Presentation slides from CLAHRC WM Programme Steering Committee on 21st September 2015 - Theme 1: SPACER project, Dr Konstantinos Petridis

1. SPACER-DEA study
Electronic Prescribing
Medicine Administration
(EPMA)
Dr. Konstantinos Petridis
Dr. Prasanta Kumar Dey

2. Introduction
Methodology
Mathematical formulation
Illustrative example
Implications
Next steps
Outline

3. Introduction
Electronic Prescribing
Medicine Administration
(EPMA)
aims to
change the medication
processes
change procedures at
Birmingham Children’s
Hospital

4. Methodology
EPMA will affect the
processes/groups/departments
with respect to
the following aspects:
Technology
Organizational
Structure
Processes
Culture

5. Methodology
Business sciences may look at these four aspects
(Technology, Organisational Structure, Processes, Culture)
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique will help us
understand some of the effects of EPMA including
efficiency, resources etc.

6. Methodology
Based on certain assumptions, observed correspondences of
inputs and outputs are used to construct potentially feasible,
even if not observed, input-output correspondences.
Inputs Outputs
Process
Efficiency

7. Methodology
Inputs Outputs
.
.
.
.
.
Technology
OrganizationStructure
Process
Culture
Process (P2)
Process (P1)
Process (Pn)

8. Methodology
Process (P1)
Inputs
Pn
P2
.
.
.
.
.
Outputs
Pre-Implementation
Process (P1)
Inputs
Pn
P2
.
.
.
.
.
Outputs
Post-Implementation

9. Mathematical Formulation
Maximize efficiency
s.t.
Inputs (staff time, cost, etc)
Outputs (Patient satisfaction, Service level, productivity
etc)

10. Mathematical formulation
, ,
1
, ,
1
, ,
1
1
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. .
, 1,...,
, 1,...,
, 1,...,
1
0, 1,...,
n
t t i o i
t
n
ex
t t p o p
t
n
t t r o r
t
n
t
t
t
s t
x x i n
x x p b
y y r s
t n
free

 









   
  
  

 




Efficiency score
Input i of DMU t
Peer of DMU t
Fixed input p of DMU t
Output r of DMU t
(quality)

11. Mathematical formulation
(production)
, ,
1
, ,
1
1
min
. .
, 1,...,
, 1,...,
1
0, 1,...,
n
t t i o i
t
n
t t r o r
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n
t
t
t
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x x i n
y y r s
t n
free

 



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
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
   
  

 



Efficiency score
Input i of DMU t
Peer of DMU t
Output r of DMU t

12. Illustrative example
(production)
Input Outputs
Number of employees (no) Sales (,000£)
Operational Cost (,000£) Number of customers (no)

13. Illustrative example
(data)
Decision Making Units
(DMUs)
Number of
employees (no)
Operational
Cost (,000£)
Sales (,000£)
Number of
customers (no)
Branch1 55 77 80 48
Branch2 56 51 28 37
Branch3 41 47 69 54
Branch4 36 35 75 74
Branch5 34 65 85 49

14. Illustrative example
(application)
For Branch 3 For Branch 5
Mathematical formulation
Results
min
. .
55 1 56 2 41 3 36 4 34 5 34
77 1 51 2 47 3 35 4 65 5 65
80 1 28 2 69 3 75 4 85 5 85
48 1 37 2 54 3 74 4 49 5 49
1 2 3 4 5 1
s t
end

     
     
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
min
. .
55 1 56 2 41 3 36 4 34 5 41
77 1 51 2 47 3 35 4 65 5 47
80 1 28 2 69 3 75 4 85 5 69
48 1 37 2 54 3 74 4 49 5 54
1 2 3 4 5 1
s t
end

     
     
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
* 1
5* 1




0.869
0.806
*
4
0.194
*
5*







15. Branch 5 is efficient (θ*=1) whereas Branch 3 is not
(θ*=0.869)
The results of the lambda values indicate which Branch is
the benchmark; to which Branch(es) the current Branch
under investigation is referring as being better that it.
Illustrative example
(interpretation)

16. Implications
Using the proposed methodology->tangible results of the
efficiency of each process before and after EPMA
Identify non-efficient units
Examine in micro-detail the currently available data as a
source to feed the DEA methodology.

17. Next steps
Some of the DMUs are:
Prescribe: prescribing in the Liver unit
Supply: BCH dispensary
Administration: Administration of medicines in Ward 8
Explore
Take some measurements of the DMUs identified
Efficiency measurement of these DMUs for the specific
phase of the SPACER time.

18. Next steps

19. Questions?
Thank you!
Konstantinos Petridis
k.petridis@aston.ac.uk