Here are the answers to the multiple choice questions:
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. D
7. Left home at age 7, moved into army barracks. Wore no shoes and marched all day. Ate black porridge. Slept on benches at night. Trained rigorously.
8. A
9. C
10. D
Ancient Greece: The Cradle of Western Civilization
1.
2. Mountainous peninsula
jutting out into the
Mediterranean Sea
Approximately 1,400
islands
Geography directly
shaped traditions and
customs
3. Sea for the Greeks was like the rivers for
the river civilizations
Seas were used for transportation (“liquid
highways”)
Needed the sea because Greece was
poor in natural resources
4. ¾ of Greece is covered with mountains
Difficult to unite Greece because
mountains separated Greeks
Greeks developed small, independent
communities
5. Temperatures only varied from 48-80
degrees Fahrenheit, so life was outdoors
6. Mycenaeans
were one of the
first people to
settle Greece
› Warrior-like
Minoans lived in
Crete
› Seaborne people
› Mycenaeans
conquered the
Minoans
7. Mycenaeans vs. Troy
According to legend, a
Greek army besieged
and destroyed Troy
because a Trojan youth
kidnapped Helen, a
beautiful wife of a Greek
king
First was thought to be a
myth, but archaeologists
have found evidence
that maybe these were
true events
8.
9. After Mycenaeans
collapsed the Dorians
came onto the war-
torn countryside
Dorians were less
advanced than the
Mycenaeans
Appeared that the
Greeks temporarily
forgotten the art of
writing
10. Homer= greatest
storyteller, blind
› The Iliad and The Odyssey
(about Trojan War)
Epics= narrative poems
celebrating heroic deeds
11. = traditional stories,
about their gods
Through these
myths, the Greeks
sought to
understand the
mysteries of nature
and the power of
human passions
12.
13. • Gods, polytheistic
• Attributed human
qualities, such as
love, hate and
jealously, to their
gods
• Gods lived forever
• Zeus= ruler of
Gods
• Hera= Zeus’ wife
• Mount Olympus=
were the gods
lived
• Athena= goddess
of wisdom, Zeus’
favorite child
14.
15.
16.
17. City-state= polis, fundamental political
unit in ancient Greece
Acropolis= fortified hilltop
18. All city-states ruled
differently:
› Monarchy= rule by
one
› Aristocracy= rule by
elite
› Oligarchy= rule by a
few people
19. Iron was better than bronze (which was
harder and cheaper)
Citizens were expected to defend their
polis
Phalanx=a military formation of foot
soldiers armed with shields and swords
20.
21. =powerful
individuals who
gained control of
the government by
appealing to the
poor and the
discontented for
support
Many peasants
and farmers joined
together to revolt
22.
23. Military state
Sparta conquered locals and
these became helots (peasants
forced to stay and work on their
land)
Helots were required to give ½
their crops
They revolted, and even though
they were outnumbered (8 to
1)the Spartans almost lost. With
this fear, they built a strong city-
state
24.
25. 2 groups governed
Sparta:
› 1. Assembly- elected
male officials
› 2. Council of Elders-
proposed laws that
assembly voted on
› 5 elected officials
(ephors) carried out
the laws
26. Men: military training
› At age 7, boys left home and
moved into army barracks
› Wore no shoes and marched all
day and slept on benches at
night
› Ate black porridge
Women:
› Women did not enter army, but
they did train, run, wrestle and
play sports (why?)
› Managed estates while
husbands were in army
27.
28. Spartans valued duty, strength, and
discipline over individuality, beauty, and
freedom
29. Democracy= rule of the
people
People participated directly
in political decision making
Only male adults counted
as citizens
Women had no part in
government, only job was to
raise the family
30. Peasants
demanded a
written code of
laws
These laws were
unfair and soon
a new aristocrat
was put in
power Solon
32. Greece vs. Persian
Empire
Battle of Marathon:
› Persian army came to
attack the Greeks. The
Greeks were
outnumbered, but
charged. The Greek
military advantages won
› Although they won the
battle, they had left
there city defenseless
33.
34. The army chose a
young runner,
named Pheidippides
to race back to
Athens and report
the victory
He brought news of
the defeat, sprinting
the distance of 26
miles
He gave his
message, collapsed
and died
35. 10 years later, Darius the Great son, Xerxes still wanted
revenge
He attacked Greece
When he came to a pass, 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans
blocked his way.
Fearing defeat after a traitor told of a secret passage,
many Greeks retreated.
300 Spartans stayed and all were killed
36. Greek ships drove their
battering rams straight
into the Persian ships
and sunk 1/3 of Xerxes
ships
After the war, the Greek
city-states had a new
sense of confidence
and freedom
Athens became the
leader, and formed the
Delian League (alliance
between city-states)
37. Last 50 years (480-430 B.C.)
Athens experienced a growth in
intellectual and artistic learning
39. Increased the number of public officials
Even the poorest could serve if elected
Introduced Direct Democracy=a form of
government in which citizens rule directly
and not through representatives
40. Built a 200 ship navy, the strongest in the
Mediterranean
Did this to control the seas and trade
41. Bought gold, ivory and marble to beautify
Athens
Parthenon- artisans who worked for 15 years
to build one of architecture’s noblest works
42.
43. Parthenon was built for Athena,
goddess of wisdom and the
protector of Athens
Athena statue stood 38 feet tall
and contained gold and ivory
Figures sculptured during this
time were graceful, strong and
perfectly formed
Faces neither had a smile or
laughter or anger, but were
serene
Classical art- values of order,
balance and proportion in art
44. Greeks invented drama and
built the first theaters in the
west
Tragedy= serious drama
about themes like love,
hate, war and betrayal
› Famous dramatists: Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides
45.
46. Comedy= contained scenes filled with slapstick
situations and crude humor
Many contained satire= works that poked fun at a
subject
What does Greek Drama tell us about the Greeks?
The Greeks could enjoy entertainment, and were one of the first to put a
lot of effort into having entertainment
47.
48. Sparta vs. Athens
Athens had the strongest sea
power in Greece, but Sparta is
located inland and could not
be attacked by sea
Athenians were pushed back
into Athens when the Spartans
attacked
Pericles brought all the residents
inside the walls of Athens
Plague killed 1/3- 2/3 of all
Athenians, including Pericles
Even with a weaker army,
Athens held in for 9 years and
then surrendered to Sparta
49.
50. =“lovers of wisdom”
› Based their thinking of 2
assumptions:
1. The Universe (land,
sky and sea) is put
together in an orderly
way and subject to
change
2. People can
understand these ideas
through logic and
reason
51.
52. Absolute truth and justice
exist
“The unexamined life is
not worth living”
Encouraged Greeks to
question themselves and
their moral character
Brought to trial for
“corrupting the youth of
Athens” and “neglecting
the city’s gods.”
Jury disagreed and
brought him to death. He
died after drinking a
slow-acting poison
53.
54. Student of Socrates
Approx. 28 years old when
Socrates died
Wrote down Socrates’
words
His most famous work, “The
Republic”
› Set forth his vision for a
perfect government, which
was not a democracy
› His ideal society all citizens
fall into 3 groups: farmers
and artisans, warriors and
the ruling class
› Greatest from the ruling class
would be chosen
philosopher-king
55.
56. Pupil of Plato
Invented a method for
arguing according to rules of
logic
Most famous pupil
Alexander
› Son of King Philip of
Macedonia
› 13 years old prince
› Alexander ended as a student
when he became the ruler of
Macedonia and later is known
as Alexander the Great
57. Alexander set up many
outposts and new cities,
all for which were heavily
influenced by Greek
culture
After his death, a new
culture emerged
Hellenistic= blend of
Greek, Egyptian, Persian
and Indian influences
62. Greek gods on all streets
Palaces
Glass tomb of Alexander
400 foot bronze lighthouse
Museum and library
(dedicated to Muses, the
Greek goddess of art and
sciences, where the word
museum comes from)
63. Museum contained a
small observatory in which
astronomers to study
planets and stars
Estimated that the sun
was at least 300 times
larger than the earth
(earlier belief was that the
sun was smaller than
Greece)
Estimated that the earth
and planets revolved
around the sun, but that
the earth was at the
center of the universe
64. Euclid= mathematician
who opened a school or
geography in Alexandria
› Wrote the book, Elements,
which has over 400
geometry patterns
› It is said, that next to the
Bible, Euclid’s, Elements, is
the most used and studied
book
Archimedes= studied at
Alexandria, value of pi
(ratio of the circumference
of a circle), pulley system
65.
66. Founder: Greek
philosopher, Zeno
Believed in a divine
power who controlled
the universe
Vices like human
desires, power and
wealth
Social unity
Appealed to people of
different races, cultures
and economic
backgrounds
67. Founder: Epicurus
Universe is composed of
atoms and ruled by gods
who had no interest in
humans
Only real objects are those
you can observe by your 5
senses
Goal of all humans is to
gain harmony in body and
soul
68.
69. 1. Greece’s geography does NOT
include which of the following?
A. Many mountains
B. Sea
C. Plenty of rivers
D. Thousands of islands
70. 2. The sea for the Greeks was like a
___________ for the early river valley
civilizations.
A. River
B. God
C. Food source
D. Temple
71. 3. In Greece, seas were nicknamed
“liquid __________”.
A. Rivers
B. Highways
C. Oceans
D. Streets
72. 4. Who were the first 2 groups of
people to enter Greece?
A. Dorians and Trojans
B. Trojans and Mycenaeans
C. Mycenaeans and Minoans
D. Spartans and Athenians
73. 5. Who was Homer?
A. A blind poet who is famous for his epic
tales
B. One of the many Greek gods, known for
his cunning stories
C. Leader of the Spartans, who led the
famous battle of the 300
D. Leader of Athens during the Golden
Age
74. 6. Spartan became a military state
because…
A. Spartans were angry about the land
that they received
B. They were told by the Gods to hate
everyone else
C. They were naturally bigger and stronger
than other Greeks
D. They almost lost a battle to their slaves
when their slaves revolted
75. 7. Describe to me the life of a Spartan
man who enters into military training
(include at least 3 details)
76. 8. Spartans valued ______, ______ and
_________ over individuality, beauty
and freedom
A. Duty, strength and discipline
B. Duty, love and strength
C. Family, Nation and Strength
D. Discipline, Military and Romance
77. 9. Which of the following did Athens
and Sparta have in common?
A. They were both democracies
B. They were both military states
C. They were both city-states
D. They were both leaders of the Delian
League
78. 10. Why was the Battle of Thermopylae so
important to Greek society?
A. Xerses showed his strength over the 300
Spartans
B. After the Spartan defeat, Sparta stopped
focusing on military and more on
democracy
C. Spartans later killed Xerses in revenge
D. This was the first time Greek city-states had
fought together and not against each
other