Research indicates that organizations that successfully apply collective innovation methods are able to reconcile seemingly contradicting management situations. Further it is shown that people in liminal conditions, e.g. periods of transitions or on the borderlines between organizations, experience a state of flux where contradictions arise: assigned roles, and goals are difficult to understand for those individuals.
more: http://clicresearch.org/peter-pribilla-stiftung/?page_id=122
1. Visualizing the Invisible
Resolving Dilemmas in
Collective Innovation
Project leaders:
Tobias Fredberg, Pascal Le Masson, Blanche Segrestin, Martin Wiener
Team Members:
Marine Agogué, Elsa Berthet, Martin Stötzel, Anna Yström
Munich, October 24th, 2011
2. Dilemmas of collective innovation
Motivation
Share assets Protect assets
Well-known dilemmas No authority Slow convergence
in innovation Free commitment No work division
Multiple stakeholder Conflict of interests
In case of collective innovation: Multiple perspective Shared vision
– Some dilemmas are reduced: larger and Take risk Explore Exploit Take Risk
cheaper access to knowledge and ideas… Create Knowledge Reuse Knowledge
– A lot of new dilemmas emerge!
Management Dimension
Managers of collective
Recent insights in the literature suggest that innovation?
1. Successful collective innovation is based on the capacity to solve these dilemmas
(see Ihl 2010)
2. There are today managers of collective innovation who might be able to organize this
simultaneous solve (see Fredberg et al. 2011, Agogué & Yström 2010)
Managing for solving the dilemmas of collective innovation: actors, activities, methods?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 2
3. Collective innovation manager?
State of the art
Research Questions:
Research has focused on the innovation leader (“focal firm”) who
makes use of external resources for his own goals… (Elmquist,
Fredberg, Olilla 2009) 1. Where and how are
Recent results have underlined that these “heroes of open these managers of
innovation” actually rely on organized milieux, structures and collective innovation
processes: doing this?
– First approaches have studied open innovation market 2. What are the key
intermediaries (Innocentive, Ninesigma,…) (Diener & Piller 2010) management areas to
– These works underlined the limits of pure brokering: limited create conditions for
cooperation, knowledge transfer rather than knowledge creation, for collective
limited exploration (Sieg et al. 2010, Birkinshaw 2011) innovation initiatives?
– Some works described more complex innovative milieux, 3. How can we help
collaborative ecosystems, platforms and colleges (Gawer 2009, Le collective innovation
Masson et al. 2011) that support the activities of open innovators managers to
visualize/manage
Hence there might be managers of collective innovation that are these areas?
more than pure brokers... But their role, management areas and
methods are largely hidden (research gap)
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 3
4. Four case studies to uncover a new actor: The collective innovation manager
Research Background and Method
Management
Exploration Centralized
Dimensions vs. Exploitation vs. Decentralized
Innovation
Organization
strategy
Protecting Conflicting
vs. Revealing vs. Collective
Simultaneous
IP Interests/
Solve?
management Goals
Governance Focus
Hierarchical Company
vs. Autonomous vs. Network
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 4
5. Four case studies to uncover a new actor: The collective innovation manager
Research Background and Method
Management Dimensions
Exploration Centralized
vs. Exploitation vs. Decentralized Four Case Studies to help “visualize” the
Innovation
strategy
Organization invisible collective innovation manager
Protecting Conflicting
vs. Revealing vs. Collective
Simultaneous
IP Interests/
Solve?
management Goals
Governance Focus
Hierarchical Company
vs. Autonomous vs. Network
Toward a new management actor:
The collective innovation manager,
relying on specific managerial techniques:
visualizing the unknown,
visualizing the interdependencies,
visualizing the nature of the OI place,
visualizing network creation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 5
6. 1. Our case findings support the assumption that collective innovation managers
apply simultaneous solves in several management dimensions
Case Study Results (Siemens)
Simultaneous
Solve1)
Centralized: Structures, guidelines,
processes and tools
Organization Decentralized: Responsible for
running collective innovation
initiatives
Protecting: Intellectual property is
systematically secured in patents
IP Management Revealing: Unused IP and
technologies are commercialized
via licenses and Spin-outs
No top-down targets and KPIs, and
no pure bottom-up activities
Governance Idea selection: Bottom-up pre-
selection (short-listing) via voting,
but final top-down management
decision
1) Harvey balls: = simultaneous solve identified; = simultaneous solve not identified
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 6
7. Example: Visualize the Unknown to support collective innovation (1/2)
Visualization (of opportunities)
EXPLOITATIONS
Known competences and skills
Established firms and
interactions with partners
Stable identity of the objects
EXPLORATIONS
Re-discussing the identity of
the objects
Exploring new ideas
Involving new actors
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 7
8. Example: Visualize the Unknown to support collective innovation (2/2)
Using C-K referential : Cases of ST-Microelectronics and of I-Care
Generated actions of C-K referential
1. Define new projects for established
firms
2. Build new partnerships
3. Expand the scope of action for
institutions who want to act as an
open innovation facilitator
4. Foster new ways to interact
(seminars)
Identifying complementary actors who
2 have the knowledge and/or skills that are
currently lacking
Identifying missing knowledge, and interesting concepts to develop
Mobilizing existing
1 knowledge in a different 3&4 +
+
concept is attainable for Launching collaborative workshops with relevant actors to fill the
established firms knowledge gaps and to explore interesting unexplored concepts
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 8
9. Example: Visualize Conflicts to manage collective innovation (1/2)
Initial situation
Agrosystem
Local
That produces food for Auth.
humans
NGO
That provides food of Research
good quality
Center
Farm
Maximizing yields Preserving natural
equilibria
Coop
Only with profitable With areas of regulations Farm
crops (grasslands)
Farm
Using chemicals, Using ecosystem Farm
fertilizers… services
Initial situation: no Few relationships
common ground between stakeholders
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 9
10. Example: Visualize Conflicts to manage collective innovation (2/2)
Concepts Knowledge
List of attributes from a productive and from an ecological
perspective:
Common/cleaving attributes
A productive agrosystem that
preserves natural equilibria Potential values associated to
these attributes
Functions having an Functions having a
Without With individual potential value collective potential value
grassland grasslands
Design parameters i.e. reduce the use of
i.e. use fertilizers to
(DP) activated at an herbicides to preserve
increase grassland yields
Frequent No mowing in individual level groundwater
No mowing
mowing Summer i.e. coordinate grassland i.e. coordinate grassland
DP activated at a
localization to reduce localization to maximize
collective level
individual costs for farmers biological control
Use of Use of Reduced No use of
herbicides herbic. herbic. herbicides
Without Without With
localization of localization localization
grasslands
Visualize opportunities for open innovation
that overcome the initial dilemma
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 10
11. 2. Building on the identified simultaneous solves, we were able to identify four
key management areas for collective innovation initiatives
Key Management Areas
Centralized vs.
decentralized
Media
organization
Infrastructure
How can we find
the relevant people
and through what
channels/tools?
Interdepen-
Issue and
dencies
opportunties Collective
Innovation How can we go
Exploitation vs. How can we use
Management from conflicting Conflicting vs.
exploration what we know to
interests to
strategy open the box? collective
collective goals?
Focus interests/goals
How can we
create a
legitimate place
for open Company vs.
innovation? network
focus
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 11
12. Uncover an (unexpected) collective innovation management…
Key Management Areas More than incentives…
…Commit the right people
Media to contribute to collective
Infrastructure innovation
Before sharing
How can we find
knowledge …
the relevant people
…Share an
and through what
agenda of channels/tools?
open issues Interdepen-
Issue and
dencies
opportunties Collective
Innovation How can we go
How can we use
Management from conflicting Don’t avoid
what we know to
interests to conflicts, don’t
open the box?
collective goals? look for trade
Focus
offs…
How can we …Deal with
Not a shared vision! create a
conflicts in a
A legitimate place for collective legitimate place
creative way
innovation for open
innovation?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 12
13. … with relevant visualization techniques
Key Management Areas More than incentives…
…Commit the right people
Media to contribute to collective
Infrastructure innovation
Before sharing
How can we find Visualize the emerging, relevant
knowledge …
the relevant people networks
…Share an
and through what
agenda of channels/tools?
open issues Interdepen-
Issue and
dencies
opportunties Collective
Visualize the Innovation How can we go
How can we use
unknown Management from conflicting Don’t avoid
what we know to
interests to conflicts, don’t
open the box?
collective goals? look for trade
Focus
offs…
How can we …Deal with
Not a shared vision! create a
conflicts in a
A legitimate place for collective legitimate place
creative way
innovation for open
innovation?
Visualize
Visualize the legitimate place
interdependencies
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 13
14. 3. A workshop concept to help visualizing and managing each of the 4 key
management areas
Visualization Workshops
Visualize the opportunity WORKSHOP STRUCTURE
1 space
Objectives Conclusion
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the
relevant people and
through what
channels/tools?
Visualize the infrastructure Issue and
opportunties Interdependencies
2 (and performance) How can we
use what we
Collective
Innovation
Management
How can we go from
conflicting interests to
know to open collective goals?
the box?
Focus
How can we
create a
legitimate place
for open
Visualize conflicts and innovation?
3 interdependencies
Diagnosis technique (Tutorial for)
(visualization) Practical application
Visualize the nature of
4 collective innovation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 14
15. Workshop – Visualizing the Unknown
1) Purpose 6) Conclusion
Unveiling innovation strategies dilemmas “exploration vs. exploitation” Visualizing unknown paths of innovation created at a collective level can help an open
Can a innovation lock-in situation be diagnosed, and is it possible to objectify the gap between innovation manager in solving conflicting situations.
expected innovations and the ones that are currently attainable by existing innovation
capabilities ?
2) Case study 5) Tutorial for an open innovation manager
Harnessing ICT innovation to augment the lives of the fragile and elderly people in the Rhone-
Alps region (France)
An assessment : demand on the market increases (aging population) whereas few products or
services arrive on the market today and provide successfully solutions
An orphan innovation situation : an innovation highly expected by society, but that no actor or
consortium of actors can manage to process whereas all the structural conditions to foster it
are gathered.
3) Initial diagnosis
There is a gap between attainable exploitations (that mobilize known
competences and skills, established firms and interactions with partners, dealing with a stable
identity of the objects) and expected explorations (that re-discuss the identity of
the objects, explore new ideas and involve new actors) 4) How can an OI manager solve the dilemma?
Visualizing the unknown can make it possible to overcome an exploration /
exploitation dilemma
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 15
16. Workshop – Creating Legitimacy in Open Innovation
How can
we create a
legitimate Diagnosis
place for Open collective innovation is paradoxical to participants. They need to optimize both for the collective and for the home organization. The result is a
number of tension/dilemmas that must be resolved in order for the open innovation collaboration to be perceived as a legitimate place to share
open
knowledge and generate ideas.
innovation?
1. Conduct interviews with a Trust
4. Identify and emphasize
Offices
subset of involved key people: critical manifestations of Relations
What are the tensions that they legitimacy in the hips with Logo
others
experience between the home open innovation
organization and the arena? Career OI Loyalty
What are the specific dilemmas Arena collaboration Business SAFER
Academic
legiti-
cards papers
involved in managing these tensions? macy
Knowledge
Shared
Analyze Generation Con-
tracts
Experi-
ences
Office
2. Define Manifest Solution key
Who are the key people that must be involved in dialogues to solve the tensions?
What rules need to be established to enable an open and honest conversation?
3. Characterize the type of higher level solutions needed re-
Trust
solve the dilemmas in the open innovation collaboration
Higher level solution Example
Higher level solutions to be
developed in open dialogues
between stakeholders Home Collective
Career Loyalty organization effort
Solutions Risks viewpoint viewpoint
The dilemmas are partly solved by creating If the process of creating legitimacy is
legitimacy on the project level, but also on not open, you end up in a game like
a higher level, where management plays Knowledge
situation where no joint development
an important role generation Career
actually takes place.
Arrange dialogue Resolve dilemmas
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 16
17. Conclusion
An (emerging) model of the management of collective innovation…
Known interests, known
Discover interests, values,
competences, known
If the new techniques, stakeholders…
futures… If the new
changes the
changes the
game
game
management
management
limits the new
Shape the unknown, broadens the
to stabilize the Incentives, knowledge and creative use of conflict, unknown!
game value sharing = networks expansion,
optimisation & planning legitimate cooperative
place
… in which “visualizing the invisible” (the unknown) is critical
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 17
20. Ambidexterity is an established theme in management research
Theoretical Background
• Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both the
left and the right hand
• In management research, ambidexterity is usually referring to
organizations who manage to efficiently run their current business
while at the same time preparing for a changing future:
• Relevant literature, examples:
o Duncan, R. 1976. The Ambidextrous Organization: Designing Dual
Structures for Innovation
o March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational
Learning
o Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A. 1996. Ambidextrous
Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change
o Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. 2008. Organizational Ambidexterity:
Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 20
21. Prior research indicates that successful collective innovators apply
contradicting approaches simultaneously for managing their
innovation activities
Motivation
Simultaneous Solve: Research Questions:
Management Dimension
Successful collective innovators
seem to reconcile contradicting
management approaches
Ambidexterity (Simultaneous Solve), but…
Examples: 1. Where and how are they doing
EXPLOITATION EXPLORATION this?
2. What are the key management
areas for collective innovation
initiatives?
3. How can we help collective
PROTECTING REVEALING innovators to visualize/manage
these areas?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 21
22. SAFER Context
VINNOVA
Swedish Road
Administration
Region Västra Götaland
170 persons hold keys to SAFER office Autoliv
CHALMERS Epsilon
• 50% from Chalmers, 50% from other partners Gothenburg university Folksam
SP Saab
• ca 40 PhD students (40 % industrial) SMW
VTI
• 45 full time in SAFER TÖI Scan. Auto. Suppl.
Viktoria institute Scania
Imego AB Telia Sonera
Sicomp AB Volvo CC
Focus areas Volvo Group
LSP
Incidents and accidents
Driver state/action/reaction
Prediction for accident prevention
Methods for evaluation of safety systems
Electric Vehicles and Vehicle Combination
Human Models and Biomechanics
Pre-crash Crash Post-crash
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
23. Organizational ambidexterity is a renown theme in management
science
Ambidexterity
• Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both left
and right appendages (such as the hands)
• In Management, organizational ambidexterity is usually referring to
organizations who manage to efficiently run their current business
while at the same time preparing for a changing future
• Literature e.g.:
o Duncan, R. 1976. The ambidextrous Organization: Designing dual
structures for Innovation
o March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational
Learning
o Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A. 1996. Ambidextrous
Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change
o Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. 2008. Organizational Ambidexterity:
Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 23
24. In 2010, a group a researchers started collaborating on a joint research
project funded by the Peter-Pribilla-Foundation
Research Setting
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 24
25. Each team is running their specific case study which is dedicated to the
underlying research question
Research Question
Successful collective innovators seem to Trade-off:
reconcile contradicting approaches for Management Dimension
managing their innovation activities
(“Simultaneous Solve”), but…
1. How are they doing this?
2. What are the “hidden/invisible” Simultaneous Solve:
variables (from a leadership, Management Dimension
governance, process, and IT tool
perspective) enabling them to resolve
the resulting dilemmas?
ambidextrous approach
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 25
26. We see leading companies apply ambidextrous approaches
(Simultaneous Solve) with regards to innovation management
Simultaneous Solve - Examples
• Organizational ambidexterity: Procter & Gamble have decentralized
their R&D unit closer towards the business units and simultaneously
created central innovation „think-tanks“ for disruptive innovations
• Embedded Linux (OSS): Nokia and Philips in some cases have chosen
Linux as operating system for their electronic devices. The
developers engage with the Linux open source community and
selectively share some of their own innovations while protecting
(hiding) others
• Procter & Gamble as well as Siemens systematically identify
Intellectual Property (patents) which they do not use for their own
business and commercialize it via Licensing and Spin-outs
Source: Web research, press articles
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 26
27. Our case study: How does Siemens manage their Open Innovation
initiatives? Do they apply the Simultaneous Solve?
Case Study
• Founded 1857
• 400.000 employees
• 31.000 R&D people
• Annual R&D spend:
~4 bn. EUR, 56.000
active patents
• # 34 in Business Week’s list of most innovative companies
worldwide (ahead of Dell, Vodafone, Nike)
How does Siemens manage
collective/open innovation, and do
they apply the Simultaneous Solve?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 27
28. Siemens has a central Open Innovation unit which provides structures,
processes and tools
Open Innovation at Siemens
*)
“Service
provider”
Siemens CTO OI
Industry Energy Healthcare
Corporate Functions (cross-sector)
Corporate
Technology (CTO)
Open
Innovation
CTO OI
*) Organization as of 04/2011 Open Innovation Activities Framework (by Siemens CTO OI)
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 28
29. Our case study included interviews with the central OI unit as well
as operating business units (which run OI initiatives)
Case Interviews
CENTRAL UNIT
CTO Open Innovation
• Interview with head of Unit Dr. “There is hard work to be
Lackner done in opening doors
while maintaining some
• Interview with Open
control, (…)”
Innovation Specialist Dr. Lackner
OPERATING BUSINESS UNITS
Innovation Hubs Siemens Student Award Smart Grid Contest, 2011 Sustainability Idea Technology
Contest (internal), Middle-East (Dubai), Contest (internal), 2010 Accelerators; Out-
2011 2011 licensing, spin-outs
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 29
30. Our findings support first indications from prior literature that the
simultaneous solve is applied in OI Management
Case Study Findings (1/2)
SIMULTANEOUS
MGT. DIMENSION FINDINGS SOLVE 1)
The central open innovation unit develops structures and concepts, identifies
technical solutions and solution providers, advertises the concepts across the
Organization business units, and supervises the open innovation initiatives.
By contrast, the individual initiatives are then run as projects by the respective
(decentral) business units with guidance and sparring from the central unit.
• Open innovation initiatives are neither demanded top-down from the
management, nor initiated autonomously by the internal or external
Governance
communities. It is rather the middle management that decides that open
innovation may help in their business context
• There are also no top-down targets set, neither for individual open
innovation initiatives nor for the central open innovation unit
• The decision process of selecting the best ideas uses a combination of
bottom-up and top-down mechanisms: Short-listing of ideas is done via the
votes of the community and a jury of managers and experts perform the
final selection
1) Harvey balls: Black ball = simultaneous solve identified. White ball = simultaneous solve not identified
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 30
31. However this does not apply to all dimensions. Motivation of participants
seems to be limited to intrinsic mechanisms
Case Study Findings (2/2)
SIMULTANEOUS
MGT. DIMENSION FINDINGS SOLVE 1)
IP protection is a well established practice because IP has always been vital for
Siemens business success in competitive markets
IP Management A dedicated subsidiary (Siemens Technology Accelerator) works with venture
capitalists to establish new start-ups that make use of un-used IP by
developing innovative business models
• Siemens heavily relies on intrinsic motivation. Receiving attention and
feedback in virtual discussions with other participants seems to provide a
Motivation
sufficient motivation for employees to contribute.
• For internal initiatives, the prospect of presenting own ideas in front of a
management jury may motivate employees to invest significant efforts in
open innovation activities
Innovation • Innovation Strategy (exploration vs. exploitation) has not been discussed as
Strategy and a management dimension, in the conducted case interviews ?
other • Also, we could not yet identify additional management dimensions relevant
for Open Innovation management
dimensions
1) Harvey balls: Black ball = simultaneous solve identified. White ball = simultaneous solve not identified
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 31
32. How does the Simultaneous Solve impact performance? Can we
measure the performance of Innovation Communities?
Performance of Innovation Communities
Performance KPIs Attributes of participants
• Intensity of • Specific role-profiles of participants
communication • Technical / educational background of
Measure • Number of idea & participants
ment proposals • Time participants spend in the network
(KPIs) • Selected ideas / • Geographical proximity
solutions
• Belonging to the same business unit / area
• Business benefit
• ...
• ...
Communication Infrastructure Performance Evaluation 1. Nodes = Participants
2. Arcs = Collaboration
3. Centricity = Performance
4. Colours = Attributes
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 32
33. Collaboration (Meetings, Topics)
Team Workshops Gothenburg Munich
22 Mar 2011 24 Oct 2011
1. Four reference cases: identify critical dilemmas,
techniques to solve them, efficiency of these
Kick-off 1 Case studies Final
techniques
presentation
2. Visualization Management Techniques of the
OI manager (building the OI square):
a) Visualize the unknown
b) Visualize interdependencies
c) Visualize communication networks Individual Case Studies
d) Visualize an identity
3. A workable format to help OI managers: “how
do you design your own OI leader” Nuremberg Paris Paris
a) Interactive, based on experiences 15 Dec 2010 30 Jun 2011 15 Sep 2011
b) Cumulative
c) Self evaluation: what kind of dilemma 1 Case studies 1 Case studies 2 Visualization
do you solve.
2 Visualization 3 OI Manager
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 33
35. 28 th June 2011
Paris, Pribilla group
Resolving dilemmas in collective innovation
The I-Care case
Marine AGOGUE
CGS, MINES ParisTech
F-75 272 Paris, France
Tel: +33 1 40 51 9201
Mail: magogue@ensmp.fr,
36. Diagnosing exploration / exploitation dilemmas
C-K referential on ICT for autonomy in Rhône-Alpes region
attainable exploitations
expected explorations
A C-K referential helps to diagnose the gap between reality and expectations, and
provides a way to objectify the distance between attainable exploitation and
expected exploration
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 36
Data : workshop analysis, interviews of firms, questionnaire (22 responses)
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
37. Visualizing the unknown to overcome dilemmas
Using the C-K referential : cases of ST-Microelectronics and of I-Care
Generated actions of C-K referential
1 – Define new projects for established
firms
2 – Build new partnerships
3 - Expand the scope of action for
institutions who want to act as an open
innovation facilitator
4 - Foster new ways to interact
(seminars)
Identifying complementary
2 actors who have the knowledge
and/or skills that are currently
3&4 lacking
1
Mobilizing existing knowledge in a Identifying missing knowledge, and interesting concepts to develop
different concept is attainable for +
established firms Launching collaborative workshops with relevant actors to fill the
knowledge gapsand to explore interesting unexplored concepts
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 37
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
38. How to build the C-K referential ? Toolkit for a OI leader
C-K referential : A tool that requires to mobilize innovative design C-K
theory and its formalisms *
STEP 1
Gather classical knowledge (experts) &
3 3 list all the current projects
STEP 2
From this first knowledge basis, build the
4 known paths of innovation
STEP 3
2 Expand the knowledge basis, meet new
experts and build a robust model of high-
1 level of abstraction
STEP 4 & 5
Expand the knowledge and concept
spaces until no more expertise or project
seems out of the scope
5
6 5
STEP 6
Position projects on the innovation field
mapping
An Open Innovation can then rely on such a tool for balancing between attainable
exploitations and expected explorations
* Bibliography : Hatchuel, A.Dilemmas inC-K design theory: An advanced formulation. Research in Engineering Design 19, 181-192. 4.
Resolving & Weil, B. (2009) Collective Innovation 38
Hatchuel, A., Le Masson P., Weil,B. (2004). C-K theory in practice, lessons from industrial applications. Annual meeting of The Design Society, Dubrovnik.
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
39. Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
The case of open management of farming systems
Elsa Berthet
Blanche Segrestin
October 2011 – Mines Paristech
40. Diagnosis of dilemmas:
Initial situation
Agrosystem
Local
That produces food
Auth.
for humans
NGO
That provides food of
Research
good quality Center
Farm
Maximizing yields Preserving natural
equilibria
Coop
With areas of regulations
Farm
Only with
(grasslands)
profitable crops Farm
Using chemicals, Initial Using ecosystem
Farm
fertilizers… situation: no services
common Few relationships
ground between stakeholders
40 Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
41. Identify alternative ways to deal with the
dilemmas
(Concepts) List of attributes from a productive (Knowledge)
and from an ecological perspective:
Common/cleaving attributes
Potential values associated to
A productive agrosystem that
these attributes
preserves natural equilibria
Functions having an Functions having a
Without With
grassland grasslands individual potential collective potential
value value
Frequent No mowing in
No mowing
Design i.e. use fertilizers to i.e. reduce the use of
mowing Summer parameters (DP) increase grassland yields herbicides to preserve
activated at an groundwater
Use of individual level
Use of Reduced No use of
herbicides herbic. herbic. herbicides DP activated at a i.e. coordinate grassland i.e. coordinate
collective level localization to reduce grassland localization to
individual costs for maximize biological
Without
Without With farmers control
localization of
localization localization
grasslands
Visualize opportunities for open innovation
that overcome the initial dilemma
41 Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
42. Ex.
1) Visualize grassland design parameters 2) Visualize interdependencies
Grassland Watero
rg. Local
Auth.
With fodder Without fodder
production production NGO
Research
Frequent No mowing Center
mowing in Summer Loss of
harvest,
Pests
Farm
Use of No use Use of Reduced No use
herbicides of herb. herb. herb. of herb. Coop
Farm
Farm
Without With Without With Biological
localization localization localization localization control
Farm
42 Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
43. Empty pattern
3° Represent existing design paths, and propose
intermediary paths that create a common ground 1° Diagnose the conflict: Specify the attributes (design
between actors parameters, functions) of the conflicting object
2° Identify the potential values of cleaving attributes +
Find new attributes with potential values
DP1a DP3 DP2a
DP1b DP2b 4° Visualize interdependences between
actors created by the new solutions
proposed, and stimulate innovative
collaboration
43 Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
44. The visualization of the communication infrastructure and its performance is based
on the (quantitative) origin and the (qualitative) rating of idea contributions
Analysis Framework
Platform
Origin Ideas Evaluation/Rating
Idea contributors with Database
differentiating attributes
(e.g., geography, age, job
title, sector, department etc.)
Quantitative Qualitative
Analyses Analyses
45. Heat maps visualize the distribution of ideas by selected user attributes; by
combining heat maps, the tree map offers an integrated perspective on “hot spots”
Visualization: Heat & Tree Maps (Idea Quantity)
140 Number of Ideas by Age (Attribute 1) Number of Ideas by Region (Attribute 2)
120 Max.
100 high
80 medium
60
low Max.
40
20
0
< 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 > 55
Tree Map: Number of Ideas by Attributes
Max- Attribute 1 600 300 100
Max
Attribute ... 400 200
Min-
Max
Attribute n 280 120 140 60
46. By comparing quantitative and qualitative “hot spots”, the collective innovation
manager can identify “untapped” target groups and derive corrective actions
Evaluation: Idea Quantity vs. Quality
Quantity of Ideas (Count) Quality of Ideas (Rating)
Same
structure
„Untapped“
Stars
Stars
More ideas, Fewer ideas,
but lower but better Collective Innovation Manager:
quality quality Pay special attention to “untapped” stars and take corrective actions