Stem cells can be used in a variety of ways including as research tools, for cell therapies, drug target validation, toxicology screening, drug delivery, and as a source for 3D bioprinting. As research tools, stem cells and related materials are used to study areas like cancer stem cells, growth factors, and differentiation. For cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants are used to treat diseases. Stem cells also aid in drug development through target validation, toxicity assessment, and serving as vehicles for drug delivery. They show promise as materials for 3D printed tissues and organs.

2. What are stem cells?
Cell differentiation.
Why stem cells are unique?
Basic characteristics of stem cells.
Structure of stem cells.
Types of stem cells.
Kinds of stem cells :
•Introduction.
•Uses.
•Cultivation.
•Characteristics.
Where stem cells are used?

3. “Stem cell known to be a blank or
undifferentiated cells act as a
revolutionized medicine by bringing a
prolong life to millions of people for
survival and also by creating a better
hope to the research field”

4. What are stem cells??
stem cells are special human cells having an
unique ability to develop into many different
cells.
All cells in the body basically comes from stem
cells.
They are around 200 different kinds of cells in
human body known to be specialized cells such
as nerve cell, muscle cells, fat cells and skin
cells etc.

5. Cell differentiation

6. Why stem cells are unique??
Stem cells are unique because of these important
properties:
They are capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for longer period.
They are unspecialized cells in the human body.
They give rise to specialized cells by the process
called differentiation.

7. Basic characteristics of stem cells
Stem cellsSelf renewal
or
duplication
Differentiation
or
specializing
Specialized
cells

8. Structure of stem cells
The stem cells include 3 common structure
where all the other cells have, these include:
Cell membrane – Lipid bilayer-Regulates the
entry of certain solutes and ions.
Cytoplasm- The cytoplasm is made up of a
jelly – like fluid(cytosol).
Nucleus-carries genetic material.

9. EMBRYONIC
STEM CELLS
FETAL
STEM CELLS
ADULT
STEM CELLS
TOTIPOTENT
OLIGOPOTENT
PLURIPOTENT
UNIPOTENT
MULTIPOTENT

10. Types of stem cells
The stem cells are characterized according to
their degree of potency, which refers to their
varying ability to differentiate into different cell
types:
Totipotent;
Pluripotent;
Multipotent;
Oligopotent;
Unipotent;
TOTIPOTENT
CELLS
PLURIPOTENT
CELLS
MULTIPOTENT
CELLS
UNIPOTENT
CELLS

11. Totipotent stem cells
Totipotent stem cells are cells that are capable
of undergoing self - renewal by dividing and
developing into three primary germ cell layers of
the early embryo and into extra - embryonic
tissues such as the placenta.

12. Totipotent stem cells cont…
Important characteristics: It can generate a
fully – functional, living organism.
Example: Totipotent stem cell in a fertilized egg
(formed when a sperm and egg unite to form a
zygote).

13. Blastomere
zygote
ovum sperm

14. Pluripotent stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells are master cells.
They‘re able to make cells from all three basic
body layers, so they can potentially produce any
cell or tissue the body needs to repair itself
except placental tissue . This “master” property
is called pluripotency.

15. Pluripotent stem cells cont…
Example: Cells from inner mass of the
blastocyst.
However a type of “human made” pluripotent
stem cell also exists, which is the induced
pluripotent stem cell (iPS cells).

16. Blastomere-
inner cell mass
Embryonic stem cells

17. Multipotent stem cells
Multipotent stem cells are cells that are capable
to self - renew by dividing and developing into
multiple specialized cell types present in a
specific tissue or organ . Most adult stem cells
are multipotent stem cells.

18. Multipotent stem cells cont…
Example : Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC).
The mesenchymal stem cells can be
differentiated into osteoblast (a type of bone
cells), myocytes(muscle cells), adipocytes (fat
cells), and chondorocytes(cartilage cells).

19. Myocyte Osteocyte Neuron
Adipocyte chondrocyte
Mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs)

20. Oligopotent stem cells
 Oligopotent stem cells are similar to
multipotent stem cells as they can differentiate
into cells similar to them, but these stem cells
have more limits, also these cells give rise to
T and B cells.

21. Oligopotent stem cells cont…
Example: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).
Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into both
myeloid and lymphoid cells.
Myeloid cells: basophils, dendritic cells,
eosiophils, erythrocytes, macrocytes,
megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrocytes, and
platelets.
Lymphoid cells: B cells, T cells. And natural
killer cells.

22. B-cell T-cell NK cell
Granulocytes Monocyte/
macrophage
Megakaryocyte
platelets
RBC
Hematopoietic
stem cells
Self renewal
Lymphoid
progenitor
Myeloid
progenitor
Self
renewal
Self
renewal

23. Unipotent stem cells
Unipotent stem cells refers to a cell that can
differentiate along only one lineage . Found in
adult tissues and known to posses lowest
differentiation potential.
Source: Skin cells, which is most abundant type
of unipotent stem cells and are found to be in the
epithelium.

24. Unipotent stem cells cont…
Example : Muscle stem cells.
While muscle stem cells can self-renew and
differentiate, they can only do so into single cell type.
They are unidirectional in their differentiation.

25. ECTODERM MESODERM ENDODERM
•Neuron
•Epithelial cells
•Liver cells
•pancreas cells
•Red blood cells
•cardiomyocytes

26. Blastomere
Embryonic stem cells Induced pluripotent
stem cells (iPSCs)
Osteogenesis
Neurons
T cellsThrombocytes
Astrocytes
B cells
NK cells
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Chondrogenesis
Myogenesis
Other cells
Reprogramming factors
( c-Myc, KIF4, Oct4 and Sox 2)
Somatic cells
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent
MSCs HSCs
NSCs
Oligodendrocytes

27. PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)
ADULT STEM CELLS
Neural stem cells(NSCs)
Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)
Hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs)
Cancer stem cells(CSCs)
Kinds of stem cells

28. Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated
stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of
the blastocyte the embryonic stem cells are
pluripotent stem cells (able to grow and
differentiate) known to be an early–stage pre-
implantation embryo.
Use of ES cells:
The embryonic cells- derived cells can
potentially be used to replace or restore tissues
that have been damaged by disease or injury ,
such as diabetes, heart attacks, Parkinson's
disease or spinal cord injury.

29. Cultivation of embryonic stem cells
In vitro fertilization
Day-0
Blastocytes
Day-5
Totipotent cells
Day-3
Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

30. Characteristics of
embryonic cells
Origin: Derived from pre-implantation of peri –
implantation embryo.
Self renewal: The cells can divide to make
copies of themselves for a prolonged period of
time without differentiating.
Pluripotency: Embryonic stem cells can give
rise to cells from all the three embryonic germ
layers (ectoderm , mesoderm , endoderm) even
after being grown in culture for a long time.

31. induced pluripotent
stem cells(iPS)
The induced pluripotent stem cells are derived
from skin or blood cells that have been
reprogrammed back into embryonic like
pluripotent stem cells that enables the
development of an unlimited source of any type
of human cells needed for therapeutic purposes.
Uses of iPS:
They offer a unique chance to model human
disease and are already being used to make new
discoveries about premature aging, congenital
heart disease, cancer etc.

32. Induced pluripotent
stem cells
Differentiation
Cultured somatic cells
Somatic cells
Culturing
Reprogramming
Reprogramming factors
( c-Myc, KIF4, Oct4 and Sox 2)
Cultivation of induced pluripotent
stem cells

33. Characteristics of induced
pluripotent stem cells
Origin: Derived from skin or blood cells .
Self renewal: They lie at heart of modern
generative medicine due to their properties of
unlimited self renewal in- vitro and their ability
to differentiate into cell types representative of
the three embryonic germ layers – mesoderm,
endoderm and ectoderm.
Pluripotency: An iPS cell is induced from no
pluripotent stem cell, but known to possess
pluripotency similar to that of ES cells.

34. Neural stem cells
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self- renewing,
multipotent cells that firstly generate the radial
glial progenitor cells that generate the neurons
and glia of the nervous system during embryonic
development and generate the main phenotypes
of the nervous system–neurons, astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes.

35. Neural stem cells cont…
 Use of NSCs-
The current research is focused on methods to
repair damage from degenerative disease such
as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS), as well as from brain and spinal
cord injuries resulting from stroke or trauma.

36. Cultivation of neural stem cells
Neural stem cells
Neurons Glia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
iPSCs

37. Characteristics of
Neural stem cells
Origin: Originated in the central nervous system.
Self renewal: Neural stem cells are a subset of
undifferentiated precursors that retains the
ability to proliferate and self renew and have the
capacity to give rise to both neuronal and glial
lineages.
Pluripotency: The induced pluripotent stem cells
can be efficiently differentiated into NSCs,
cardiomyocytes, and germ cells in vitro , but
they are capable of teratoma formation and
germline transmission in vivo.

38. Mesenchymal stem cell
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stem
cells (MSCs) found in bone marrow that are
important for making and repairing skeletal
tissues, such as cartilage, bone and the fat found
in bone marrow.
Use of MSCs:
MSCs are being used by researchers in the fields
of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering,
to artificially reconstruct human tissues which
has been previously damaged.

39. Aspirate and transfer
blood/saline into new
centrifuge
Centrifuge at 400xg
for 10 minutes at room
temperature
Remove
supernatant
and resuspend
cell pellet in
160 mM NH4Cl
Centrifuge at
400xg for 10
minutes at room
temperature
Remove
supernatant and
resuspend cell
pellet in 160 mM
NH4Cl
plate
Cultivation of
mesenchymal stem cells

40. Characteristics of
mesenchymal stem cell
Origin: The mesenchymal stem cells are found
to be isolated from bone marrow and can also be
isolated from other tissues including cord blood,
peripheral blood, fallopian tube, and fetal liver
and lung.
Self renewal: The extracellular signaling
factors, including growth factors and cytokines,
demonstrated to promote and / or maintain
mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) self renewal.

41. Hematopoietic stem cells
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem
cells that give rise to other blood cells. This
process is called haematopoiesis. This process
occurs in the red bone marrow, in the core of
most bone.
Use of HSCs:
The HSCs transplant are routinely used to treat
patients with cancers and other disorders of the
blood and immune systems.

42. Characteristics of
hematopoietic stem cells
Origin: Hematopoietic stem cells are derived
from the red bone marrow.
Self renewal: Hematopoietic stem be possess
multi-potency is the ability to differentiate into
all functional cells. Self renewal is the ability to
give rise to HSC itself with out differentiation.

43. Cancer stem cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small
subpopulation of tumor cells with capabilities of
self –renewal , dedifferentiation, tumorogenicity,
and inherent chemo and radiotherapy
resistance, which ultimately results in tumor
relapse that lead to the failure of conventional
and traditional therapies.
Use of CSCs:
Used in clinical application of targeting CSCs for
cancer treatment.

44. Cultivation of cancer cells
Tumorigenicity
Expression of CSC-
related markers
Capability for
differentiation
iPSCs
differentiation

45. Characteristics of
cancer cells
Origin: Cell fusion, the normal stem cell fuse
with a transformed cell to form a mononucleated
cell or a multinucleated cells.
Self renewal: The cancer stem cells (CSCs) that
are tumorigenic cells and biologically distinct
from other sub-populations. They have long term
ability to self renew and their capacity to
differentiate into progeny that is non tumorgenic.

46. Research tools.
Cell therapies.
Drug target validation.
Toxicological screening.
Drug delivery.
Source for 3D bioprinting.
Where stem cells where used??

47. Use of stem cells as research tools within a
laboratory settings.
The stem cell research tool categories
involves:
Antibodies
Assay kits
Cancer stem cells
Cytokines and growth factors
Embryonic stem cells
Research tools

48. Hematopoietic stem cells differentiation kits.
Neural stem cells.
Neuronal trans-differentiation modulators.
Stem cell fate regulators.
Stem cell signaling pathways.
T-cells (CD3).
Additional tools for stem cell research.
Research tools

49. Use of stem cells as cellular therapeutics
within the human body , mediated via cellular
regeneration, paracrine , signaling , or
modulation of the microenvironment.
Cell therapies

50. The cell therapies involve different strategies:
Allogeneic cell therapy: the cells are
collected from a donor sample to create a
master cell bank (MCB).
The allogeneic stem cell make their own
immune cells, which could help kill any cancer
cells that remain after high –dose treatment.
Cell therapies cont…

51. Autologous cell therapy: The autologous stem
cell transplants are typically used in people who
need to undergo high doses of chemotherapy and
radiation to cure their diseases.
Xenogeneic cell therapy: The
transplantation/ implantation/ infusion into a
human recipient.
Cell therapies cont…

52. Validation of the predicted target using
tissue- specific stem cell- derived cells.
Drug target validation

53. Use of stem cells to evaluate effects of
drugs on biological systems.
Toxicology screening

54. Delivery of therapeutic products via stem
cells and stem cell exosome.
Exosome are rapidly gaining momentum
as a strategy for accessing the therapeutic
effects of stem cells without the risks and
difficulties of administering cells to patients.
Drug delivery

55. Use of stem cells within 3D printing
applications, including 3D printing of
tissues/organs that are seeded with
living cells or integration of stem cells
into 3D printing inks .
Source materials for 3D
printing and 3D weaving