Introduction, hydrocarbon, source of oil pollution,fate of oil on the surface water of the ocean, impact of oil on marine ecosystem, removal technique of oil from the surface water of the ocean, conclusion.

1. Oil Pollution
Introduce , types of hydrocarbon ,
source of oil pollution

2. 1.What is oil ?
• An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a
viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both
hydrophobic and lipophilic.
Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and
are usually flammable and surface active.
i. Organic oils : proteins , waxes .
ii. Mineral oils : petroleum .
Oil spill :An oil spill is the release of a liquid
petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially the marine ecosystem, due to human
activity, and is a form of pollution.

3. • marine oil pollution : Where oil is released into
the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on
land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from
tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well
as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline,
diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large
ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or
waste oil.
• HYDROCARBON : A hydrocarbon is an organic
chemical compound composed exclusively of hydrogen
and carbon atoms .
 Most hydrocarbons found on earth naturally occur
in petroleum, where decomposed organic matter
provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen.

4. Types of hydrocarbons

5. Source of oil pollution

6. Natural seeps

7. Sea based

8. Sources Of Oil Pollution
LAND-BASED
 Discharges of untreated or insufficiently treated
municipal sewage and storm water .
 Discharges with rivers.
 Discharges waste water from coastal industries.
 Accidental or operational discharges of oil from
coastal refineries, oil storage facilities, oil terminals,
and reception facilities.

9. FATE of OIL on THE OCEAN
When oil is spilled it spreads out on the sea surface
while undergoing a number of chemical and physical
changes. These processes are collectively termed
weathering and determine the fate of the oil.

10. WEATHERING
Early stage of a spill:
 spreading,
 evaporation,
 dispersion,
 emulsification and
 dissolution

11. WEATHERING
Later stage of a spill:
 oxidation,
 sedimentation and
 biodegradation.

13. Impact of oil on marine
ecosystem

14. The followings are considered as different types of
damage caused by oil spills in various
environments
 Offshore and coastal
waters
 Rocky and sandy shores
 Soft sediment shores
 Salt marshes
 Mangrove
 Benthic organisms and
invertebrate
 Marine birds
 Marine mammals
 Fish
 Marine plants
 Coral reef

15. Offshore water Rockyshore

16. Soft sediments Saltmarsh

17. Mangrove

18. Biological Impacts Of Oil Spills On Marine Ecosystem
1.Impact on marine on birds.
2.Impact on benthic organisms & invertebrates
3.Impact on marine mammals.
4.Impact on marine fish.
5.Impact on marine plants.
6.Impact on coral reefs.

19. Impact on marine birds:
• Any oil spill in the ocean is a death sentence for sea
birds. Some species of shore birds may escape by
relocating if they sense the danger in time, but birds such
are likely to be exposed to oil as they float on the water’s
surface. Oiled birds can lose the ability to fly, dive for
food or float on the water which could lead to drowning.
Oil interferes with the water repellency of feathers
leaving them vulnerable to hypothermia or overheating.
• Some studies have suggested that less than
one percent of oil-soaked birds survives.

20. Impact on benthic organisms & invertebrates
• Benthic invertebrates and higher forms, such as the
sand eel may accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons
from water, contaminated sediments and food .
• Invertebrate populations, such as the amphipod sand
hopper, Ampelisca, are quite sensitive to oil pollution
and for various reasons, are slow to re-populate and
recover.
• Marine invertebrates are unique living organisms in
different aspects. They have been explored as a model
for several biological markers as a result of oil spill
pollution.

22. Impact on marine mammals:
 Oil spills frequently kill marine
mammals such as whales, dolphins,
seals and sea otters. The deadly
damage can take several forms. The oil
sometimes clogs the blow holes of
whales and dolphins, making it
impossible for the animals to breathe
properly and disrupting their ability to
communicate.
 Oil coats the fur of sea otters and seals,
reducing its insulating effect, and
leading to fluctuations in body
temperature and hypothermia.

23. Impact on marine fish:
• Fish can be impacted directly
through uptake by the gills, ingestion
of oil or oiled prey, effects on eggs
survival. Adult fish may experience
reduced growth, enlarged livers,
changes in heart and respiration
rates, fin erosion, and reproductive
impairment when exposed to oil.
• Oil has the potential to impact
spawning success as eggs of many
fish species are highly sensitive to oil
toxins.

24. Impact on marine plants:
• Marine algae and seaweed responds
variably to oil, and oil spills may result in
die-offs for some species. Algae may die
or become more abundant in response to
oil spills. Although oil can prevent the
growth of marine plants, most vegetation
appears to recover after cleanup.

25. Impact of oil spills on coral reefs
coral reefs are considered to be important
constituents of marine ecosystems. This is
because they are important nurseries for
shrimp,fish and other animals The aquatic
organisms that live within and around the
coral reefs are at risk of exposure to the toxic
substances within oil, as well as smothering.
They are rapidly deteriorating because of a
variety of environmental and anthropogenic
pressures.

26. REMOVAL TECHNIQUE OF
OIL FROM SURFACE WATER
OF THE OCEAN

27. Methods:
There are four main methods of containing oil spillage in
marine environment. They are-
 Physical process(Burning In-situ)
 Chemical Process(Dispersant)
 Biological process(Bioremediation)
 Mechanical process.

28. Burning In-situ :
 Floating oil on the surface is set to fire by igniting it
safely where 98% of oil can remove.
 The spill must be a minimum of 3mm thick for this
method.
Dispersants :
 Best applicable method of oil spillage.

29. Bioremediation :
 Spill oil is broken down by bacteria and other
microorganisms.
 Degrade petroleum products.

30. Mechanical Methods :
 Using oil Booms
 Using skimmers

31. THE END