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1. Exposure reduction strategies for diesel
engine exhaust in the mining industry
Kate Jardine
Occupational Cancer Research Centre
November 7, 2017
2. Diesel Engine Exhaust
2
Bugarski et al (2011). Diesel Aerosols and Gases in Underground Mines.
NIOSH Report of Investigations 9687.
IARC (2013). Monograph 105: Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and
some nitroarenes.
• A highly variable
mixture of gases and
particulates
• Group 1 human lung
carcinogen (IARC)
– Suspected bladder
carcinogen
(EC)
(OC)
3. Occupational exposure to DEE
• 61,000 exposed workers in Canadian mining industry
(CAREX Canada)
– 23% are exposed at high levels
4. Occupational cancer due to DEE
• 560 lung cancers due to occupational DEE (all industries)
• 220 lung cancers among workers in the mining industry
4
The Burden of Occupational Cancer in Canada
Study is funded by the Canadian Cancer Society
5. Infographic of DEE Controls
• Developed for and funded by the Ontario
Ministry of Labour
• “Develop a Bowtie diagram that presents a clear
differentiation between proactive and reactive
risk management of diesel emissions in mining.”
– Simple, visual explanation of multiple plausible
controls
• Visual ‘menu’ of options
5
8. Developing an Infographic
• Scope:
– Primary prevention, workplace-based controls
– Out of scope: government policy, surveillance, program
development
– Specifically focus on DPM
• Simple visual
• Incorporate a ranking of the controls
– Hierarchy of Controls
– Proactive vs Reactive
• Some cost information
8
12. Alternative Energy
• Electric
– Goldcorp’s Borden Lake mine
(Ontario)
• Hybrid diesel-electric
– 25-40% PM reduction in
CANMET-MMSL study
12
Laverdure et al. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Magazine 2011.
US EPA. Verified Technologies List for Clean Diesel, 2016.
Proactive
13. Replace or Repower
• New engines emit less PM (Tier 1 Tier 4)
– 1975-1986 scraper Tier 2: 81% PM reduction
13Scott et al. Cleaner Diesel Handbook, 2005.
US EPA. Verified Technologies List for Clean Diesel, 2016.
Proactive
14. Aftertreatment Systems
• Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs)
– 80-99% PM reduction
– Not universally applicable, require
filter cleaning and maintenance
– $$$$
• Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOCs)
– 15-50% PM reduction
– Few limitations on use
– Cheaper
14
Bugarski et al. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43(17):6737-43.
Diesel Technology Forum 2003. Cleaner air, better performance.
Photo: Marxandrade via Wikimedia Commons
Proactive
15. Ventilation
• Improve airflow with:
– More fans in parallel or higher horsepower fans ($$$)
– New ventilation shafts or airways
– Stoppings or auxiliary fans
• Minimum ~100 cfm/BHP for majority of Canada
• Stakeholder feedback: emphasize reduction of
exposure to other hazards
15
Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act: Regulation 854.
Bugarski et al (2011). Diesel Aerosols and Gases in Underground Mines.
NIOSH Report of Investigations 9687.
Reactive
16. Tele-Operation
• Distant control of equipment
• Operator can be on surface or completely off site
– Protected from many hazards
16
Paraszczak et al (2015). Int J Min Reclam Environ 29(5):391-403.
Fisher & Schnittger (2012). Autonomous and remote operation technologies in the
mining industry: benefits and costs. BAE Research Report 12.1.
Bugarski et al (2012). Controlling exposure to diesel emissions in underground mines.
• Other workers
still exposed
Reactive
17. Enclosed Cabs
• Reduce operator exposure by up to 90%
– Can be less than 40% efficient if not optimized
• Factors that affect function:
– Intake filter efficiency
– Use of recirculation filters
– Cab integrity
– Heat and A/C
– Prohibiting smoking
• No exposure reduction for nearby workers
17Bugarski et al (2011). Diesel Aerosols and Gases in Underground Mines.
NIOSH Report of Investigations 9687.
Reactive
18. Administrative Controls
Proactive:
• Preventive maintenance
– Up to 55% PM reduction
• Idling policies
Reactive:
• Scheduling and site planning
– Feedback: may not be realistic
• Operator training
18McGinn. Relationship between diesel engine maintenance and exhaust emissions. DEEP Final Report.
Proactive
and
Reactive
19. Respirators
• Stakeholder feedback: emphasize that respirators
should not take the place of other controls
• Effectiveness can vary:
– Type, fit, use
– Maintenance
– Facial hair
– Sweat or dust
– Working posture, hardhats
– Heavy breathing
19Sargent & Gallo (2003). ILAR Journal 44(1): 52-56.
Mayer & Korhonen (1999). Int J Occup Saf Ergon 5(3):347-360.
Reactive
20. What about biodiesel?
• Reduces DPM mass and EC fraction
– Approx. 50% reduction for 100% biodiesel
– Blends up to 20% can be used with minimal
modifications
• Health impact not well understood
– May increase OC fraction
– May increase number concentration
– Changes to size distribution
20
Mischler & Colinet. Proceedings of the 9th International
Mine Ventilation Congress. 2009, 2:879-888.
Bugarski, et al. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 60(2):237-44.
21. Outcomes and next steps
• Significant awareness within mining and health and
safety groups
– Workplace Safety North
– Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers
– Occupational Disease Action Plan
• Requests for development in other sectors
– Construction
– On-road municipal services
– Differences in controls, reductions, language
21
22. Future needs
Policy
• Introduce an OEL for DEE in general workplaces
• Lower the exposure limit for the mining industry
Further research
• Impact of controls on DEE composition
• What components of DEE contribute to health
effects?
22
23. Exposure limits for DEE
Canada
• ON, QC: 400 ug/m3 TC (~307 ug/m3 EC) in mining
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health target levels:
• 20 ug/m3 (EC) for underground mining
• 5 ug/m3 (EC) for general workplaces
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety
• Under Review: No higher than background (1 ug/m3 EC)
23
Vermeulen et al. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122(2):172-177.
Vermeulen & Portengen. Occup Environ Med 2016;73(12):846-848.
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety of the health Council, https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/en/node/5992
Total Carbon (TC) = EC + OC
24. Acknowledgements
Funding: Ontario Ministry of Labour
24
Paul Demers, Victoria Arrandale (OCRC)
Mike Russo (IHSA)
Jason Chevrier (WSN)
Jamie Cresswell, Rick Shulist, Bob Barclay, Sujoy Dey (MOL)