of networking skills Action Situation Need or Demand Rules and familiarity with rules Scope of action Physical Skills Scanning Skills Networking Skills Action Outcome (if) Positive, consolidation of Network

9. Developing Network for co-production
The poor develop a number of informal networks to cope up with the situations based on:
Resource availability, i.e. whether the relatively powerful actors have enough resources to provide
Willingness to provide- if these powerful actors are interested in sharing these resources. Their willingness depends on two factors-
whether they are sympathetic to need of the poor and
whether they can serve their interest by helping the poor.

10. Resources
Willingness
High
Low
High
Strong Network
Collaboration leading to competition (Weak network)
Low
Apathetic Network
Absence of network