1. ICSE 6205:Legal and Ethical Issues on
CyberWorld
Student: KASITA, Chande
Instructor: Mr. Mussa Ally

2. Cyber Ethics
• Cyberethics is the field of applied ethics that
examines moral, legal, and social issues in the
development and use of cybertechnology.
• Cybertechnology refers to a broad range of
technologies from stand-alone computers to
the cluster of networked
computing, information and communication
technologies.

3. Definitions

4. Differences between ETHICS and LAWS

5. Computer Ethics
• Computer Ethics is a branch of practical philosophy which
deals with how computing professionals should make
decisions regarding professional and social conduct.
• Margaret Anne Pierce, a professor in the Department of
Mathematics and Computers at Georgia Southern
University has categorized the ethical decisions related to
computer technology and usage into 3 primary influences:
1. The individual's own personal code.
2. Any informal code of ethical behavior that exists in the
work place.
3. Exposure to formal codes of ethics.

6. Ethical standards
• Various national and international professional
societies and organizations have produced code of
ethics documents to give basic behavioral guidelines to
computing professionals and users. They include:
• Association for Computing Machinery: ACM Code of
Ethics and Professional Conduct
• British Computer Society: BCS Code of Conduct & Code
of Good Practice
• IEEE: IEEE Code of Ethics
• Computer Ethics Institute: Ten Commandments of
Computer Ethics

7. Open source ethics
What is Open Source Software?
• any program whose source code is made available for
use or modification as users or other developers wants.
• Most Open Source software is distributed under the
GNU General Public License (GPL), additionally requires
that if a modified version of the software is
distributed, the source code for such modified version
must be made freely available.
• In essence, creators of Open Source software hold the
copyright for their work, but grant a license (the GPL)
to anyone who wants to use it.

8. Definition of Net Neutrality
Net Neutrality is a network design paradigm
that argues for broadband network providers
to be completely detached from what
information is sent over their networks.

9. This chart shows the world’s Internet restrictions. Internet black holes mean that
data information is really sucked up in a void meaning that it is there but it will just
keep coming and coming. A lot of smaller under developed countries surveillance
their Internet like Iran that blocks twitter feeds because of the recent Iran elections.
Some countries as you can see have minor or no restrictions on the Internet.

11. The Seven Reasons for N.N.
1. Economic Recovery and Prosperity
2. Free Speech
3. Civic Participation
4. Marketplace of Ideas
5. Social Justice
6. Rise of Telecom companies
7. Political Opportunity

12. Digital rights
• The term digital rights describes the protections
that allow individuals to access, use, create, and
publish digital media or to access and use
computers, other electronic
devices, or communications networks.
• The term is particularly related to the protection
and realization of existing rights, such as the right
to privacy or freedom of expression, in the
context of new digital technologies, especially
the Internet

13. e-Democracy
• E-democracy (electronic + democracy) refers to the use of
information technologies and communication technologies and
strategies in political and governance processes.
• E-democracy is concerned with the use of ICT to engage
citizens, support the democratic decision- making processes and
strengthen representative democracy.
• Democratic actors and sectors in this context include
governments, elected officials, the media, political
organizations, and citizens/voters.
• E-democracy aims for broader and more active citizen participation
enabled by the Internet, mobile communications, and other
technologies in today's representative democracy, as well as
through more participatory or direct forms of citizen involvement in
addressing public challenges.

14. A Four Way Classification
Automate Inform Change scale Transform
e-Voting Webcasting On-line Discussion
referenda fora
On-line Web Local On-line
voting publication Initiatives consultation
On-line opinion On-line e-Lobbying Direct citizen
polling databases legislation
e- Party On-line decision
Campaigning literature Making
Voter
registration
e-
Representation

15. Privacy Law
• Information privacy laws cover the protection of
information on private individuals from intentional or
unintentional disclosure or misuse.
• The European Directive on Protection of Personal
Data, released on July 25, 1995 was an attempt to unify the
laws on data protection within the European Community.
• As a result, customers of international organizations such as
Amazon and eBay in the EU have the ability to review and
delete information, while Americans do not. In the United
States the equivalent guiding philosophy is the Code of Fair
Information Practice (FIP).

16. Privacy Law
Introduction
• Computers are not needed for the invasion of
privacy.
• Computers simply make new threats possible
and old threats more potent.
• Privacy can mean:
• Freedom from intrusion.
• Control of information about oneself.
• Freedom from surveillance.

17. Tanzania Privacy Law
• The URT Constitution of 1977 defines privacy
as:-
“‘…Every person is entitled to respect and
protection of his person, the privacy of his own
person, his family and of his matrimonial
life, and respect and protection of his residence
and private communications…’
”

18. Tanzania Privacy Law
Article 16(2) goes further stipulating that:
“…For the purpose of preserving the person’s
right in accordance with this Article, the state
authority shall lay down legal procedures
regarding the circumstances, manner and extent
to which the right to privacy, security of his
person, his property and residence may be
encroached upon without prejudice to the
provisions of this Article…”

19. What was done..
• Law Reform Commission 2005 :Discussion paper
on legal framework for electronic commerce
• Contracts: e-Contract not recognized
• Cyber crimes not covered in the laws
• Computer Frauds
• Data Protection
• Cyber attacks
• Spam
• ……….

20. Laws restricting privacy
• Criminal Procedure Act 1985,
• Law of Evidence Act 1967,
• Anti Money Laundering Act 2006:Section VI Reporting
persons to verify customer's identity and reporting
persons to establish and maintain customer record
• Prevention of Terrorism Act 2002: Powers to intercept
communications and the admissibility of intercepted
communication
• DNA Act 2009: The question of privacy has not
between treated well.
The country will establish DNA database but there is no
framework for privacy protection.

21. Impact of Computer Technology on
Privacy
• Invisible Information Gathering
– Examples:
• Satellite surveillance.
• Caller ID.
• Loyalty cards.
• Web-tracking data; cookies.
• Peer-to-peer monitoring.
• Others…
• Secondary Use
– Using information for a purpose other than the one for which it
was obtained. A few examples:
• Sale (or trade) of consumer information to other businesses.
• Credit check by a prospective employer.
• Government agency use of consumer database.

22. Impact of Computer Technology on
Privacy cont…..
• Computer Matching
– Combining and comparing information from more than
one database. Some examples:
• Profiling
– Using data in computer files to predict likely behaviors of
people.
• Monitoring and Tracking
– Examples:
• GPS (global positioning system).
• Cell-phones.
• Blackboxes in automobiles.
• Other wireless appliances.

23. Consumer Information
• Marketing: Using Consumer Information
• Trading/buying customer lists.
• Telemarketing.
• Data Mining.
• Mass-marketing.
• Web ads.
• Spam (unsolicited e-mail).

24. National Identity Card System Number
and Social Security Number
• SSN can reveal
• Employer records.
• Government databases.
• School records.
• Credit reports.
• Consumer applications.
• Many other databases.
• National ID Card System
– If implemented, the card could contain your:
• Name.
• Address.
• Telephone number(s).
• Photo.
• SSN.
– system could allow access to your:
• Medical information.
• Tax records.
• Citizenship.
• Credit history.
• Much more…

25. Protecting Privacy:
Education, Technology, and Markets
• Education
– Must include awareness of:
• How the technology works.
• How the technology is being used.
• The risks brought on by the technology.
• How to limit unwanted use of personal information.
• Applicable laws and regulations
• Technology
– Enhance privacy using:
• Cookie disablers.
• Opt-in/opt-out options.
• Anonymous Web services.
• P3P (Platform for Privacy Preferences).
• ‘Good’ passwords.
• Audit trails.
• etc

26. Protecting Privacy:
Education, Technology, and Markets
cont…
• Market Response
– Markets can protect your privacy by:
• Using trusted third parties.
• Adhering to established privacy policies.
• Purchasing consumer information directly from the
consumer.
• Developing and selling privacy-enhancing technologies
and services

27. What do we expect ?
– Expectation of Privacy:
• Government’s rights are limited.
• Government must have probable cause to search
private premises or seize documents.
– Privacy Challenges:
• New sensing and surveillance technologies enable the
government access to private premises without
physical entry.
• New technologies provide the government with access
to huge amounts of personal data in business
databases.
• Courts allow some searches and seizures of computers
without search warrants.

28. What then…
• the Internet should be a neutral place for all of
its users. Not all cars are created are the
same, but all should be allowed on the
highway. The same is true with Internet traffic.
File sharing and increased usage, as well as
profits are all issues to the Internet
corporations. What this is about, though, is
the consumer. It’s the consumer that the
corporations should cater too, and it’s the
consumer that counts.

29. Economic and Technological effect of
cybercrime
• http://www.senderbase.org (near real time
reports
• Class and I will discuss

30. Reference
• Discussion paper on the introduction of a legal framework
for electronic commerce in Tanzania page 10
• Clift, S. (2004). E-Democracy Resource Links from Steven
Clift - E-Government, E-Politics, E-Voting Links and more.
• Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic
engagement, information poverty, and the Internet
worldwide. Cambridge: University Press
• The International Journal of Cyber Ethics in Education
(IJCEE) www.igi-global.com/ijcee
• Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania.
• www.fiu.go.tz/POTA.pdf
• http://www.senderbase.org/