This document defines embedded systems and describes their typical hardware components. It provides examples of embedded systems including PDAs, cell phones, automobiles, medical imaging devices, and more. The main hardware units of an embedded system are then outlined, including the power source, clock oscillator, timers and real-time clocks, reset circuit, memory, input/output ports and interfaces, analog-to-digital converters, input and output devices, and networking components. Interrupt handlers are also noted as an important hardware unit.

3.  INTRODUCTION
Definition
---“An embedded system is a system that
has embedded software and computer
hardware, which makes it a system
dedicated for an application(s) or specific
part of an application.”

4.  INTRODUCTION
Embedding a computer
ANALOG
OUTPUT
B
U ANALOG
S INPUT
CPU
MEMORY
EMBEDDED COMPUTER

5.  INTRODUCTION
Examples
Personal digital assistant {PDA}
Printer
Cell phone
Automobile: engine, break, dash etc.
Television
House hold appliances

6.  INTRODUCTION >> Examples
PDA
Dell
Axim X50
wireless media PDA
Smartphone
NOKIA N8
ARM11
680 MHz Samsung
AL54 processor

7.  INTRODUCTION
Examples
Personal digital assistant {PDA}
Printer
Cell phone
Automobile: engine, break, dash etc.
Television
House hold appliances
Surveillance systems

8.  INTRODUCTION >> Examples
Toys
Sony AIBO
Robotic Dog
64 - bit RISC
processor

9.  INTRODUCTION >> Examples
Aldebaran
NAO
V4 generation
New embedded
1.6 GHz
Intel® Atom™
microprocessor

10.  INTRODUCTION >> Examples
Automotive embedded system
Today’s high-end automobile may have 100
microcontroller
• 4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt;
• Microcontroller run dashboard devices;
• 16/32-bit microcontroller controls
engine

11. WINDOWS
DEFROSTER AIR BAG
GPS
AUTOMATIC
TRACTION
CONTROL

12.  INTRODUCTION >> Examples
Automotive Breaking System
Sensor Sensor
Break Break
Automated Hydraulic Pump
Breaking System
Break Break
Sensor Sensor

13.  INTRODUCTION >> Examples
Medical
• Imaging System
(X-ray, MRI, Full
body image
result)
• Patient body
• Surgery machines

14.  INTRODUCTION
What is Real-time operation?
 Must finish operations by deadlines.
•Hard real time: Missing deadlines causes
failure.
•Soft real time: Missing deadlines results in
degraded performance

15.  INTRODUCTION
Architecture of E.S. SOFTWARE
FPGA/
MEMORY
ASIC
MICROCONTROLLER
A/D CPU D/A
SENSOR ACTUATOR
CONVERSION CONVERSION
AUXILLARY
HUMAN DIAGNOSTIC
SYSTEM
INTERFACE PORT
(POWER
COOLING)
ELECTROMECHANICAL
BACKUP & SAFETY
EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT

16.  INTRODUCTION
Implementing Embedded
System
Hardware
Hardware , Software
•Processing element partitioning of Task
•Peripherals
•Memory
•Bus
Software
•System software & application

18.  Embedded Hardware
Embedded System Hardware
 Embedded system hardware is used for
processing of input to produce output in
task specific fashion
Input Information Output
Interface Processing Interface
System

19.  Embedded Hardware
Hardware Component of an Embedded System
I/P Device/Interfacing
Devices/ Driver Circuits
Timers/ Interrupt
Counters Controller
Power
Supply Application
Program Data Specific
Reset
Circuit Memory Memory Circuits
Oscillator
Parallel Serial
Ports Processer Ports
O/P Device/Interfacing
Devices/ Driver Circuits

20.  Embedded Hardware
Hardware Units
1. Power Source.
2. Clock Oscillator.
3. Timer & Real-time Clocks.
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog-Timer Reset.
5. Memory.
6. Input/Output- Port and Interfaces.
7. DAC using a PWM and ADC
8. Input Device.
9. Output/Display Device.
10. Networking Device.
11. Interrupt Handler

21.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
Ranges :
5.0 V 0.25 V
3.3 V 0.3 V
2.0 V 0.2 V
1.5 V 0.2 V
Network Interface Card
Graphic Card

22.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
+V
Output Voltage
Control
Vo
Oscillator Clock
Output Frequency
Control

23.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Timer & Real Time clock

24.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog-Timer Reset

25.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog Timer Reset
5. Memory

26.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
 Memory
 RAM
 Internal RAM
 External RAM
 Cache Memory
 ROM
 PROM
 EPROM
 Flash/EEPROM

27.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog Timer Reset
5. Memory
6. I/O Ports & Interfaces

28.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog Timer Reset
5. Memory
6. I/O Ports & Interfaces
7. DAC using a PWM and an ADC

29.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog Timer Reset
5. Memory
6. I/O Ports & Interfaces
7. DAC using a PWM and an ADC
8. Input Devices

30. Keyboard
Keypad Mouse
Input Devices

31.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog Timer Reset
5. Memory
6. I/O Ports & Interfaces
7. DAC using a PWM and an ADC
8. Input Devices
9. Output/Display Devices

32. LCD
PRINTER
LED Output Devices

33.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog Timer Reset
5. Memory
6. I/O Ports & Interfaces
7. DAC using a PWM and an ADC
8. Input Devices
9. Display Devices
10. Networking Devices (Modem & Transceiver)

34. Wireless Modem
Walky Talky

35.  Embedded Hardware>>Hardware Units
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator
3. Real Time clock
4. Reset Circuit & Watchdog Timer Reset
5. Memory
6. I/O Ports & Interfaces
7. DAC using a PWM and an ADC
8. Input Devices
9. Display Devices
10. Modem & Transceiver
11. Interrupt Handler

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