1Bio-Hydrogen From Waste

1. Bio-Hydrogen From Waste Design Project – Group MM Supervisor – Professor Colin Webb “Global demand for hydrogen is projected to increase 4.1 % annually through 2016 to 286 billion cubic meters.” – The Freedonia Group, 2012

2. Process Synopsis Sugar Beet Molasses Cow Manure Slurry River Water Liquid Hydrogen Cow Manure Compost Carbon Dioxide Overall Production rate of liquid hydrogen 38,800 kg day-1

3. Liquid Hydrogen 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Alternativefuelconsumption% Years Predicted Global Alternative Fuel Consumption Biofuel Natural gas Hydrogen

4. Qiqihar, China World Consumption of Hydrogen - 2013 United States Middle East China Western Europe Eastern Europe Other

5. Process Flow Diagram River Water Sugar Beet Molasses Dried Manure Liquid Hydrogen Cow Manure Handling Hydrogen Purification Culture Tank Culture Tank Water Treatment Hydrogen Recovery Dark Bioreactor Photo Bioreactor

6. Water Treatment 100% River Water 99% River sludge 1% Mercury 99.2% Water 0.7999% Suspended solids 0.001% Mercury Adsorption column

7. Manure Handling 14% Solid 86% Liquid Decanter Centrifuge 2% Solid 98% Liquid 22% Solid 78% Liquid

8. Dark Bioreactor 0.10% Sucrose 99.9% Water 0.05% Sucrose 0.10% Acetate 0.05% Butyrate 99.8% Water 48% Carbon dioxide 48% Hydrogen 4.0% Water Dark Fermentation Bioreactor (CSTR)

9. Photo Bioreactor 0.05% Sucrose 0.10% Acetate 0.05% Butyrate 99.8% Water 0.02% Sucrose 0.04% Acetate 0.01% Butyrate 0.02% Ethanol 99.91% Water 48% Hydrogen 48% Nitrogen 4% Water Photo-Fermentation Bioreactor (PFR)

10. Culture Tanks 1.3x10-12% Bacteria 94.4% Water 0.5% Acetate 0.5% Butyrate 2.4% Sucrose 2.2% Sugar Beet Balance Gaslift Batch Culture Tanks (Mass Basis) 0.23% Bacteria 93.4% Water 0.12% Acetate 0.14% Butyrate 0% Sucrose 2.21% Sugar Beet Balance 3.7% Carbon Dioxide 0.2% Hydrogen

11. Hydrogen Recovery 5% Water 38% Hydrogen 38% Carbon Dioxide 19% Nitrogen 9% Water 3% Hydrogen 62% Carbon Dioxide 25% Nitrogen 91% Hydrogen 9% Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption

12. Hydrogen Purification 50% Hydrogen 50% Nitrogen 91% Hydrogen 9% Nitrogen Membrane Separator 99.995% Hydrogen 0.005% Nitrogen

13. Hydrogen Liquification Joule-Thompson Cycle 99.995% Gaseous Hydrogen 99.995% Liquid Hydrogen

14. Socioeconomic Sustainability Action Benefit River water vs Mains water Saves $16 million over project life Process water recycle Saves $17 million annually Resale of dried cow manure Income of $24 million annually

15. Environmental Sustainability 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 Stage 1 - Water Treatment Stage 2 - Manure Handling Stage 3 - Reactors and Culture tanks Stage 4 - Product separation kgh-1CO2

16. Safety Substance Leakage Hazard Likelihood Severity Overall Risk River Water 3 2 6 Cow Manure 2 5 10 Dark Bioreactor 3 2 6 Photo Bioreactor 3 2 6 Culture Tanks 2 2 4 Hydrogen Recovery 3 2 6 Hydrogen Purity 2 5 10

17. Finances – Fixed Capital Sub-Process Total Fixed Capital ($Million) Water Treatment 18.3 Manure Handling 11.9 Dark Bioreactor 18.5 Photo Bioreactor 50.0 Culture Tanks 4.3 Hydrogen Recovery 2.6 Hydrogen Purification 131.2 Total 236.8

18. Finances – Operating Variable Costs Annual Cost ($Million) Raw Materials 129.0 Utilities 58.4 Effluent disposal 2.7 Consumables 0.5 Packaging/Shippi ng 23.3 Total 213.9

19. Return on Investment -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 CumulativeCashFlow($Millions) Years

20.  Price of Hydrogen  Supply of cow manure  Cost and supply of sugar beet molasses Constraints

21. Designed for the future:  Pilot scale studies  Further research into bacteria metabolism  Detailed hydrogen market study Conclusion

Notes de l'éditeur

Why Hydrogen? Hydrogen Economy Clean Sustainable Renewable Why Liquid? Cheaper to store Higher Energy Density Easier to Transport Higher demand than Gaseous
Industrial corridor – will have good existing infrastructure Proximity of market – changchun is china’s automobile city and is 500km away, providing a combined population of 18 million Nen river – provides the river water feed Heilongjiang china’s dairy land – close to manure source so don’t need as much transportation Close to sugar – also low on transportation costs Located within Harbin-Daquing-Qiqihar industrial corridor Proximity to market – Changchun, China’s automobile city is 500km providing a combined population of 18 million Situated on the Nen River Heilongjiang province is also known as “China’s dairy land” Vast sugar refining industry in Heilongjiang
What? Adsorption of mercury from river water. Removal of suspended solids. How? Tree fern (activated carbon) acts the absorber in two columns. Membrane and settling tank removes solids. Why? Mercury must be adsorbed as it reduces the activity of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
What? Removes particles above 0.025 mm. Kills methanogenic bacteria. Removes H2S and SO3 How? Flocculation mixer, decanter centrifuge, and heating tank. Why? Solids would cause fouling within the reactors. Methanogenic bacteria competes with Clostridium and Rhodobacter.
What? Utilises sucrose for the production of carbon dioxide and hydrogen (as well as by-products: organic acids, acetate and butyrate.) How? 24 Chain metabolic reactions occur in the Clostridium acetobutylicum bacteria. Conducted within 27 CSTR reactors in parallel, operated at 35 degrees C and pH7. Why? Dark fermentation produces both hydrogen and the organic acids which are a substrate in the photo-fermentation reactors.
What? Utilises organic acids and sucrose for the production of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. How? 32 Chain metabolic reactions occur in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides bacteria. Conducted within 32 PFR reactors in parallel, operated at 30 degrees C and pH7. Why? Photo fermentation produces high yields of hydrogen due to utilisation of organic acids.
What? Bacteria is cultured to 10% of the desired mass for the dark and photo fermentation reactors. How? Two gaslift reactors used to culture the two types of bacteria. Clostrdium requires 80 hours for growth, while Rhodobatcer requires 600 hours for growth. Why? Associated cost of purchasing bacteria is $10 trillion per year.
What? Pressure swing adsorption of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water, to yield 91% purity Hydrogen gas. How? Four adsorption vessels packed with zeolite 5-A adsorbent. Gas enters at 1000 kPa and swings to atmospheric pressure. Why? Remove carbon dioxide and water to allow for membrane separation to occur.
What? Increases purity of hydrogen gas from 91% to 99.995%. How? A Membrane separator allows hydrogen to pass through by solution-diffusion mechanism. Hydrogen associates on the face of the mebrane and then passes through. Why? To obtain hydrogen at required purity level.
What? How? Why?
- Reducing utilities, minimising waste and recycling where possible. - Relates to profit, economic growth, and cost savings, within a process. Viability of the process. Social sustainability encompasses thin such as; social equity, human rights, quality of life, and diversity. This process would create 80 jobs (69 operates, then managers and sub managers).
Stage 1 has low associated carbon dioxide emission. Stage 2 has greater emissions, this balanced by the overall reduction in emissions by processing the manure, rather than it simply emitting methane into the atmosphere; to the tune of 1/3 of the whole process emissions. Stage 3 has even higher emissions, due to the use of bacteria in this process. The bacteria respire and produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. Stage 4 produces the highest amount of CO2, because this is when the carbon dioxide is actually separated from the gaseous cocktail and released into the atmosphere.
River Water: High level of mercury could cause harm to humans and the environment. Cow manure: Has obvious associated risks to health due to bacteria presence, also produces hydrogen sulphide and sulphur trioxide, which are both toxic gases. Bioreactors: Hazardous cocktail of components at high flow rates. Culture tanks: Bacteria is classed as Biosafety Level 1 (the safest) Hydrogen recovery: Large volumes of gases at high pressure (1000 kPa). Explosive concentrations of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen Purification: Risks of explosion, frostbite and release. Cryogenic liquid hydrogen stored at 20 Kelvin. Storage vessels required to be 5 feet apart and 60 feet from office space. General: Control used to manage risks. All waste disposed of appropriately.
The total fixed capital cost includes the; total installed cost, the ISBL, the OSBL, the engineering cost, and the contingency cost. The hydrogen purification section has the highest associated cost due to purchasing of specialised catalyst beds and gas separators, as well as hydrogen storage vessels. The photo-bioreactor section is comparatively expensive due to high purchase prices of the 32x720 metre long reactors. The raw material running cost is great due to the large requirement of sugar beet and cow manure, as well as small volumes of specialised materials (flocculating agent, potassium di-phosphate buffer) Cow manure has the greatest associated cost, 54% of the raw material cost. This is down to the volume required. It is still cheaper than the cost of purchasing an alternative nitrogen source. The utility costs of the process are mainly from the heating required for the photo-bioreactors (70% of total utility costs).
The total fixed capital cost includes the; total installed cost, the ISBL, the OSBL, the engineering cost, and the contingency cost. The hydrogen purification section has the highest associated cost due to purchasing of specialised catalyst beds and gas separators, as well as hydrogen storage vessels. The photo-bioreactor section is comparatively expensive due to high purchase prices of the 32x720 metre long reactors. The raw material running cost is great due to the large requirement of sugar beet and cow manure, as well as small volumes of specialised materials (flocculating agent, potassium di-phosphate buffer) Cow manure has the greatest associated cost, 54% of the raw material cost. This is down to the volume required. It is still cheaper than the cost of purchasing an alternative nitrogen source. The utility costs of the process are mainly from the heating required for the photo-bioreactors (70% of total utility costs).
Annual net profit of $50 million (at full plant capacity). Break even point is 9 Years. Over the course of the whole project the overall cumulative cash flow is $400 million.
- Price of Hydrogen required to stay above $18 kg-1 over the whole project life. - High supply of cow manure is subject to uncontrollable conditions. - Cost and supply of sugar beet molasses is dependant on success of local industry.
Pilot scale studies More information on bacteria required. Local industrial stability study. Detailed hydrogen market study.

1Bio-Hydrogen From Waste

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

En vedette

En vedette (20)

Similaire à 1Bio-Hydrogen From Waste

Similaire à 1Bio-Hydrogen From Waste (20)

1Bio-Hydrogen From Waste

Notes de l'éditeur