1. Formation of Western
Europe
800-1500

2. Section 1: Church Reform and
the Crusades
Main Idea: The Catholic
Church underwent reform
and launched
Crusades (religious wars)
against Muslims and others
Why it matters now? The
Crusades resulted in trade
and exploration between
Christians and Muslims
but left a legacy of distrust

3. Setting the Stage:
Between 500-1500 AD,
Vikings attacked and
looted Church
monasteries
Centers of learning
(Monasteries)
Church suffered

4. Monastic Revival & Church
Reform
By 1000s, the monasteries
led a spiritual
revival
Reformers wanted to
return to the basics
This age was called, the
“Age of Faith”

5. Problems in the Church
Major 3 problems:
1. Many villages priests married
and had families (against church
rules)
2. Positions in the Church were being
sold by bishops (SIMONY)
3. Practice of lay investiture
(Feudal lords appointing
church leaders) put kings in
control of church bishops

6. Reform Begins at Cluny
When? 910
Where? Benedictine monastery at
Cluny, France
What happened? Cluny’s
reputation spread and soon their
were 300 houses under Cluny’s
leadership
This movement influenced the
papacy
Pope Leo IX, enforced Church laws
against simony and the marriage of
priests

7. Reform & Church
Organization
By 1100s and 1200s, the Church
was restructured to resemble a
kingdom, with the pope at the
head
Papal Curia= pope’s group
of advisers, acted as a court,
developed CANON LAW (law of
the Church)
Curia decided on laws about
marriage, divorce, and inheritance
Church collected taxes in the form
of taxes
Hospitals were ran by the Church

8. Preaching Friars
Wandering FRIARS traveled
from place to place preaching and
spreading the Church’s ideas
Friars were like monks (same
vows), but they did not live apart
from the world in monasteries
DOMINICANS= one of the
earliest orders of friars, founded
by a Spanish priest (Dominic)
FRANCISCANS= order of friars,
founded by St. Francis of Assisi
(who gave up wealth for

9. Dominican Friars Pilgrimage

10. Religious Orders for Women
Women participated in the
spiritual revival too
Franciscan order for women,
known as the POOR
CLARES
Unlike men, women were
not allowed to travel from
place to place as preachers
Many lived in poverty and
worked to help the poor and
sick

11. Poor Clares in Malawi

12. Young Women Flock to
Ministry

13. Cathedrals-Cities of God
Cathedrals showed
evidence of the
Church’s
growing wealth

14. A New Style of Church
Architecture
800-1100, churches were built in the
ROMANESQUE (round arches and a
heavy roof)
Early 1100s, GOTHIC (came from the
Germanic tribe named the Goths)
Looked like it was reaching toward
heaven
Stained-glass windows
Sculptures, woodcarvings
The cathedral represented the CITY OF
GOD

15. Romanesque vs. Gothic

16. The
Crusades
The Age of Faith inspired wars of
conquest
Pope Urban II- asked by a
Count to help against invading
Muslim Turks, who threatened to
conquer his capital,
Constantinople
Pope Urban called for a “holy
war” (a Crusade)
Over the next 200 years, a
number of Crusades were
launched
GOAL OF CRUSADES:
to recover Jerusalem and the Holy
Land form the Muslim Turks

17. Crusades

18. Causes of the
Crusading Spirit
Crusades had both ECONOMIC &
RELIGIOUS motives
50,000- 60,000 knights became
CRUSADERS
How did this benefit Europeans?
What did Crusaders get?
Assured of a place in heaven
How did it benefit Kings and
Church?
Got rid of some quarrelsome knights
who fought against each other
How did Merchants profit?
Making cash loans to finance the
Crusade

19. The 1st and 2nd Crusades
First Crusade (1097):
Mix of Germans, Englishmen,
Scots, Italians, Spaniards, but
mostly French
Ill prepared- knew nothing of the
geography, climate or country of
the Holy Land
No strategy to capture Jerusalem
Argued on who would be their
leader
Result: Able to capture the city in
1099, carved out territory of a small
section of Jerusalem to be ruled by
nobles
Later on, in 1144, Turks were able
to re=conquer Jerusalem

20. The 1st and 2nd Crusades
Second Crusade
Goal- organized to
recapture the city
Result: failure
Jerusalem had fallen to
the Muslim leader
Saladin (1187)

21. The 3rd & 4th Crusades
Third Crusade:
Goal: recapture Jerusalem
Led by 3 monarchs (French, German,
and English)
Richard the Lion-Hearted=
English King
1 monarch died, 1 left, but Richard
stayed
• Result1 : After many battles between
Saladin and Richard, agreed to a
TRUCE
Result 2: Jerusalem would remain in Muslim
hands, but Christian pilgrims could
freely visit the city’s holy places

22. Richard vs. Saladin

23. The 3rd & 4th
Crusades
4th Crusade
Pope Innocent III appealed
for another Crusade to
recapture Jerusalem
Knights became entangled in
Italian politics, and looted
Constantinople (which ended
the 4th Crusade)
Result: there was a
BREACH (split) between the
Church in the east
(Constantinople) and the
Church in the West (Rome)
Why? Crusader’s looting habits

24. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
In the 1200s, the
Crusades became
increasingly common and
unsuccessful
Religious spirit of the First
Crusade faded, replaced
by a search for
personal gain

25. The Later Crusades
Example 1: North Africa- led by
French King, Louis IX who was
popular throughout Europe
Result: Did not conquer much land
Example 2: Children’s Crusade-
thousands of children went to the
Holy Land, only armed with the
belief that God would give them the
land
Result: many died on the march of
cold or starvation, one group
turned back, the rest drowned at sea
or were sold into slavery

26. Horrible Histories: Crusades

27. A Spanish Crusade
Location: Spain
Who was in control (until 1100s): the
Moors(Muslims)
Reconquista= long effort to
drive the Muslims out of Spain
Result: By the late 1400s, Muslims
held only tiny portion of land
(Granada) and then they lost that to
a Christian army of Ferdinand and
Isabella (Spanish monarchs)

28. A Spanish
Crusade
Spain had a large Jewish population
Many Jews achieved high positions in
finance, government and medicine
Many Jews and Muslims converted
Inquisition= Roman Catholic
tribunal for investigating and
prosecuting charges of heresy (views
which differed from the Church)
If you were a suspect, you could be tried
and tortured for months
If you confessed, then you were burned
at the stake
1492- monarchs expelled all practicing
Jews and Muslims from Spain

29. “Nobody Expects the Spanish
Inquisition”

30. Spanish Inquisition

31. Medieval Torture Techniques

32. Medieval Torture

33. The Effects of the Crusades
Negative Effects:
1. Failure of the later Crusades,
lessened the power of the Pope
2. Weakened feudal nobility
3. Thousands of knights lost their
lives and fortunes
4. Legacy of bitterness towards
Muslims which continued
Positive Effects:
1. Stimulated trade between Europe
and Southwest Asia

34. Section 2: Trade, Towns &
Financial Revolution
Main Idea: European cities challenged the feudal
system as agriculture, trade, finance, and universities
developed
Why it matters now? The various changes in the
Middle Ages laid the foundation for modern Europe

35. Setting the Stage:
During the Church reform and
Crusades, other changes were
occurring during the Medieval Ages
Between 1000- 1300:
Agriculture, trade and finance made
remarkable progress
Towns and cities grew
Population grew because of territorial
expansion
Creativity exploded

36. A Growing Food Supply
Expanding civilization
required an increased food
supply
Farming was helped by a
warmer climate, so farmers
could cultivate in land that was
once too cold to farm
New methods were
developed to take advantage of
the new land

37. Using Horsepower
Previous way: oxen to pull
their plows
Oxen were easy to keep, but
they moved slowly, did not
need a lot of food
Horses needed better food,
but a team of horses could
plow twice as much as an
oxen
New HARNESS (Old
harness nearly strangled the
animal when it pulled)

38. The 3-Field System
Old System: 2 field system
New System: 3 field
system (farmers could
grow crops on 2/3 of their
land each year, not just half of
it)
Result: increase in
population, could raise larger
families

39. Trade & Finance Expand
Population growth led to more
artisans and craftsmen
manufacturing goods by hand
for local and long-
distance trade
Trade routes spread out
(partially because of the
Crusades)

40. Fairs & Trade
Most trade took place in towns
Peasants from nearby manors
traveled to town on fair days,
bringing items to trade
Most common trade item: cloth
Other items sold: bacon, salt,
honey, cheese, wine, leather, dyes,
knives and ropes
No longer was everything produced
on a self-sufficient manor

41. The Guilds
Guild= association of people
who worked at the same occupation
(similar to a union today)
Guilds :
controlled all wages and prices on
their craft
Enforced a standard of quality
Artisans: wheelwrights,
glassmakers, winemakers, tailors, and
druggists

42. A Financial Revolution
Fairs and guilds needed a lot of
money
To make a profit, usually merchants
had to purchase things from distant
lands to then make their product
Many needed to take out loans, but
the Church forbid Christians from
lending money (usury)
Money lending became big
among moneylenders

43. Urban Splendor Reborn
Population
was growing in Western
Europe (from 30 to 42
million)
Paris: largest populated
city, 60,000 people

44. Trade & Towns Grow
Together
As trading grew, so did towns
These people were no longer
content with their old feudal
system
Many fled the manors
for the towns
Medieval towns were organized
chaotically

45. Medieval Towns
Streets were narrow
Filled with horses, pigs, oxen
No sewers, people dumped their
waste (both animal and human)
into the street in front of the
house
Most people never bathed
Houses were made of wood and
thatched roofs- fire hazard

46. Towns & the Social Order
So many serfs fled the
manors, that a law was passed
that a serf could now be free by
living within a town for a year
and a day
At first, towns came under the
authority of feudal lords who
levied taxes, fees and rents
Burghars= town
dwellers, resented the feudal
lords

47. The Revival of Learning
Growing trade
and towns
brought a new
interest in
learning
New European
institution- the
UNIVERSITY

48. Scholars & Writers
“University” originally designated
a group of scholars meeting
wherever they could
Goal of most students- job
in the government or the Church
Serious scholars and writers were
writing in Latin
Vernacular- everyday
language of their homeland
Masterpieces of the time: The
Divine Comedy, The Canterbury
Tales, The City of Ladies

49. The Muslim Connection
Crusades brought Europeans
into contact with Muslims and
Byzantines who had
preserved their
libraries and writings
of Greek philosophers
Europeans acquired a new wealth
of knowledge with the works
of ancient scholars

50. Aquinas & Medieval
Philosophy
Question that arose:
“Could a Christian scholar
use Aristotle’s logical
approach to truth and still
keep faith with the Bible?”
Thomas Aquinas=
scholar, argued that the
most basic religious truth
could be proved by logic
Scholastics=
schoolmen

51. Homework Reading:
Ch 14:3-4