1. Participatory Plant Breeding, Biodiversity, Genetic Resources, Gender and Climate Changes s.ceccarelli@cgiar.org

2. Reduction of biodiversity The Right to Food is the Right to Biodiversity Biodiversity It has been recognized that biodiversity is key to securing global food supply Source Thrupp LA (2000). Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security. The valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture. Int. Affairs, 76: 265-281 Biodiversity 75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food United Nations General Assembly 23 July 2009 Source International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Food security Right to Food

3. Reduction of agro-biodiversity 4 varieties 4 varieties 6 variety 75% 65% 71% Source: World Conservation Monitoring Center, Global Biodiversity 6 varieties 9 varieties 50% 50%

4. The world seed market 11% 49% 33% 53% 36% 17% These are the same

6. 50.000 are edible

7. 250 are food crops

8. 90% of the calories in the human diet come from 15 crops and 60% from 3 crops (wheat, rice and maize)

11. Many different farmers in very many places selected for specific adaptation landraces

12. With the beginning of Genetics plant breeding was taken away from farmers and started being done by very few people in very few places

13. Breeding for specific adaptation was replaced by breeding for wide adaptation displacement of landraces

15. Not only in developing countries

18. Different Varieties within the same crop

20. Genetic vulnerability The Great Potato famine in Ireland (1845-1849)

21. Genetic uniformity and vulnerability (UG99) IRAN 2008 PAKISTAN 2009

23. Not all has been conserved

24. They freeze not only seed but also evolution

26. Definitions Decentralization Participation

27. Decentralization Decentralization = direct selection in the target environment Decentralized selection is not necessarily selection for specific adaptation Fully accepted by professional breeders in some countries (for example Australia)

28. What is Participatory Plant Breeding?

30. those scientists who contribute to crop improvement through breeding researchRansom C, Drake C, Ando K, Olmstead J (2006) Report of breakout group 1: What kind of training do plant breeders need, and how can we most effectively provide that training? HortScience 41, 53–54.

31. What is Participatory Plant Breeding? Is a dynamic collaboration between Breeding Institutions (National or International) and farmers which exploits their comparative advantages

32. A Plant Breeding Program New genetic materials Stages on station Stages in farmers’ fields Crosses Segregating populations On-station trials On-farm trials All the decisions are taken by the breeder’s team

33. Participatory Plant Breeding Participatory Variety Selection New genetic materials Stages on station Stages in farmers’ fields Crosses Segregating populations Yield Trials Decisions are taken jointly by the breeder’s team and the farmers’ community ……. but there are less choices to be made

34. Conventional Plant Breeding Participatory Plant Breeding Selection of new varieties Selection of new varieties Supply Driven Demand Driven Variety Release Adoption Variety Release Production of Certified Seed Production of Certified Seed Adoption

35. Participation and Decentralization Farmers selection on station Centralized Conventional On- farm trials PPB Decentralized PVS Most breeding programs in Australia Participatory Non participatory

36. L_1 4 stages of selection General Model of PPB Stage 1 Research Institute Stage 2 Crosses Populations Germplasm collections GMO’s Variety A Stage 3 L_2 4 stages of selection Different locations may receive different germplasm L_3 4 stages of selection Variety B Stage 4 Variety C L_4 4 stages of selection Variety A Variety D Genetic Variability

37. The ideal partners group The ideal PPB team Breeder Social scientists Socio economist Anthropologist Gender scientist Farmers Market specialists Seed companies Consumers NGOs Extension staff

38. Experimental designs and statistical analysis to maximize the precision of the trials

39. Experimental designs in PPB trials Experimental designs Type of trial Stage 1 (several entries, little seed per entry) Un replicated with systematic checks or partially replicated in rows and columns or incomplete blocks in two reps Stage 2 (less entries, more seed per entry) Incomplete blocks in two replications in rows and columns Stage 3(few entries, much more seed per entry) Incomplete blocks in two replications in rows and columns Stage 4 (2-4 entries, large amount of seed per entry) RBD with farmers as replications Adoption + Parents for crossing block

40. In each stage and in addition to the usual data collected in a breeding program a group of farmers score all the plots

41. Statistical analysis in PPB trials Statistical analysis Type of trial Stage 1 Spatial analysis (rows and columns) for un replicated trials Stages 2 and 3 Spatial analysis (rows and columns) for replicated trials in incomplete blocks Stage 4 RBD analysis Best linear Unbiased Estimators (BLUE’s) Best linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUP’s)

42. GE Interactions Superior entries in specific locations or farmers’ fields Farmers’ preferences Relationships between traits

43. At the end of the analysis the final selection for the following stage is done in a joint meeting with farmers

44. Biplot of farmers’ score and grain yield Biplot of farmers’ score, grain yield and plant height

46. Combine appropriate data across stages

47. Use of pedigree information

49. Trials from Research Station to Farmers’ Fields Decisions shared between breeder and farmers

50. 500 400 500 350 PPB in Barley covers 90% of the production area in Syria 600 500 300 400 400 300 350 350 300 300 250 HASSAKEH ALEPPO TH TH RAQQA 200 IDLIB 1000 1400 LATAKIA 150 DEIR EZZOR HAMA 1200 TARTUS 200 1000 HOMS PALMYRA Research sites DAMASCUS 800 600 Research Station of the Ministry of Agriculture DARA'A 500 SUWEIDA ICARDA headquarters 100 The process is conducted independently in each target environment

52. N. Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt) Lebanon Jordan Eritrea Central Asia, Iran Turkey NARS NARS NARS NARS NARS Creation of Variability Yemen NARS Iraq: Irrigated Rainfed NARS NARS NARS NARS Far East (China, India, Nepal, Korea) Ethiopia Latin America(Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia) A global decentralized breeding program A global decentralized-participatory breeding program

53. Countries and Crops with PPB programs barley lentil NEW faba bean wheat chickpea

54. Women participation Jordan Eritrea Iran Syria Yemen Egypt

56. They usually have distinct needs and priorities of traits and crops

57. Have a specific interest in food security (they are usually in charge of preparing the food)

59. Participatory trials in Syria (stage 1) 45 m 83 m

60. Participatory trials in Syria (stage 1)

61. Participatory trials in Syria (stage 2) Second Rep First Rep 22.5 m 1.6 m

62. Participatory trials in Syria (stage 3) 3.2 m 22.5 m 1st Rep 2nd Rep

63. A variety selected and planted by a farmer in stage 4

64. PPB trials in Yemen (barley and lentil) at 3000 m asl

65. Lentil and faba bean in Eritrea

66. Bread wheat in Eritrea

67. Chickpea in Syria Lenticchie e fave in Eritrea

68. Barley and Durum Wheat in Jordan

69. Rainfed barley in Kermanshah, Iran

70. Irrigated barley in Iran

71. Barley and Durum Wheat in Algeria

72. Maize and Rice in China

73. Cassava in Tanzania

74. Cassava in East Timor

75. Sweet potato in East Timor

77. Type of crops (self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, vegetatively propagated)

78. Type of varieties (pure lines, populations, hybrids, clones)

79. Type of farmers (rich, poor, large, small, literate, illiterate, men, women, etc.)

82. InstitutionalThe DG of NARI (Eritrea) visiting a wheat PPB trial

84. Institutional

86. Higher benefit/cost ratioHader

88. Institutional

89. Farmers’ skills and empowerment

90. Enhancement of biodiversity

92. Iran 160 accessions of wheat and 160 accessions of barley in 3 locations and two years

93. Jordan 160 accessions of wheat and 160 accessions of barley

94. Yemen 65 wheat, 100 barley, 47 lentil, 22 pea

95. Combining Participation and Evolution

96. Per complementare la conservazioneex situ e in situ sipuópensare ad un tipodimiglioramentogeneticoevoluzionistico – popolazioni molto grandi (milionidipiante) derivate damigliaiadiincrocichesievolvono in localitácaratterizzatedaalte temperature o dasiccitá sotto l’ azionecongiuntadellaselezionenaturale e artificiale (degliagricoltori) – come un mododinamicodirispondereaicambiamenticlimatici Evolutionary Plant Breeding Suneson, 1956

97. Populations obtained from thousand of crosses or from mixing new and old varieties left evolving in the target environments

98. Evolutionary Plant Breeding One mega population of barley (1600 F2’s) Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Georgia Kyrgyzstan Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Turkey Tajikistan Syria Tunisia Cyprus Afghanistan Lebanon Morocco Iraq Jordan Pakistan Iran Kuwait Algeria Bahrain Libya Egypt Qatar Saudi UAE Arabia Oman Mauritania Eritrea Sudan Yemen Ethiopia Somalia

99. Participatory-Evolutionary Plant Breeding

100. Evolutionary Participatory Plant Breeding Original Population Dry and Hot sites Salt Affected PPB program PPB program High Input Cold Pest and Diseases PPB program PPB program PPB program

101. Evolutionary Plant Breeding One mega population of durum wheat (700 F2’s) Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Georgia Kyrgyzstan Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Turkey Tajikistan Syria Tunisia Cyprus Afghanistan Lebanon Morocco Iraq Jordan Pakistan Iran Kuwait Algeria Bahrain Libya Egypt Qatar Saudi UAE Arabia Oman Mauritania Eritrea Sudan Yemen Ethiopia Somalia

103. Experimental Evolution Wild type (<5 % out crossing) mutation mutation Caenorhabditis elegans Mutation load and rapid adaptation favor out crossing over self-fertilization LT Morran, MD Parmenter & PC Phillips Nature, November 2009 100 % out crossing 100 % selfing virulent bacterial pathogen Rapid adaptation Adaptation and increase in out crossing rate No adaptation

104. Institutionalization of PPB Variety release systems and seed laws are the main problems

105. Local seed production

106. Seed Production of Adopted PPB Varieties Seed Multiplication of Ramtha in Jordan Harmal in Syria Barley and Durum Wheat in Algeria Seed Multiplication of 3 PPB varieties in Syria Seed Multiplication of Shishai in Eritrea

107. Conclusions The International framework The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture The Special Report on the Right to Food

108. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture As of November 2008, 120 countries and the European Community are Contracting Parties to the Treaty

109. Article 6 – Sustainable Useof Plant Genetic Resources 6.2 The sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture may include such measures as: promoting, as appropriate, plant breeding efforts which, with the participation of farmers, particularly in developing countries, strengthen the capacity to develop varieties particularly adapted to social, economic and ecological conditions, including in marginal areas;

110. Article 9 – Farmers’ Rights (a) protection of traditional knowledge relevant to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; (b) the right to equitably participate in sharing benefits arising from the utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; (c) the right to participate in making decisions, at the national level, on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. 9.3 Nothing in this Article shall be interpreted to limit any rights that farmers have to save, use, exchange and sell farm-saved seed/propagating material, subject to national law and as appropriate.

111. http://www.srfood.org/

113. to protect the right to food

115. Include landraces in the variety lists

116. Support and scale up local seed exchange systems

117. Develop incentives to the wider use of food products made out of farmers’ varieties

118. Ensure the active participation of farmers in decisions related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources

119. Increase the resources allocated to public agricultural research

122. Conclusions Fits crops to the environment rather than modifying the environment, and therefore is ideal for organic conditions

123. Thank you