Nepal study on judgment execution

km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of /
;dfwfgsf pkfox?
-cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog k|ltj]bg_

cg';Gwfgstf{
8f=cfgGbdf]xg e§/fO{
Zofds'df/ e§/fO{
pd]z sf]O/fnf

k|sfzs
/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg
/fdzfxky, sf7df8f}, g]kfn
+
@)^%

k|sfzs M /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg tyf o'lgk]md

k|sfzg ldlt M @)^%, >fj0f

k|sflzt M !))) k|lt

;jf{lwsf/ M /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg

d'bs
| M km/Dof6 lk|lG6Ë k|; k|f= ln=
]
xfF8LufpF, sf7df8f+}

e"ldsf

km};nfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b08 hl/jfgf c;'n tx;Ln ePg jf kLl8t kIfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] pkrf/
'
sfof{Gjogsf] txjf6 k|fKt ePg eg] cbfntaf6 ul/Psf km};nfx? lg/y{s ;fljt x'g k'Ub5g . h;n]
Gofokflnsfk|ltsf] cfd wf/0ffdf g} gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . o;f] x'bfFxb} klg km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
F'
If]q ;d:ofu|:t aGb} uPsf] 5 . t/ s'gklg ;d:ofsf] cg'el" t dfq kof{Kt x'bg, To;sf nflu ;dfwfgsf
} }
pkfox?sf] vf]hL ub}{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ;fy{s k|of; klg yfngL ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} klg ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ug]{ xf] eg] y'k}| k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg' kg]{ x'G5, h'g ;xh x'bg .
F }

cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfsf] l:ylt s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf kof{Kt
5g ls 5}gg < km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffTds kIfdf xfdL :ki6 5f} ls 5}gf < t'ngfTds
}
ljlwzf:q tyf sfg"gdf s] s:tf /fd|f Joj:yfx? e]l6G5g, h;nfO{ xfdL sfg"gL ;'wf/df k|of]u ug{
;S5f} < km};nf sfof{Gjogdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g < tL ;d:ofx? l;h{gf x'gsf '
sf/0fx? s] s] x'g ;S5g < To:tf ;d:ofx?n] Gofo k|0ffnLdf s] s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 < b]lvPsf
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu gLltut, ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog txdf s] ug'{ pko'Qm x'g ;S5 < oL / o:tf
y'k}| k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hb} j:t'lgi7 cWoog u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjsf] sfo{of]hgf ;d]t k|:t't ug'{
cfjZos 5 eGg] oyfy{af]w u/L /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgn] km];nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ;d:of /
}
;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;DaGwdf a[xt -extensive_ cWoog x'gkg]{ 7x/ u/]sf] xf] .
'

cWoogsf] k|f/De cl3 g} k|:t't cWoogsf] cjwf/0ff kq -cg';Gwfg k|:tfj_ tof/ u/L klxnf] r/0fdf
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf tLgj6} lhNnf cbfntx?sf] :ynut cjnf]sg / s]xL lhNnfdf ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnL
;j]{If0f jf6 ;+slnt ;"rgf / tYo+fssf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzHo"x? ;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf k|:t't u/L k|fKt ePsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;d]t
d2]gh/ ub}{ cWoognfO{ cufl8 a9fOof] . cWoogsf qmddf dx]Gb|gu/, e}/xjf / lj/f6gu/df k|lti7fgsf
tkm{af6 cfof]lht If]qLo cGt/lqmof sfo{sddf cWoogaf6 klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:ofx? k|:t't u/L
|
;dfwfgsf pkfox? vf]Hg] hdsf]{ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf h'6sf] ;xeflutf /
]
cWoogk|lt b]vfOPsf] rf;f]af6 klg cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / cfjZostf k'li6 x'g k'Uof] .

;jf]Rr cbfntaf6 k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL tYof+sx?sf]
{
ljZn]if0fjf6 ;d:ofsf] ulx/fO{ cg'et ug{ ;lsPklg :ynut cjnf]sgsf] qmddf b]lvPsf ;d:of,
"
;/f]sf/jfnf kIfjf6 cleJoQm ePsf ljrf/x? / dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf cg'et wf/0ffx?af6 of]
"
cWoog ;fRrLs} nfeflGjt ePsf] 5 . cWoognfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg] k|of; :j?k ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf;Fu
k|ZgjnLsf dfWodaf6, 5nkmnaf6, cGt/lqmofaf6 / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf g]tTjbfoL kbflwsf/L;Fusf]
[
cGtjf{tf{sf dfWodaf6 JoQm cledt ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To;/L ;+sng ul/Psf tYof+s /
;"rgfx?nfO{ k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf oyfy{k/s ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogaf6 klxrfg ul/Psf

;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos k|lqmofx? cl3 a9fpg of] cWoog k|ltj]bg ;xof]uL x'g] ljZjf;
lnOPsf] 5 .

o;/L a[xt ?kdf ul/Psf] of] cWoog km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ;Dejt klxnf] ;+:yfut
cWoog xf] eGg] xfd|f] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 . ;}4flGts, ;+jbgfTds / Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] ;du| l:yltsf]
]
ljZn]if0f;d]t ul/Psf] / ;'wf/sf nflu k|i6 ;'emfjx? ;lxtsf] k|:t't cWoog k|ltj]bgaf6 of] If]qsf]
;'wf/sf nflu k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ v8f x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

cg';Gwfgstf{

wGojfb

k}m;nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ljifodf cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog u/fpg]
/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] lg0f{o cfkm}df dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . To:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf a[xt?kdf ul/g]
+
cWoogsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/Psf]df k|lti7fgk|lt xfdL xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ . cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf
Gofokflnsfsf] g]tTjbfoL e"ldsfdf /xg' ePsf tTsfnLg ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLzHo"af6 km};nf
[
sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf Gofokflnsfn] cjnDjg ug]{ gLlt sfo{qmdsf af/]df JoQm ePsf ljrf/x?sf nflu
xfdL jxfFkl| t xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f}+ . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfl:yt tLgj6} lhNnf cbfntx?sf] :ynut
cjnf]sgkl5 tof/ kfl/Psf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsf] k|:t'ltsf qmddf pkl:yt eO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx?
k|:t't ug'xg] ;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzåo >L lvn/fh /]UdL / >L sNof0f >]i7Ho"kl| t klg
{ ' {
xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . km};nf sfof{Gjogdf cfkmgf] ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf / km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg vf]lhg'kg]{ pkfox?sf ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ ljrf/x? JoQm ug'{ x'g] tTsfnLg ;DdfggLo
dxfGofoflwjQmf >L o1d"lt{ a~hf8]Ho"kl| t klg xfdL s[t1 5f}+ .

cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf cf–cfkmgf wf/0ffx? JoQm u/L cWoogsf nflu v'/fs k|bfg ug'{ x'g] dfggLo
d'Vo GofofwLz >L /0faxfb'/ jd, dfggLo lhNnf GofofwLzx? >L gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn, /d]z kf]v/]n
/ >L t]haxfb'/ sfsL{kl| t klg xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . km};nf sfof{Gjogdf k|x/L k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf /
;+:yfut ;f]rsf jf/]df k|sfz kf/L ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs >L /laGb|ktfk zfxHo"nfO{
|
xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L 5nkmndf ;xefuL
x'g' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ dfggLo GofofwLzx?, ;|:t]bf/x?, tx;Lnbf/x?, cbfntsf sd{rf/L ldqx? / cGo
' ]
lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx? k|lt klg xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .

k|:t't cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf lj/f6gu/df cfof]lht ul/Psf] If]qLo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf k|dv '
cltlysf] ?kdf pkl:yt e} dxTjk"0f{ lgb]zg lbg' x'g] ;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh
{ {
zdf{Ho"kl| t xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . To:t} e}/xjfdf cfof]lht sfo{qmdsf k|dv cltly k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
'
j'6jnsf dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / dx]Gb|gu/df cfof]lht sfo{qmdsf ;efklt
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, dx]Gb|gu/sf dfggLo sf=d'=d'Vo GofofwLz >L uf]kfn k/fh'nLk|lt klg xfdL xflb{s
cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf sfo{qmd ;+of]hg tyf Joj:yfkg ;d]tdf dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] k|lti7fgsf tTsfnLg /lhi6«f/ clUg k|;fb yklnofnfO{ xfdL wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ .

cg';Gwfgstf{

ljifo ;"rL
ljifoj:t' k[i7
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z s
kl/R5]b PsM k|f/lDes !
!=! ljifo k|jz ] !
!=@ cWoogsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo !
!=# cWoogsf] p2]Zo @
!=$ k"jcWoogsf] ;dLIff
{ #
!=% tYof+ssf] ;+sng / cg';Gwfg ljlw $
!=^ cWoogsf] ;Ldf $
!=& cWoogsf] :j?k %
kl/R5]b b'OM{ k"j{ cWoogx?sf] ;dLIff ^
@=! ljifo k|jz ] ^
@=@ pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)@* ^
@=# zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$) &
@=$ ;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLzx?sf]
{
;Dd]ng4f/f kfl/t k|:tfjx?, ;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ng4f/f
{
kfl/t k|:tfjx? *
@=% cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)%% !)
@=^ cbfnt ;'b9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*
[ !!
@=& kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, @)%* !#
@=* ck/fw ;+lxtf tyf kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf -d:of}bf_, @)%( !#
@=( b'lgofjfbL d'2f sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, @)^! !%
@=!) Gofokflnsfsf] kGrjlif{o /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)^!–)^@_ !^
@=!! s}b b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut c;"n km5of}6 ug]{ ;DjGwL ;'emfj lbg ul7t ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^@ !&
{
@=!@ km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]l{ zsf, @)^@ !*
@=!# cbfnt sfo{ ljj/0f lgbl]l{ zsf, @)^$ !*
@=!$ lgisif{ !(
kl/R5]b tLgM km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f @)
#=! ljifo k|jz
] @)
#=@ km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ;+/rgfut Joj:yf @)
#=# tx;Lnbf/sf] sfd / st{Jo @!
#=$ km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f @!
#=$=! clwsf/If]q @!
#=$=@ tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]z pk/sf] ph'/L @@
#=% km};n f sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL b/vf:t ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf @#

#=%=! ljuf] e/fpg] ;DaGwL @$
#=%=@ rng rnfpg] ;DaGwL @^
#=%=# c+z j08f ;DaGwL @^
#=^ b08 hl/jfgf c;'n tx;Ln ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf @*
#=& lgisif{ #)
kl/R5]b rf/M km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL t'ngfTds cWoog #!
$=!= ljifo k|jz ] #!
$=@= b08 / o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL t'ngfTds Joj:yf #!
$=@=! b08 ;hfo;Fu hf]l8Psf ;}4flGts k|Zg #!
$=@=@ b08 ;'wf/ ;DaGwL ljleGg Joj:yfx¿ ##
$=@=# ;hfo ufEg] jf cnu–cnu u0fgf ug]{ #%
$=@=$ b08 / o;sf k|sf/ #%
$=@=$=!= s}b / clgjfo{ s}b #^
$=@=$=@ hGds}b #&
$=@=$=# s}bsf] ;hfo #*
$=@=$=$ hl/jfgf #(
$=@=$=% ;DklQ hkmt ug]{ $@
$=@=$=^ Ifltk"lt{ $@
$=@=$=& s}bsf ljsNk $#
$=@=% sf/fuf/ / o;sf] Joj:yfkg $(
$=@=%=! ;+:yfut b08 Joj:yfx¿ -;+=/f=cd]l/sf_ $(
$=@=%=@ aGbLx¿sf clwsf/x¿ -;+=/f=cd]l/sf_ %)
$=@=%=# sf/fuf/sf] juL{s/0f -ef/t_ %)
$=@=^ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t b08 Joj:yfx¿ -;+=/f=cd]l/sf_ %!
$=@=^=! k|fjzg -cd]l/sf_
] ] %!
$=@=^=@ Kof/f]ndf 5'6sf/f -;+=/f=cd]l/sf_ %!
$=#= b]jfgL km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL t'ngfTds cWoog %@
$=#=! ef/t %@
$=#=@ hd{gL %$
$=#=# a]nfot / j]N; %(
$=#=$ k|mfG; ^^
$=$ lgisif{ &^
kl/R5]b kfFrM km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;"rgf Pj+ tYof+sx?sf] ljZn]if0f &&
%=! ljifo k|jz] &&
%=@ b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut km5of}6{ &&
%=# km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lgj]bgx¿sf] km5of}6
{ &*
%=$ km};nf sfof{Gjogdf nfu]sf] ;dofjlw &(
%=% ;j]If0fsf] qmddf b]lvPsf tYo
{ *)
%=^ lgisif{ *@

kl/R5]b 5M km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL jt{dfg cj:yf ;DaGwL cWoog Pj+ *#
^=! ;j]If0f
{ *#
^=@ ljifo k|jz
] *#
^=# :ynut cWoog / cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx? *%
^=$ km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifosf lj1x? / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf g]tTj ju{sf ljrf/x?
[ *&
^=% k|ZgfjnL ;j]If0f / To;sf] ljZn]if0f
{ (^
lgisif{ (^
kl/R5]b ;ftM ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ (&
&=!= ;d:ofx? (&
&=!=! d"ne"t ;Df:ofx? (*
&=!=@ ljifout ;d:ofx? (*
&=!=@=! ljuf] e/fpg] ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? (*
&=!=@=@ rng rnfpg] ;aGwL ;d:ofx? ((
&=!=@=# c+z j08f 5'6ofpg] ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? !))
&=!=@=$ b08 hl/jfgf c;'n tx;Ln ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? !))
&=!=@=% tx;Ln lhG;L ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? !)#
&=@ ;d:ofn] kf/]sf] k|efj !)#
&=# ;d:of l;h{gf x'gsf d'Vo sf/0fx?
' !)$
&=$ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? !)$
&=% lgisif{ !@#
kl/R5]b cf7M pk;+xf/ !@%
cg':f"rLx? !@&
!= cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;Dks{ ul/Psf / ;xefuL ePsf JolQmx?sf] ljj/0f !@&
@= ;j]If0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnL
{ !#*
#= cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdsf t:jL/x? !$!
$= tx;Ln lhG;Lsf ;fdfg M Ps emns !$$

k|ltj]bgleq
!= tflnsfx?sf] ljj/0f
tflnsf g+= tflnsfsf] ljj/0f k]h g+=
! kmf}hbf/L bfloTj Joxf]g'{kg]{ pd]/ $^
@ b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut km5of}{6sf] cj:yf &&
# s}bsf] nut km5of}{6sf] cj:yf &&
$ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf lgj]bgx?sf] km5of}6sf] cj:yf
{ &*
% km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifout ljj/0f &*
^ km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL b/vf:tx?sf] nut km5of}{6sf] cj:yf &(
& ;dofawLsf cfwf/df km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL b/vf:tx?sf] jlu{s/0f &(
* ljleGg lhNnf cbfntx?df b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut km5of}{6sf] cj:yf *)
( ljleGg lhNnf cbfntx?df s}bsf] nut km5of}{6sf] cj:yf *!
!) ljleGg lhNnf cbfntx?df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf b/vf:tx?sf] nut
km5of}{6sf] cj:yf *@

@= rf6{x?sf] ljj/0f
rf6{ ! km};nf sfof{GJfog ;DjGwL jt{dfg cj:yf **
rf6{ @ km};nf sfof{Gjogdf nfUG]f ;dofjlw **
rf6{ # km};nf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'sf] sf/0f *(
rf6{ $ d'2fsf kIf;Fu sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/ ()
rf6{ % km};nf sfof{Gjog s;n] ug]{ ()
rf6{ ^ km};nf sfof{Gjogdf ;a}eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ If]q (!
rf6{ & Goflos k|x/Lsf] cfjZostf (!
rf6{ * ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf (@
rf6{ ( ;'wf/sf nflu ca s] ug'{knf{ < (@
rf6{ !) k|x/L k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf (#
rf6{ !! km};nf sfof{Gjogdf kIfsf] cu|;/tf (#
rf6{ !@ Gofo k|zf;g leq km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] kIf ($
rf6{ !# km};nf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L gx'gdf lhDd]jf/ sf] <
' (%
rf6{ !$ km};nf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ca s] ug'knf{ <
{ (%

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

!= k|f/De
km};nfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 g} jf:tljs cy{df Gofo k|fKt x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L klg Gofokflnsfn] g} jxg ug'{ kg]{ u/L lhNnf cbfntsf] sfo{If]q leq To;nfO{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ clGtd ePsf km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog x/]s lhNnf cbfntdf
/xg] tx;Ln zfvfn] ug]{ u/fpg] ub{5 . b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut clen]v, lhG;L ;fdfgsf] Joj:yfkg tyf
clGtd ¿kdf /x]sf km};nf / cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf bvf{:tx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj
tx;Lnbf/nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 . km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog l56f], 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ul/Pdf g} d'2fsf
kIfx¿n] jf:tljs cy{df Gofo k|fKt u/]sf] cg'el" t ug]{ ub{5g / To;af6 g} ;fFrf] cy{df Gofo k|bfg
ul/Psf] klg 7xl/G5 . o;}af6 cbfntk|ltsf] cf:yf / ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 x'G5 . cbfntaf6 x'g]
km};nfn] JolQmsf] clwsf/sf] k'li6, Gofo / cGofosf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0fsf ;fy} k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ;Tosf] ls6fg
ub{5 . To;}n] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df j:t'lgi7 cWoogsf] cfjZostfjf]w u/L of] cg';Gwfgd"ns
cWoognfO{ cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] .

@= cWoogsf] p2]Zo
km};nfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq Gofon] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug{;Sg] x'bf cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfsf]
F
sfof{Gjog kIfdf s]lGb|t eO{ b]xfosf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm vf]Hg'sf ;fy} cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoogsf] dfWodaf6
j:t'ut ?kdf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug'{ g} k|:t't cWoogsf] p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 .
cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?sf] l:ylt s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yfx? kof{Kt 5g ls 5}gg <
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffut kIfdf xfdL :ki6 5f}+ ls 5}gf+} <
t'ngfTds ljlwzf:q jf sfg"gdf s] s:tf /fd|f Joj:yfx? e]l6G5g h;jf6 xfdL ;sf/fTds
?kdf cl3 a9g ;S5f+} <
km};nf sfof{Gjogdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g <
tL ;d:of l;h{gf x'gsf d'Vo sf/0fx? s] s] x'g ;S5g <
'
To:tf ;d:ofn] Gofo k|0ffnLdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu gLltut, ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog txdf cj
s] ug{' pko'Qm x'g ;S5 <

#= cWoogsf] :j?k
o; cWoognfO{ ljleGg & j6f kl/R5]bdf ljefhg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . k|yd
kl/R5]bnfO{ k|f/lDes gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5, h;df kl/ro, cWoogsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, cWoogsf]
p2]Zo, k"j{ cWoogsf] ;dLIff, tYof+sx?sf] ;+sng / cg';Gwfg ljlw, cWoogsf] ;Ldf / cWoogsf] :j?k

km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? s

h:tf ljifox? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L bf];f| ] kl/R5]bdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf o; cl3 ePsf
cWoogx?sf] ;dLIff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . t];f| ] kl/R5]bn] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] jf/]df ljZn]if0f ug]5 eg] rf}yf] kl/R5]bdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL t'ngfTds cWoog k|:t't
{
ul/Psf] 5, h;df ef/t, j]nfot, cd]l/sf, hd{gL / k|mfG; nufotsf d'n'sx?sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog
;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf / cEof;nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . kfFrf}+ kl/R5]bdf cWoogsf] qmddf ;+slnt ;"rgf
Pj+ tYof+sx?sf] ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;df ;jf]Rr cbfntaf6 k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf
{
cfwf/df tYof+sLo ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . 5}7f}+ kl/R5]bn] :ynut cjnf]sg ul/Psf cbfntx?sf] cj:yf,
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cledt / lj1x?sf] ljrf/sf ;fy} k|ZgfjnL ;j]If0faf6 k|fKt ;"rgf ;d]tsf cfwf/df
{
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;ftf}+ kl/R5]bdf lgisif{ / ;'emfjx?
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;df ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u/L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;d]t ;'emfO{Psf] 5 .

$= k"j{ cWoogx?sf] ;dLIff
o; cWoogsf qmddf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf ljutdf eP u/]sf k|of;x?sf] ;DaGwdf klg ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] 5 . To;qmddf pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)@*, zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bg, @)$), ;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo
{
GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t k|:tfjx?, cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)%%, cbfnt
;'b9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*, kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, @)%*, ck/fw ;+lxtf tyf
[
kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf -d:of}bf_, @)%(, Gofokflnsfsf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)^!–)^@_
nufotsf b:tfj]hx?sf] cWoog u/L ltgLx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

%= ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf
cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoogsf ;fy} o;
;DaGwdf ;jf]Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx? / xfd|f] sfof{Gjog cEof;sf jf/]df ljj]rgf ul/Psf]
{
5 . o;qmddf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwsf af/]df klg ;+If]kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L cbfnt :jodn] g} u|x0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] xfd|f] ;Gbe{df Gofokflnsfsf] h'g;'s}
txaf6 clGtd eP/ /x]sf km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L Gofokflnsfsf] txut ;+/rgfdf ;a}eGbf
tNnf] cyf{t z'? txsf] cbfntsf ?kdf /x]sf] lhNnf cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf cltl/Qm d'nsL P]g, b08 ;hfosf] dxndf ;d]t
'
b08 hl/jfgf c;'n tx;Ln, s}b ;hfosf] c;'nL / km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 .
o; cfwf/df lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ / d'nsL P]g, b08 ;hfosf] dxnnfO{ g} km};nf sfof{Gjog
'
;DjGwL k|d'v sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

^= km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL t'ngfTds cWoog
cWoognfO{ xfd|f] cfkmgf] ;Gbe{df dfq ;Lldt g/fvL km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf cGo d'nsx?n] '
cjnDjg u/]sf] sfg"gL k|0ffnL / To; ;DaGwL cEof;sf jf/]df klg t'ngfTds ?kdf cWoog ul/Psf]
5 . o;qmddf ljleGg sfg"g k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug]{ /fi6« ;d"xx?nfO{ ;d]6g] u/L ef/t, j]nfot, hd{gL

/ k|mfG; nufotsf d'nsx?n] km};nf sfof{Gjogdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / c+ufn]sf] k2ltnfO{
'
lgofNg] sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 .

v km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?

&= km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;"rgf Pj+ tYof+sx?sf] ljZn]if0f
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] tYonfO{ cbfntsf k|sfzgx? / k"jcWoogx?n] ;d]t
{
b]vfPsf 5g . km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{ lrGtf / rf;f] tL k|sfzgx?df klg JoQm
x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5, t/ tbg'?k Jojxf/df ptfg{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf cWoogx?af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . ;jf]Rr {
cbfntaf6 k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?df b08, hl/jfgf / s}bsf ;fy} km};nf sfof{Gjog -ljuf] e/fpg],
rng rnfpg], j08f 5'6ofpg], lgsfz v'nfpg], 3/ eTsfpg], dfgf rfdn e/fpg]_ tkm{sf] nut,
km5of}6 / afFsLsf] tYof+sx? k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L k|:t't cWoogsf qmddf s]xL lhNnf
{
cbfntx?sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf af/]df :ynut cWoog u/L tYof+sx? ;+sng ul/Psf]
lyof] . cWoognfO{ cln lj:t[t Pj+ ;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? / lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx?sf]
b[li6sf]0f ;d]t a'emg] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . To; l;nl;nfdf k|ZgfjnL, cGtjf{tf{, cGt/lqmof Pj+
5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 klg ;"rgf Pj+ tYof+sx?sf] ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To;/L ;+slnt ;"rgf Pj+
tYof+sx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ;lxt k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

*= km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL jt{dfg cj:yf ;DaGwL ;j]If0f
{
km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DjGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfn] u/]sf] cg'ej, To;k|ltsf] ;+:yfut÷Joltmut
b[li6sf]0f, ;DalGwt lgsfox? aLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf] cj:yf;d]tnfO{ a'emg] p2]Zon] k|:t't

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf !* j6f j:t'ut k|Zgx? ;lxtsf] k|ZGffjnL tof/ u/L k|ZgfjnL eg{ nufOPsf]
lyof] . sf7df8f}, etmk'/, nlntk'/, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, pbok'/, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ?kGb]xL,
slknj:t', sf:sL, bf]nvf, jlb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf GofofwLz, cbfntsf sd{rf/L, sfg"g
Joj:ffoL, d'2fsf kIf, :yfgLo k|zf;g / k|x/L, gful/s ;dfh, :yfgLo lgsfo ;d]tsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?
;dIf ;f] k|ZgfjnL k|:t't u/L dt ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ZgfjnL ;j]If0faf6 k|fKt dtsf] ljZn]if0f
{
ubf{ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;du| cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf] / of] If]q ;d:ofu|:t /x]sf] oyfy{ dfq xf]Og
km};nf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'df cbfnt k|zf;gsf ;fy} d'2fsf kIfx? ;d]t plQs} lhDd]jf/
/x]sf] tYo klg phfu/ x'g k'usf] 5 . To;}u/L km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg sfg"gL
]
Joj:yfsf ;fy} sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / hgzlQm nufotsf ;a} kIfdf oyf]lrt ;'wf/sf]
ckl/xfo{tf klg cf}NofOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
+

(= ;j]If0f / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f
{
cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoogsf]
;Gbe{df ljleGg cbfntx?sf] cjnf]sg u/L k|fKt ;"rgf / tYofÍx? ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . km};nf
sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfosf k|dv Pj+ ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1x?;Fusf] s'/fsfgLaf6 km};nf
'
sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf jxfFx?sf] b[li6sf]0f k|fKt eof] . o;} ljifodf ePsf If]qLo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx?af6
k|fKt ePsf ;'emfjx?sf ;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ul/Psf] 5nkmnaf6 klg dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx? k|fKt
ePsf lyP . :ynut e|d0fsf l;nl;nfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ul/Psf] e]63f6af6 km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
qmddf Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofsf] af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] . cWoog ul/Psf
cbfntx?df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf Tolt ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] kfOPg . k|fo;M ;a} cbfntx?df
Ps}vfnsf ;d:ofx? /x]sf] kfOof] . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] kIf Gofo k|zf;gsf] kl5Nnf] k|fyldstfdf
/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ cWoogsf] qmddf ;a}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOof] . cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL

km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? u

jt{dfg cj:yf k|lt sf]xL klg ;Gt'i6 x'g ;s]sf] kfOPg . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] clen]v / d'2fsf
kIfx?n] kfPsf] b'Mv / x}/fgLsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ o;n] ;du| Gofo k|zf;gsf] bf?0f cj:yfsf] lrq0f
u/]sf] 5 . b]jfgL d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] t'Nfgfdf kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
emg a9L r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOof] . cWoogsf] qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf ;femf ;d:ofx?sf] k|:t'ltsf ;fy}
tL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ bL3{sfnLg / cNksfnLg pkfox?nfO{ ;d]t
k|ltj]bgdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

!= d"ne"t ;d:ofx?
;d:ofx?sf] juL{s/0fdf ;femf ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ b]xfodf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ egL tf]lsPsf] lhNnf cbfntsf] tx;Ln zfvfdf ;|ft ;fwgsf] k"0f{tM
]
cefj /x]sf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfn] gofF lsl;dsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu bvf{:t lbg] xbDofb nfdf] ePsf]n] xbDofb ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfdf
g} k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf 5 .
tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]z pk/ nfUg] b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+= / c=j+=!& g+=adf]lhdsf] lgj]bgsf] clws
cEof;n] km};nf sfof{Gjogdf cgfjZos ljnDa x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ljleGg cbfntdf leGg leGg kl/kf6L /x]sf] 5 . sfo{ljlwut
Ps?ktf 5}g .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj 5 . ePsf hgzlQmnfO{ klg o; ljifodf
tfnLd lbOPsf] 5}g . bfo/L /fVg] tl/sfdf klg leGgtf /x]sf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf c:ki6tf / hl6ntf x6fpgsf nflu pRr:t/Lo ;+oGqsf] cefj
vl6sPsf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;xof]uL ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?;+u cfk;L ;xof]u /
;dGjosf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL adf]lhd a:g' kg]{ ljleGg ;ldltx?sf] a}7s lgoldt ?kdf a:g
g;s]sf] x'bf ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
tk;Ln v08sf] c:ki6tfsf sf/0f klg km};nf sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
dWo:ytfsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog s;/L ug]{ eGg] sfof{ljlwut c:ki6tf sfod /x]sf] 5 .
d'2f lhTg] -jfbL kIf_ kIf sdhf]/ ePsf] jf ;fdflhs ;xof]u h'6fpg ;Sg] x}l;otdf g/x]sf]
cj:yfdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ w]/} c;lhnf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfd sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ lhDdf lbg' kb{5, cbfntn] ug]{ xf]Og eGg] cjwf/0ff
7"nf] ;+Vofdf k|:t't eP klg To;sf] ck]lIft kl/0ffdsf] s;}n] ljZn]if0f cg'dfg u/]sf] kfOPg .
of] ljifodf cjwf/0ffut :ki6tfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL 5l/P/ /x]sf ghL/x?n]] klg sfof{Gjogdf låljwf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL clen]v Jojl:yt /x]sf] 5}g .

# km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?

@= ;d:ofn] kf/]sf] k|efj
dflysf tYo, tYofÍ / ;"rgfsf cfwf/df x]bf{ xfd|f cbfntx?sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
;d:ofu|:t b]lvof] . cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog kIf k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf Gofo k|zf;gdf
o; k|sf/ k|efj kf/]sf] kfOof]M–
cbfntk|ltsf] hgljZjf;df x|f; cfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
cbfntsf cfb]z / km};nfx? sfuhL?kdf ;Lldt ePsf 5g . h;n] cbfnt k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf
gsf/fTds k|efj kfg{ an k'–ofPsf] 5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogdf nfdf] ;do nfUg] u/]sf] / w]/} h;f] km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ xFbf
'
d'2fsf kIfx?df lg/fzf 5fPsf] 5 .
o;n] cbfntsf cGo sf/jfxL k|lt gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL / cfnf]rgf ug]x?nfO{ g} d2t u/]sf] 5 .
{
dfG5]x? cGofo ;xg afWo ePsf 5g . o;n] sfg"gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf] 5 .
s;"/bf/ 7x/ e} s}b hl/jfgf nfu]sf JolStx? v'ncfd ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf b]lv‘bf b08xLgtfsf]
]
cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
zlQmzfnLnfO{ sfg"gn] 5'b}g eGg] unt ;Gb]z k|jflxt ePsf] 5 .
kLl8tx?n] emg a9L kLl8t ePsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5g .
c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt / pTk|/0ffsf cefjsf sf/0f :ynut ¿kdf vl6g] sd{rf/Lx? lg/fz 5g .
]
cbfnts} ljsNk vf]Hg] k|of;x? ePsf 5g . h;n] sfg"gL zf;g k|ltsf] lgi7fdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 .
cbfntaf6 ePsf /fd|f sfd sfjf{xLsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g ;s]g . gsf/fTds s'/fx?dfq a9L
rrf{df cfpFbf cbfnt k|lt cljZjf; a9of] .

# ;d:of l;h{gf x'gsf d'Vo sf/0fx?
'
k'/fgf], cw'/f] / ck'/f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] gof‘ ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]g .
km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ Gofo k|zf;gsf] ;a} eGbf kl5Nnf] k|fyldstfdf /flvof] . dxTj lbOPg .
km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lbzfdf /fHo ;+oGq pbf;Lg b]lvof] . o;nfO{ d'2fsf kIfsf] bfloTjsf]
?kdf x]l/of] .
ck/fwLx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{] tkm{ /fHozlQmsf] pkNnf] txsf JolQmx? klg ;+nUg /x]sf] cf/f]knfO{
v08g ug{ ;lsPg .
gful/s ;dfh klg cbfntsf km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf k|lt cgle1 /xof] .
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? aLr ;xof]u ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; x'g ;s]g .
Ps csf{dfly bf]if kG5fP/ cfk"m plDsg] k|of; eof] . ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ k|oTg ePg .
ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo lbnfpg] tkm{ xfd|f] kmf}Hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf klg w]/} sdhf]/L b]lvP .
sfjf{xL k|lqmofdf sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ j]jf:tf ul/of] .
cbfntL clen]vx? Jojl:yt x'g ;s]gg .
cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / ;'gjfO{ ug]{ ;a} PsfO{x?n] cfkmgf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cf}krfl/stfsf] ?kdf lnP .
'
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj b]lvof] .
tNnf] txsf hgzlQmnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbP/ g]tTj tx klG5P h:tf] b]lvof] .
[
cbfntn] klg o; ;Gbe{df s'g} of]hgf sfo{qmd agfpg] jf ;/sf/;+u c8fg /fVg] k|of; u/]g .
oyfl:yltdf rNg] ;+:s[ltn] ;'wf/ tkm{ cufl8 a9g lbPg .
cbfntaf6 ePsf sfd sf/jfxLsf] plrt k|rf/ k|;f/ klg ePg .

km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ª

$ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] cWoogaf6 klxrfg
ul/Psf dfly plNnlvt ;d:ofx? ;a} cbfntsf ;femf ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] tL
;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg pkfox? cFufNg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?nfO{
;femf pkfo / ljifout pkfosf ?kdf juL{s/0f u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;dWo]sf k|dv pkfox?
'
b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf5g .

s= ;+:yfut ;'wf/
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Dk"0f{ pQ/bfloTj tx;Lnbf/nfO{ ;lDkg' kb{5 . tx;Lnbf/nfO{ km};nf
sfof{Gjog clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug'{kb{5 .
tx;Lnbf/sf] lhDd]jf/L / ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfdsf] k|sl[ t / To;sf] uxgtfsf cfwf/df tx;Lnbf/sf]
b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 . ;a} cbfntdf tx;Lnbf/sf] sfd clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/Laf6
;Dkfbg u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . ;|:t]bf/ zfvf clws[t ePsf] 7fpFdf tx;Lnsf] sfdsf] lhDdf
]
klg ;|]:t]bf/nfO{ g} lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
tx;Ln zfvfnfO{ ef}lts ?kdf ;|ft ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg' kb{5 / o;nfO{ Gofo k|zf;gsf]
]
cToGt dxTjk"0f{ zfvfsf] ?kdf Jojxf/ ul/g' kb{5 .
;jf/L ;fwg ;~rfng x'g] Onfsfdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfo{df k|of]u ug{sf nflu
cfjZos ;+Vofdf ljB'tLo ;fOsn pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
tx;Lndf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] bIftf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu Jofjxfl/s ?kdf d2t k'Ug] vfnsf]
ljlzi6 tfnLd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L tx;Ln zfvfsf nflu k|z:t 7fpF ;lxtsf]
sfof{no Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] rfksf cfwf/df sDtLdf bz cf]6f
lhNnfx?nfO{ rfns / kof{Kt OGwg ;lxtsf] ljz]if ;+st / ;fO/g hl8t lks ck Eofg pknAw
]
u/fO cfjZostf cg';f/ To:tf] Eofg cf;kf;sf lhNnfx?sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;d]t
k|of]u ug]{ k|aGw ug{ ;lsG5 . km};nf jf cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu afx]s cGo k|of]hgdf To:tf]
Eofg k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
d'2f xf/L csf]{ kIfnfO{ ltg',{ a'emfpg', 5f]8g' kg]{ kIfn] km};nf / k|rlnt sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]

bfloTj k"/f gu/]df klg s'g} lhDd]jf/L lng' gkg]{ jt{dfg k4ltdf k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' cfjZos
5 . cbfntsf] km};nf jf cfb]zsf] cj1f ug]{ JolQmn] Joxf]g{' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ls6fgL u/L To:tf]
lhDd]jf/Lsf jf/]df ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|sflzt k|;fl/t ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
k|:tfljt km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lbUbz{gnfO{ cem} a9L :ki6 jgfpg' kb{5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu
cGt/ls|of u/L ;f] lbUbz{gnfO{ nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .
cbfntsf] sfd sfjf{xLdf ;xof]u u/L gful/s xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df ;3fpg
cfjZos k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/g' kb{5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL xfn ;Ddsf] clen]vnfO{ Pp6} 9f‘rfdf ;a} cbfntdf Jojl:yt
agfpgsf nflu cleofg ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 .
cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / Gofo If]q ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ ls|ofzLn agfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?af6
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf ;xof]u h'6fpg] tkm{ k|of; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu s]Gb|Lo Gofo
If]q ;dGjo ;ldltn] lgoldt ?kdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL /0fgLlt / lgb]zg tof/ u/L {

r km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?

tNnf] tx ;Dd lgb]l{ zt ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf] lgb]zgsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwsf nflu lgoldt cg'udg
{
/ d"NofÍg u/L k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf:t/Lo Gofo If]q ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ lqmofzLn ug'{ kb{5 .
To:tf] ;ldltsf] a}7s lgoldt ?kdf a:g] / sfo{ k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfd sfjf{xLnfO{ Ps?ktfk"0f{ agfpgsf nflu b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut
lstfj, 8fo/L lstfj, km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu lbOg] bvf{:t, hf/L Dofbx?, cfb]zx?, d'rNsf,
'
krf{ h:tf ;j} lnvtx?sf] 9fFrfdf Ps?ktf sfod u/L To;sf] k|of]u ug{ lalw ;d]t lgwf{/0f
ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lbUbz{g tof/ u/L k|sflzt ;d]t ul/g'
kb{5 .
k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ePsf km};nfsf] hgfp d'2fsf kIfn] kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] clgjfo{ kfngf
ul/g' kb{5 .

v= tx;Lnbf/n] u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ ;'gjfO{ '
b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+= / cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] !& g+=sf] k|of]usf nflu :ki6 cfwf/x? lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 .
To:tf] bvf{:t lsgf/f ug{sf nflu lglZrt ;dofjlw ls6fg u/L ;f]xL cjlw leq sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ :ki6
sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofdf h'g;'s} r/0fdf klg ph'/L nfUg] cflxn]sf]
kl/kf6Ldf tTsfn kl/dfh{gsf] cjZostf 5 .

u= km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ghL/sf] k|sfzg
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL xfn ;Ddsf ghL/x?nfO{ ;+sng u/L ghL/ ;ldltaf6 5gf}6 u/L To:tf
:jLs[t ghL/x?sf] ;‘ufnf] k|sfzg u/L ;j} cbfnt / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;dIf k'Ug ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'
kb{5 . ;jf]Rr cbfntaf6 k|sflzt ghL/ ;+uxsf] efu !# nfO{ cWofjlws u/L sfof{Gjog txsf sd{rf/L
{ |
;Dd k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

3= tk;Ln v08 n]vg ;DaGwL kf7o ;fdu|Lsf] tof/L
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08sf] c:ki6tf / q'l6sf sf/0f sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of k/]sf] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08 n]vg ;DaGwL :ki6 lgb]zg ;lxtsf] kf7o ;fdu|L tof/ ul/g' kb{5 / km};nf n]Vg]
{
sfo{df ;+nUg /xg] hgzlQmnfO{ /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] cu'jfO{df o; ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f lbg'kb{5 .

ª= km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]zgfnosf] :yfkgf
{
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{, b08 hl/jfgfsf] s]Gb|Lo clen]v /fVg,
tx;Ln lhG;Lsf] s]Gb|Lo clen]v /fVgsf nflu ;jf]Rr cbfnt cGtu{t /xg] u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog
{
lgb]zgfnosf] :yfkgf ug'{ kb{5 / ;f] lgb]zgfnosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;jf]Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLdf
{ { {
:ki6 ul/g' kb{5 .

r= km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] txdf ldnfkqsf] Joj:yf
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL tx;Lnbf/n] ldnfkq u/fpg ;Sg] u/L
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg x'g' kb{5 / tx;Lndf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf d'2fx?nfO{ lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLdf ePsf] d]nldnfk ;DaGwL Joj:yf cg'?k d]nldnfk s]Gb|df k7fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .

km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? %

5= kLl8t /fxt tyf km};nf sfof{Gjog sf]ifsf] :yfkgf
b]jfgL bfloTj ;DaGwL km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf s]xL cj:yfdf xfg]{ kIfaf6 sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfjZos z'Ns bflvn x'g g;Sg] t/ km};nf t'?Gt} sfof{Gjog u/L lhTg] kIfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZos
b]lvPsf d'2fx?df ljz]iftM 3/ jf :yfoL ;+/rgf eTsfpg' kg]{ cj:yfdf / dfgf rfdn e/fO{ lbg' kg]{
cj:yfdf ;d]t k|of]u x'g ;Sg] u/L o:tf] /fxt sf]ifsf] Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . o:tf] sf]ifdf
bflvn x'g] /sd sfg"gåf/f g} k|i6 ul/g'kg]{ / ;f] sf] ;~rfng, cg'udg, d"Nof+sg ;d]tsf] zt{ km};nf
sfof{Gjog lgb]zgfnon] lgwf{/0f ug'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
{ {

h= tfl/v yfDg] ydfpg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf
sfof{Gjog;Fu} hf]l8Psf] csf]{ hl6n ;d:of sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf tfl/v u'hL sfg"g jdf]lhd yfDg]
|
calw ;dfKt ePkl5 d'2f tfd]nLdf /fVg] k|rng;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd d'2f n8L xs :yflkt
u/fO{ ;s]sf] l:yltdf tfl/v u'hbdf km};nfåf/f :yflkt xssf] k|rng x'bg eGg' cGofok"0f{ x'G5 .
F| } F }

em= xbDofb ;DaGwL Joj:yf
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;dodf x'g g;s]/ Gofo k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] h'g kl/l:ylt ljBdfg /x]sf] 5,
To;nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut ubf{ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu gofF d'2f h:tf] u/L 5'§} b/vf:t lbg' kg]{ / To;sf
nflu jiff}sf] xbDofb ;d]t lbg] jt{dfg Joj:yf ts{;ut / Jojxfl/s klg 5}g . d'2f lhTg] kIfnfO{
+{ +
km};nfn] :yflkt u/]sf] xs pkef]u u/fO{ lbg' klg cbfntsf] cfkmg} st{Jo xf] . km};nf sfof{Gjogaf6
g} Gofon] hLjGttf k|fKt ub{5 . To;}n] ubf{ cbfntaf6 km};nf x'bdf d'2f cGTo x'G5 eGg] ;f]rnfO{ TofuL
F }
km};nf sfof{Gjog ePkl5 dfq d'2f cGTo x'G5 eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ xfdLn] klg c+ufNg' ts{;ut x'G5 .
+
To;}n] b08 ;hfosf] $@, $#, $$, $% / $^ g+= df ;+zf]wg u/L k|To]s d'2fsf] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L
;DalGwt tx;Ln zfvfdf lbg] Joj:yf u/L clGtd ePsf] cj:yf b]lvP tTsfn b'a} kIfnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{
km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 .

`= ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkg
;jf]Rr cbfntsf] g]tTj / kxndf km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu hf]8gsf nflu pko'Qm
{ [
Software sf] lgdf{0f ug], ;f] Software sf] k|of]u gd"gf cbfntaf6 k|f/De ug]{ / lglZrt calw kl5
{
o;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg÷d"Nof+sg u/L ;'wfl/Psf] :j?kdf d'nsel/sf ;a} cbfntdf r/0fa4 ?kdf nfu"
ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o:tf] ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] ljsf; ug],{ cBfjlws ug],{ k|of]ustf{ d}qL agfpg], ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;"rgfdf
kx'r k'¥ofpg] sfo{ km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]zgfnon] ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . o:tf] ;"rgf ;~hfn;Fu
F {
;DalGwt hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg dfkm{t ;~rfng ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

6= t'ngfTds ljlwzf:qsf cg's/0fof]Uo ljifosf] k|f;+lustf
k|:t't cWoogsf] kl/R5]b rf/df kmf}hbf/L v08df ljleGg b]zsf / b]jfgL v08df ef/t, k|mfG; /
hd{gLsf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?sf] lj:t[t ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . b08 ;hfo / km};nf
sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfx? ljleGg b]zsf] cfkmg} kl/l:yltdf ljsl;t ePsf P]ltxfl;s

em km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?

36gfx?af6 cg'kfl0ft eO{ jt{dfgsf sfg"gL / Goflos ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu /flvPsf
|
x'g . t;y{ Ps b]zsf] Joj:yf csf]{ b]zdf ;f]xL ?kdf nfu" ug{ ;lsFbg . tyflk t'ngfTds ljlwzf:qsf
}
s]xL s'/fx? xfd|f] b08 Joj:yfsf] ;'wf/ tyf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b9 kfg{] ;Gbe{df
[
k|f;+lus b]lvG5g .

km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? `

kl/R5]b–Ps
k|f/lDes

!=! ljifo k|jz
]
d'2fsf] /f]xdf cbfntn] u/]sf km};nfx¿ Gofosf] kIfdf ul/Psf] pb3f]if x'g . To:tf] pb3f]if dfq
cfkm}df k"0f{ xFb}g . km};nfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 g} jf:tljs cy{df Gofo k|fKt x'G5 . g]kfnsf]
F'
;Gbe{df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L klg Gofokflnsfn] g} jxg ug'{ kg]{ u/L lhNnf cbfntsf]
sfo{If]q leq To;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ clGtd ePsf km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog
x/]s lhNnf cbfntdf /xg] tx;Ln zfvfn] ug]{ u/fpg] ub{5 . b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut clen]v, lhG;L
;fdfgsf] Joj:yfkg tyf clGtd ¿kdf /x]sf km};nf / cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf bvf{:tx¿sf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj tx;Lnbf/nfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . d'nsL P]gsf] b08 ;hfosf] dxn / lhNnf cbfnt
'
lgodfjnLåf/f of] zfvfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog l56f],
5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ul/Pdf g} d'2fsf kIfx¿n] jf:tljs cy{df Gofo k|fKt u/]sf] cg'el" t ug]{
ub{5g / To;af6 g} ;fFrf] cy{df Gofo k|bfg ul/Psf] klg 7xl/G5 . o;}af6 cbfntk|ltsf] cf:yf /
ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 x'G5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogdf cbfntsf] dof{bf / k|lti7f klg ufFl;Psf] x'G5 .
Gofosf pkef]Qmfn] cbfntk|lt ug]{ cfzf / e/f];fsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] km};nfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog xf]
eGbf cTo'lQm x'bg . cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] dsf{ lnP/ cbfntdf k|jz u/]sf] d'2fsf] kIfn] cbfntaf6 pkrf/
} ]
kfP/ ;Gt'i6 e} lg:sg kfpg'kb{5 . cbfntaf6 x'g] km};nfn] JolQmsf] clwsf/sf] k'li6, Gofo / cGofosf]
;Ldf lgwf{/0fsf ;fy} k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ;Tosf] ls6fg ub{5 . t/ km};nfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b08 hl/jfgf
c;"n tx;Ln ePg eg] jf kLl8tnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] pkrf/ sfof{Gjogsf] txaf6 k|fKt ePg eg]
cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx¿ lg/y{s;fljt x'g k'Ub5g . h;n] Gofokflnsfk|ltsf] cfd wf/0ffdf g}
gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . o; ;Gbe{df j:t'lgi7 cWoog u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjsf] vf]hL ug'{
cToGt cfjZos 5 .

!=@ cWoogsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo
cbfntaf6 x'g] km};nfx¿nfO{ d"t{ ¿k k|bfg ug{sf nflu plrt ;dodf, plrt tj/n] o;sf] dd{cg'¿k
sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 . lkm/fb lnP/ cbfnt k|jz u/]sf] d'2fsf] kIfn] ;dod} km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k"hL{
]
lng] / k"hL{ cg';f/sf] ;DklQ ef]Ug] jf clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug'{ Gofokflnsfsf]
bfloTj xf] .Gofo k|zf;gsf] clGtd nIo eg]sf] Gofo lgikfbg ug'{ xf] . o;n] cfkm"nfO{ To;} lbzfdf
ls|ofzLn u/fpg' kb{5 . cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yfsf] cfwf/tTjsf] ¿kdf km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ lnOG5
/ o;nfO{ ljZj;gLotfsf] s;Lsf] ¿kdf klg x]l/G5 . t/ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ ;Gtf]ifhgs kl/0ffdx¿ b]lvPsf 5}gg . Gofok|zf;gsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljifo x'bfx'b} klg of]
F F
cf]em]ndf k/]sf] ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;+:yfut?kdf Jojl:yt tj/n] cWoog Pjd
ljZn]if0f klg ePsf]] 5}g, h'g cToGt cfjZos 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] egL
k6sk6s kqklqsfdf k|sflzt x'g] ;dfrf/n] ;du| Gofokflnsfk|lt g} cfIf]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . ;jf]Rr {
cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgaf6 klg sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL km};nfsf] ;+Vof krf; k|ltzts} xf/fxf/Ldf

km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? 1

/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;d:ofsf] phfu/ u/L ;fdgf ug]eGbf kG5fpg ?rfpg] k|jl[ Q ePsfn] nfdf]
{
;do;Dd km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] cf/f]k klg cbfntnfO{ nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] k|lqmofut
hl6ntfn] ubf{ d'2f lhTg] kIfn] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 nfe k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] u'gf;f]x¿ cfpFg
5f8]sf 5}gg . cbfntn] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L cfkmg} zfvf -PsfO{_ dfkm{t ug]{ lhDdf lnPsf]
cj:yfdf To;sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds u'0fx¿sf] af/]df cfjZos ;dLIff / ljj]rgf ug'{ pko'Qm
x'G5 . of] cWoogaf6 km};nf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL df}hbf sfg"gL Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g ug{;d]t d2t
'
k'Ug]5 .

!=# cWoogsf] p2]Zo
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd 5'§} cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . tYok/s
¿kdf ;d:of s]nfOPsf] klg b]lvFbg . k/Dk/fut sfg"gL Joj:yf, cbIf sd{rf/L / ;|ft ;fwgljxLg
} ]
tx;Ln zfvf oyfy{df xfd|f] lgolt ag]sf] 5 . Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] s|ddf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ kf6f]sf] ?kdf
/x]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog sf] kIf ;'wf/sf] k|yldstfdf k/}sf] 5}g . tL;f}+ jif{ klxn]bl] vsf] b08;hfosf]
dxnsf hl6n sfg"gL Joj:yfn] klg ;d:of kf/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ljsfzsf] of] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf
b]lvPsf hl6n ;d:ofx?nfO{ To:t k'/fgf sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;d]6g ;s]sf 5}gg . 5l/P/ /x]sf sfg"gL

Joj:yf, bfxf]/f] cy{nfUg] glh/x? / sfo{lalw s]lGb|t ;+:s[ltn] klg km];nf sfof{Gjogsf] kIfnfO{
}
k|efjsf/L x'g lbPsf 5}gg . ;f/jfg?kdf sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 eg]
sfo{lalwnfO{ ;/n agfOg'kg]{ cfjZostf klg plQs} v6lsPsf] 5 . cGo b]zdf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
ljifonfO{ s'g} ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lng] ul/b}g . t/ xfd|f] Gofo k|zf;gdf of] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x+b} cfPsf]
5 . s] sf/0fjf6 o:tf] ;d:of l;h{gf x'g k'usf] xf] < eGg] ljifodf cWoog ul/g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
]

km};nf sfof{Gjog k|fljlws k|sl[ tsf] sfd xf] . t/ o;df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?df ;f] cg';f/sf] bIftf
ljsfz x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To:f}n]sfdsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . Goflos
hgzlQmnfO{ ;d'lrt ?kdf ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf] sf/0fn] klg of] k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
Joj:yfkgsf gjLgtd ljlwxx?n] klg cbfntdf k|jz kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg . kl/0ffddf eGbf k|lqmofdf
]
hf]8 lbg] xfd|f] sfo{znLn] klg of] kIf k|efljt jg]sf] 5 . ;d'xut?kdf sfd ug{ grfxg] / pQ/bfloTj
}
jxg ug{ lxlRsrfpg] k|jl[ tn] klg km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] kIf cf]em]ndf kg{ uPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 .

k|f/lDes ?kdf b]lvg] oL / o:tf ;d:ofx?sf sf/0fn] klg cbfntn] cfkmgf km};nfsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf
sfof{Gjog ug{ g;s]sf] tYo phfu/ x'G5 . km};nfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq Gofon] ;fy{stf k|fKt
ug{;Sg] x'bf pNn]lvt kl/l:ylt k|lt cToGt ;+jbgzLn x'g' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ cbfntaf6
]
ePsf km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf s]lGb|t eO{ b]xfosf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm vf]Hg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?sf] l:ylt s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf kof{Kt 5g ls 5}gg <
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffTds kIfdf xfdL :ki6 5f} ls 5}gf}+ <
t'ngfTds ljlwzf:q jf sfg"gdf s] s:tf /fd|f Joj:yfx? e]l6G5g h;nfO{ xfdL sfg"gL ;'wf/df
k|of]u ug{ ;S5f+} <
km};nf sfof{Gjogdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g <
tL ;d:of l;h{gf x'gsf d'Vo sf/0fx? s] s] x'g ;S5g <
'

2 km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?

To:tf ;d:ofn] Gofo k|0ffnLdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu gLltut , ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog txdf cj
s] ug{' pko'Qm x'g;S5 <

plNnlvt ljifodf cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoogsf] dfWodaf6 j:t'ut ?kdf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf
nflu ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug'{ g} k|:t't cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .

!=$ k"jcWoogsf] ;dLIff
{
Gofoklnsfn] ;~rfng ug]{ x/]s h;f] sfo{sdx?df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ljifonfO{ 5nkmnsf] qmddf
|
p7fOg] u/] tfklg o;df 7f]; Pjd k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd Nofpg g;lsPsf] cj:yf clxn] ;Ddsf] xfd|f]
oyfy{ xf] . Gofo tyf sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt klqsf, n hg{n tyf k':ts x?df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf
;DaGwdf snd rnfOPsf] kfOP tfklg ltgdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf uxg cWoog ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] kfOFbg . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf ePsf ghL/x¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;Íng;Dd ul/Psf] eP
}
klg To;nfO{ ;d]t k"0f{ / cWofjlws ul/Psf] kfOPg . To:t} Gofokflnsfsf] tkm{af6 ul/Psf ljleGg
cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;du|tfleq Pp6f PsfO{sf] ¿kdf dfq lnP/
;+lIfKt ¿kdf ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLn] o; If]qsf] uxgtfnfO{ ;d]6g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . t/ klg k5Nnf r/0df

;'wf/sf s]lx k|of;x? ePsf 5g . cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg @)%% / cbfnt ;'b9Ls/0f [
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg @)%* n] km};nf sfof{Gjogdf x'g' kg]{ ;'wf/sf s]xL pkfo ;'emfPs]f 5 . GofofwLzx?sf]
;DDf]ngx?df klg k6s k6s km};nf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ k|:tfjx? kfL/t ePsf 5g .
Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng ul/g] clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] tflnd sfo{sddf klg km};nf sfof{Gjogsf
|
;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ljifodf jif}l{ kR5] sfo{kqxx? n]lvg] u/]sf 5g . ;Gofokflnsfsf]
k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfn] of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf p7fPsf 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf /lhi6f/x?sf]
;Dd]ngdf klg of] ljifon] dxTj kfpg] u/]sf] 5 . @)^@ ;fndf ePsf] tx;Lnbf/x?sf] ;Dd]ngdf klg
km};nf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf af/]df klg 5nkmn u/L ;'wf/sf nflu
;'emfjx? k|:t't ePsf lyP . tTkZrft GofoIf]q ;dGjo ;ldltsf] kxndf tTsfnLg dfggLo lhNNff
GofofwLz >L zDe'axfb'/ sfsL{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t s}b, b08, hl/jfgfsf] nut c;"n km5of}6 ug]{ {
;DaGwL ;'emfj lbg ul7t ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^@ n] b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut c;"n tx;Ln / nut
Joj:yfsf :fDjGwdf s]xL ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLz
>L /0faxfb'/ adsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;ldltn] km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]l{ zsf tof/ u/L k|:t't u/]sf]
kfOG5 . plNnlvt k"j{ cWoogx?nfO{ s]nfpFbf km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ Gofokflnsf leqsf] dxTjk"0f{
kf6f]sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogdf y'k|} ;d:ofx? /x]sf / To:tf ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu pkfox?sf] vf]hL ;d]t ug{ yflnPsf] klg tL cWoogx?n] b]vfpFb5g . t/ plNnlvt
b:tfj]hx? s'g} vf]h, cg';Gwfg jf tYosf cfwf/df geO{ s]jn ;Lldt ;d"xn] u/]sf] cg'el" tsf
cfwf/df cf–cfkmgf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] kfOG5 .

:ynut ?kdf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf] cWoog cjnf]sg u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx?l;t 5nkmn
cGt/lqmof u/L tYo / tYof+ssf cfwf/df ;du| km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{,
To:tf ;d:ofxx? pTkGg x'gsf sf/0fx?sf] vf]hL ug{ / tL ;d:ofn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f u/L
'
;'wf/sf nflu :ki6 lbzfaf]w ug{ ;Sg] u/L cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g ;s]sf] kfO{bg . To; lsl;dsf] l/Qmtf
+ }


kl/k"lt{sf nflu km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ d"n ljifo agfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf a[xQ/ / ljlzi6 cWoogsf] vfFrf]
dxz'; ul/Psf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

!=% tYof+ssf] ;+sng / cg';Gwfg ljlw
k|:t't cWoog cGtu{t ljleGg cbfntsf dfl;s tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df km};nf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL
5'§} tYof+s ;Íng ul/Psf]5 . km};nf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL b/vf:tsf] ;+Vof, ef}uf]lnstf / If]qLotfsf
]
cfwf/df kGw| j6f lhNnf cbfntx¿sf] tx;Ln zfvfsf] :ynut cjnf]sg u/L To:tf cbfntsf]
;DalGwt btf{ lstfjaf6 k|fylds tYof+s ;Íng ul/Psf]] 5 .! slt jif{ b]lvsf km};nf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL
bvf{:tx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ afFsL 5g < km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu slt ;do nfUg] u/]sf] 5 < eGg]
k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hb} s]xL k'/fgf b/vf:t / sf/afxLx?nfO{ gd'gfsf ?kdf lnO{ To;sf] lj:t[t cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L k|fKt ul/Psf ;"rgf tyf tYof+sx?sf] ljZn]if0fåf/f ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{ sf]lzz
ul/Psf] 5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf cg'ej k|fKt GofofwLzx?sf;fy} km};nf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu ;d]t k/fdz{ u/L lgisif{df k'Ug] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] jt{dfg l:yltsf af/]df k|ZgfjnL tof/ u/L d'2fsf kIfx¿, ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf
:yfgLo kbflwsf/L Pj+ k|ltlglwx?, sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ / tx;Ln zfvfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? ;d]t ;Fu
dt ;+sng ul/Psf]] 5 .

If]qut lx;fjn] ;/f]sf/jfnf GofofwLz, sfg"g Joj;foL, >]:t]bf/, tx;Lnbf/ / tx;Ln zfvfsf
sd{rf/Lx¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx? Pj+ k|ltlglwx?aLr cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/L ;d:ofsf]
klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;+sng ul/Psf tYof+sx¿, cleJoQm ePsf
dtx? / k|fKt ePsf ;'emfjx?sf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;du|| km};nf sfof{Gjog cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f
u/L cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^ cWoogsf] ;Ldf
!=^=! ljifout ;Ldf
Jofks cy{df x]bf{ km};nf sfof{Gjogleq cbfntsf] ;a} txaf6 ePsf] km};nf / cfb]zx¿sf] sfof{Gjog
ug'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't cWoogsf] qmddf ;a} txsf km};nf jf cfb]z ;d]6g g;lsg] s'/fnfO{
{
b[li6ut u/L cbfntsf] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ leqsf d'2fx¿df ePsf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf]
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]5 . h;df lauf] e/fpg], c+z 5'6ofpg], rng rnfpg]h:tf JolQmnfO{ c;/ ug]{
]
ljifox¿ / lhG;L Joj:yfkg, b08 hl/jfgf c;"n tx;Ln ;DaGwL ljifox? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t ePsf cfb]zx¿ tkm{sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cWoog gul/g] u/L
ljifoj:t'sf] ;Ldf+sg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ nfu" ePkl5sf] ;dofjlwnfO{
b[li6ut ub}{ d'VotM ljut # cfly{s jif{ -cf=j= @)^)÷^! b]lv @)^@÷^#_ sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL
tYof+sx?sf] cfwf/df cWoog÷ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg sfg"gL

! cWoog ul/Psf lhNnf cbfntx?M sf7df8f},+ nlntk'/, eQmk'/, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, pbok'/, bf]nvf, wg'iff, ?kGb]xL, slkna:t', afFs,]
alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ .


k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug]{ d'nsx?n] ckgfPsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL cEof; ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6/ k|:t't ub}{
' ]
t'ngfTds ljlwzf:qn] xfd|f] sfg"gL Joj:yf, sfo{k0ffnLsf] ;'wf/nfO{ s'g xb;Dd d2t ug{ ;S5 x]g{]
|
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^=@ ;dout ;Ldf
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf tLgj6} lhNnf cbfntx?sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{
sDtLdf Ps dlxgfsf] ;do -@)^# kmfu'g_ nfUg]] cg'dfg u/L cWoog cl3 a9fOPsf] lyof] . ;f]
cWoogsf cfwf/df k|f/lDes Kf|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ldlt @)^#.!!.!!.^ df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .

To; jfx]s pkTosf aflx/sf laleGg lhNnfx?df ug'{ kg]{ cWoog;d]tsf nflu yk tLg dlxgfsf]
;dofjlw -@)^# r}q, @)^$ a}zfv / h]i7_ nfUg] cg'dfg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df kGw|j6f lhNnf
cbfntx?sf] :ynut cjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . plNnlvt b'j} k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/
u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^=# :ynut cjnf]sgsf] ;Ldf
;fwg ;|ftsf] ;Ldf leq afFlwP/ cWoognfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ afWotf xfdL;Fu lyof] . To;df klg
]
t/fO{ If]qdf lg/Gt/ ?kdf hf/L cfGbf]ngn] klg xfdLnfO{ s]xL ;fF3/f] t'Nofof] . oL ;a} ;d:ofsf aLr
'
klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf tLgj6} lhNNff / To;afx]s km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL d'2fsf] ;+VofTds l:ylt
/ o;sf] uxgtf tyf uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df ljleGg kGw| lhNnfdf uO{ ;"rgf Pjd tYof+s ;+sng
ul/Psf] lyof] . k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwf/df dfly plNnflvt ljlwx?sf] cjnDjgåf/f cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{
k"0f{tf k|bfg ug]{ sf]lzz ul/Psf] 5 .

!=& cWoogsf] :j?k
cWoog k|ltj]bgnfO{ ljleGg & j6f kl/R5]bdf ljefhg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;
kl/R5]bdf kl/ro, cWoogsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, cWoogsf] p2]Zo, k"j{ cWoogsf] ;dLIff, tYof+sx?sf]
;+sng / cg';Gwfg ljlw, cWoogsf] ;Ldf / cWoogsf] :j?k h:tf ljifox? ;dfj]z u/]kl5 bf];f] |
kl/R5]bdf k"j{ cWoogx?sf] ;dLIff zLif{sdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf o; cl3 ePsf cWoogx?sf]
;dLIff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . t];f] kl/R5]bn] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] jf/]df
|
k|sfz kfg]5 eg] rf}yf] kl/R5]bdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL t'ngfTds cWoog k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;df
{
ef/t, j]nfot, cd]l/sf, k|mfG; / hd{gL nufotsf ljleGg d'nsx?sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfg"gL
'
Joj:yf / cEof;nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . kfFrf}+ kl/R5]bdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;"rgf Pj+ tYof+sx?sf]
ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;df ;jf]Rr cbfntaf6 k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df tYof+sLo
{
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . 5}7f}+ kl/R5]bn] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL jt{dfg cj:yf ;DaGwL cWoog Pj+
;j]If0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ ;d]6sf] 5, h;df :ynut cjnf]sg ul/Psf cbfntx?sf]
{ ]
cj:yf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cledtsf ;fy} lj1x?sf] ljrf/ ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 eg] ;ftf}+
kl/R5]bdf lgisif{ / ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cf7f}+ kl/R5]bdf pk;+xf/nfO{ /flvPsf] 5 h;df ca
qmdj4 ¿kn] s] ug]{ / jt{dfg l:yltdf s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 .


kl/R5]b–b'O{
k"j{ cWoogx¿sf] ;dLIff

@=! ljifo k|jz
]
Gofokflnsfsf] ;'wf/ cleofgsf k|To]s r/0fdf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] kIfdf k|efjsfl/tf b]lvg g;s]sf]
cfTdd"Nof+sg ;lxt To;df ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] cf}NofO{b} cfOPsf] / km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ljifonfO{ ;+af]wg
+ +
ul/Psf] ePtfklg oyfy{df eGg'kbf{ Tof] Jojxf/df cg'jfb x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)@* b]lv Gofokflnsfsf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)^!–@)^^_ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf
Gofokflnsfsf] ;+/rgf, If]qflwsf/ / sfo{ k|lqmofdf y'k}| kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . To:tf cWoogx?n]
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf s] s:tf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g < s] s:tf ;d:ofx? klxrfg u/]sf 5g < /
s] s:tf ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]sf 5g < eGg] s'/fsf] dxTj o; cy{df 5 ls klxrfg ul/Psf tL ;d:ofx?
/ ;dfwfgsf pkfox?n] cfufdL lbgdf ug'kg]{ ;'wf/ / cFuflng] sbdsf] k|sl[ t lgwf{/0f ug{df d2t
{
k'U5 . To;}n] Gofokflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf; / ;'wf/sf nflu eP u/]sf] k"j{ cWoogx?df km};nf
sfof{GjognfO{ s;/L ;+af]wg ul/Psf] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf o; kl/R5]bdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@ pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)@*@
g]kfn clw/fHoel/ a9b} uPsf] d'2f dfldnfsf] km5of}6 a9L bIftf / tTk/tfsf ;fy l56f] / 5l/tf]
{
;Dkfbg x'g ;Sg] cfjZos pkfox? kQf nufpg] ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L ;lxt @)@& ;fn >fj0f @* ut]
ul7t pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]un] @)@* ;fn cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlw nufP/ k|ltj]bg tof/
u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltj]bgdf ;jf]Rr cbfnt, c~rn / lhNnf cbfnt, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;Dkfbg, k|zf;sLo
{
lgsfo / Gofo ;Dkfbg, ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf, km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog, 3'DtL cbfnt zLif{sdf
ljleGg ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;dWo] o; cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog
;DaGwL ;'emfjx?df dfq ;Lldt /xL oxfF ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

Goflos lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf geP;Dd To:tf lg0f{osf] s'g} cy{ x'bg eGg] cfof]usf]
F}
lgisif{df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] dxQfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog Goflos
k|lqmofsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ c+usf ?kdf u|x0f u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf @)!* ;fn cl3;Dd
sfod /x]sf ljlzi6Ls[t Goflos lgsfosf] ;d]t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ km};nf sfof{Gjogs} nflu
sf7df8f}df sf7df8f}+ >]:tf cbfnt tx;Ln, sf7df8f}+ b]jfgL cbfnt tx;Ln c88fx? /x]sf] kfOG5 .
+
To;afx]s sf7df8f}+ aflx/ ;d]t sfo{af]em a9L /x]sf 7"nf cbfntx? / ljz]iftM k"jL{ t/fO{sf cbfntx?df
5'§f5'§} cbfnt tx;Lnx? /x]sf lyP . t/ tL cbfnt tx;Lnx? ;DalGwt cbfntx?s} kmfF6sf] ?kdf sfd
ug]{ Joj:yf ePaf6 To:tf tx;Ln c88fx?nfO{ xfnsf] tx;Ln zfvf eGbf k[ys ?kdf x]g{ ldNg] cj:yf

@ g]=sf=k= @)@*, efu !#, c+s * .


b]lvb}g . cyf{t gfdfs/0fsf b[li6n] ljlzi6Ls[t Goflos lgsfosf] efg lbg] tL lgsfox? Jojxf/df
cbfnts} kmfF6 jf zfvf eGbf km/s g/x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . t/ oL lgsfox? km};nf sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/L
b]lvPsf / tL lgsfox?nfO{ cbfntdf uflePkl5 ult/f]w b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f k|ltj]bgdf
ul/Psf] 5 .

Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ / km};nf sfof{Gjog ug'{ /fHosf] k|dv cleef/f ePsfn] To;sf nflu x'g] vr{nfO{
'
Goflos lg0f{oaf6 x'g] cfo;Fu bfFh/ ljrf/ / Joj:yf ug]{ k|zf;sLo dgf]jl[ Qdf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf
]
af]w pRr:t/Lo cfof]un] u/]sf] 5 . log} ;d:ofx?af6 cfqmfGt km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] kIfnfO{ k|efjsfl/tf
k|bfg ug{ cfof]un] s]xL ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . h;dWo] b]xfosf ;'emfjx? dxTjk"0f{ 5gM

cbfnt / Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ cGo c88fx?df tx;Lnsf] 5'66} kmFf6 /xg' kb{5 . ;f] kmFf6df ljut

tLg aif{sf] d'2fsf] ;/b/ ;+Vof tyf ef}uf]lns l:yltsf] cfwf/df kof{Kt sd{rf/Lx? / To;
cg';f/sf] d;nGb / cGo cfjZos vr{x?sf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf xfn e} /x]sf] d'nsL P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] Joj:yf sltko
'
s'/fx?df cw'/f], ckof{Kt / b'ljwfk"0f{ ePsf]n] To;sf] lj:t[t cWoog / 5fgaLg u/L km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu Pp6f 5'§} P]gsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

@=# zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$)#
lgikIf, ;/n / ;j{;ne Gofosf nflu k|rlnt Gofo Joj:yf tyf sfo{ k4ltdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/sf]
'
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cWoog / 5fgaLg u/L ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ sfof{bz ]
;lxt @)#( ;fn cflZjg ! ut] Goflos ;ldltsf tTsfnLg cWoIf ;/bf/ >L O{Zj/L/fh ld>sf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t o; cfof]un] @)$) ;fn cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] ;dofjlwdf u/]sf] cWoog Pj+
5fgaLgaf6 k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . rf/ efudf ljeflht pQm k|ltj]bgdf ;jf]Rr cbfnt /
{
cGtu{tsf cbfntx? ;DaGwL, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]u / ljz]if k|x/L ljefu
;DaGwL, Goflos lg0f{o ug{ clwsf/ kfPsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox? / :yfgLo k~rfotx?sf] Goflos
clwsf/ ;DaGwL / dxfGofoflwjQmf / ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nox? tyf ;/sf/jfbL d'2f;Fu ;DjlGwt k|x/L
sfof{nox? ;DaGwL ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . To;dWo] efu ! df /x]sf] ;jf]Rr cbfnt / cGtu{tsf
{
cbfntx? ;DaGwL d"n ljifo cGtu{t kl/R5]b–& df km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ ;d]t
k|dvtfsf ;fy ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
'

cbfntsf] tx;Ln kmfF6sf] ljsNk vf]Hg gx'g,] t/ ;f] kmfF6sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f / d"Nof+sgsf] Joj:yf
x'gkg]{ cfof]usf] lgisif{ /x]sf] 5 . cbfntsf] clGtd km};nf adf]lhd nfu]sf] b08, hl/jfgf c;"n ug{
'
hfg] 8f]/nfO{ s}b hl/jfgf nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lrgfpg / kqmfp ug{ d2t ug'{ kg]{ s'/f ;a} :yfgLo
lgsfosf ;b:ox?sf] st{Jo tf]lsg' kg]{ s}b c;"nLnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg 8f]/df v6L hfg]
sd{rf/LnfO{ s}b nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/L Nofp+bf s}bsf] kl/df0fsf] cg'kftdf gub k'/:sf/ lbg]
Joj:yf u/L kqmfp k/]sf JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf] Dofb ;DdnfO{ cbfnts} ah]6af6 l;wf vr{ v'jfpg ;Sg]

# zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$) .


Joj:yf ug'kg]{ h:tf ;'emfjx? km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5g . k|ltj]bgdf ;d]l6Psf
{
d'Vo d'Vo Joj:yfx? b]xfo adf]lhd 5gM
s}b c;"n u/L Nofpg] 8f]/nfO{ s'g} k|fT;fxgsf] Joj:yf gePsf] / To;/L klqmP/ cfPsf y'gjf
] '
s}bLnfO{ jf6f]sf] Dofb;DdnfO{ l;wf vr{ lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf gePsf]n] s}b c;"nLdf b]vf k/]sf]
lzlyntf x6fO{ s}b c;"nLnfO{ ;d]t a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg 8f]/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ s}b nfu]sf]
JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/L Nofp+bf s}bsf] kl/df0fsf] cg'kftdf gub k'/:sf/ lbg] Joj:yf ul/g'sf]
cltl/Qm kqmfp k/]sf JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf] Dofb;DdnfO{ kqmfp ug{ k7fpg] cbfntsf] ah]6af6
l;wf vr{ v'jfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
hl/jfgf jf s}bsf] ;hfo nfu]sf] JolQm clGtd km};nf ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq hl/jfgf ltg{ jf
s}b j:g cfkm} pkl:yt ePdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ nfu]sf] hl/jfgf jf s}bdf aL; k|ltzt ldgfxf lbg] .
cbfntsf] clGtd km};nf adf]lhd nfu]sf] b08, hl/jfgf c;"n ug{ hfg] 8f]/nfO{ s}b hl/jfgf
nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lrGxfpg / kqmfp ug{ d2t ug'kg]{ s'/f ;j} :yfgLo kGrfotsf ;b:ox?sf]
{
st{Jo tf]lsg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
kIf / ljifo pxL /x]5 eg] Ps k6s lg0f{o e} cbfntaf6 rng rnfO{ lbO{ ;s]sf]df km};nf
adf]lhd rng glbO{ lvrf]nf u¥of] egL kIfsf] bvf{:t k/]df cl3 s} km};nf adf]lhd rng rnfO{
lbg cbfntaf6 8f]/ v6fO{ lbg' kb{5 . To;/L rng rnfpg 8f]/ k7fp+bf klg rng g5f8]df
cbfntaf6 dfgxflgdf / b08 ;hfosf] $# g+= adf]lhdsf] ;hfo ug{ sf/jfO{ lsg gug]{ eGg]
& lbg] sf/0f b]vfpsf] ;"rgf cbfntn] k7fO{ sf/jfO{ ug]{ Joj:yf ckgfpg' k5{ . To:tf] sf/jfO{
;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g cg';f/sf] u/L 6'uf] nufpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ / oxL cg';f/ ;+lIfKt
+
sfo{ljlw P]gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg ;d]t ul/g' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
lvrf]nf u/]sf], rng rnfO{ kfp+ eGg] Joxf]/f ;d]t lkm/fbkqdf gk/]sf]df xfn bvf{:tsf] e/df
dfq rng rnfpg] Joj:yf 5}g, rng rnfO{ kfpFgfsf] nflu km]l/ gfn]z lbg'kg]{ Joj:yfaf6
kIfx?nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] b]lv+bf o:tf]df rng rnfO{ kfp+ eGg] bvf{:t k/]df b:t"/ lnO{ pko'Qm {
adf]lhd rng rnfO{ lbg] sf/jfO{ u/L lbg' kb{5 .
dfgf rfdnsf] ;DaGwdf Ps k6s vfg nfpg jf vr{ e/fpg] u/L km};nf e};s]kl5 To;/L vfg
nfpg lbg' kg]{ jf vr{ e/fpg] u/L km};nf e};s]kl5 To;/L vfg nfpg lbg' kg]{ jf vr{ eg'{
kg]{ dflg;n] glbP ge/]sf] v08df tL JolQmx?sf] k"jl{ :ylt oyfjt /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bgaf6
dfq} klg cbfntn] dfgf rfdn e/fO{ lbg] / k"jf{j:yf ljBdfg g/xL To;df ljjfb pTkGg e}
;j"b k|df0f a'emL lsgf/f ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPdf csf]{ gflnz ug]{ cfb]z lbg] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .

@=$ ;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo
{
GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t k|:tfjx?$,
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLzx? tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf]
;Dd]ngx?df ;d]t km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df ljBdfg ;d:of / To;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf]
vf]hL x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . Gofokflnsfsf] pRr g]tTjsf] ;xeflutf /xg] To:tf ;Dd]ngx?df km};nf
[

$ ;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t k|:tfjx?, @)%)–
{
@)%^, ;jf]Rr cbfnt .
{


sfof{Gjogsf] kIfdf ljBdfg ;d:of / sdhf]/Lx?sf af/]df lrGtg x'g' :jo+df dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
;Dd]ngx? dfkm{t km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg vf]lhPsf pkfox?sf] cjnDjg eP gePsf]
;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ul/g' k5{ eGg] dfGotfn] o; cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf ;d]t ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t
k|:tfjx?sf] cWooog ul/Psf] 5 . To;dWo] km};nf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DjlGwt c+zx?sf cfwf/df
ljZn]if0fsf] k|of; ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t k|:tfjx? dWo] km};nf sfof{Gjog;Fu
;DjlGwt dxTjk"0f{ c+znfO{ oxfF ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

@=$=! klxnf] ;Dd]ng, @)%)
!= s}b hl/jfgf nfu]sf JolQmx?nfO{ jf/]06 hf/L u/L kqmfp u/L NofO{ c;"n pk/ ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
@= k|To]s lhNnfsf lhNnf GofofwLzsf] lgb]zgdf clgjfo{ ?kdf dlxgfsf] Ps k6s km};nf
{
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf c~rn tyf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod && nfO{ tbf?stfsf
;fy lqmofzLn ug'{ kg]{ / nut km5of}6 ePsf] k|ult ljj/0f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf]Rr
{ {
cbfntdf k7fpg] . ;fy} ;do ;dodf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLzn] klg To:tf] k|ult
ljj/0f dfu ug'{ k5{ .
#= lkm/fb, k|ltpQ/ btf{ ug{ / jskq ug{ cfpg] k|To]s JolQmsf] jf+sL b08 hl/jfgf 5 5}g x]/L
c;"n pk/ u/fpg' k5{ .
$= km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf k|rlnt P]g sfg"gdf e}/x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] cjnDjg u/L
nfu" ug]{ u/fpg] .
%= clGtd km};nf e};s]sf] ljifodf k'gM km};nf jb/ tkm{ d'2f rn] klg km};nf sfof{Gjog /f]Sg' gkg]{
Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .

@=$=@ t];f| ] ;Dd]ng, @)%@
!= c;"n tx;Ln sfo{sf nflu vl6 hfg] sd{rf/LnfO{ c;"n tx;Lnsf] sfd k|lt k|fT;flxt ug{ b}lgs
]
tyf e|d0f eQf jf c;"n u/L NofPsf] /sdaf6 @) k|ltzt k|fT;fxg k'/:sf/, /sd tTsfn kfpg]
]
Joj:yfug{ Gofof]lrt b]lvG5 . tx;Lnbf/nfO{ c;"n u/L NofPsf] /sdaf6 % k|ltzt k|f]T;fxg
k'/:sf/ lbg] Joj:yf ePdf c;"n tx;Lnsf] sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] b]lvG5 .
@= d'nsL P]g b08 ;hfosf] @# g+= nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ug]{ tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] / tx;Ln
'
zfvfn] km};nf adf]lhd b08, hl/jfgf, s}b jf ;/sf/L lauf] c;"n ug'{ kg]{ JolQm /x] a;]sf]
7fp+df k|To]s aif{ ;do ;dodf c;"n tx;Ln sfo{sf nflu 8f]/ v6fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'
cTofjZos b]lvG5 .
#= tx;Lnbf/sf] lgo'lQm ubf{ tfnLdsf] Joj:yf u/]/ dfq lgo'lQm ug]{ .

@=$=$ 5}7f}+ ;Dd]ng, @)%%
!= cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k|x/Lsf] ;xof]usf] ;d]t cfjZostf kg{ ;Sg] x'bf F
cbfntdf 5'§} Goflos k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
@= c+z d'2fdf afbLn] c+z kfpg] 7x/L clGtd km};nf ePsf]df cGo k|ltjfbL c+lzof/x?n] cfkmgf]
c+z efu 5'6ofO{ lng rfx]df sfg"g adf]lhd sf]6kmL bflvn u/L km};nfn] 7x/ ePsf] ;DklQaf6
{
5'6ofO{ lng kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .


#= rng rnfpg] sfo{df cj/f]w gcfj; eGg] p2]Zon] rng rnfpFbf kfFr hgf ;fIfL /fVg]
Joj:yfsf] ;§f e]l6P;Ddsf] ;fIfL /fvL rng rnfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

@=$=% ;ftf}+ ;Dd]ng, @)%^
!= km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'bf b08, hl/jfgf, s}b cflb c;"n tx;Lnsf] k|lqmof
F
d'nsL P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxn Pj+ lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL ;d]tdf Joj:yf e}/x]sf]df To;sf]
'
cjnDjg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] sfddf ePsf Joj:yfx?sf] k"0f{ kfng ug'{ kg]{ Pj+ tx;Lnbf/nfO{
k|lzIf0f lbnfpg pko'Qm x'bf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLzn] cf–cfkmgf] If]qdf GofofwLz,
F
>]:t]bf/ / tx;Lnbf/ ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L k|lzIf0f ug]{, u/fpg] .
@= ljz]if sf/0fj; rng rnfpg] d'2fsf] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf eO{ rng kfpg]
cj:yf gePdf xfg]{ kIfaf6 kLl8t kIfnfO{ ;f] ;DklQ j/fj/sf] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg] ;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
#= lauf] ltg'kg]{ JolQmsf] a}s, ljQLo ;+:yfdf jf cGoq /x]sf] rn ;DklQ ;d]tjf6 e/L e/fp ug{
{ +
;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

@=$=^ gjf}+ ;Dd]ng, @)%*
gjf}+ ;Dd]ngdf Goflos Joj:yfkg Pj+ Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ 5nkmnsf] d'Vo ljifo agfO{ To; cGtu{t
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t 5nkmn ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nut jif]gL a9b}
{
uPsf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ km};nf sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf k|bfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df cleofgsf] yfngL ug]{
;Dd]ngaf6 c7f]6 ul/Psf] 5 .

GofofwLzx?sf ljleGg ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t sfg"gL ;'wf/ ;DaGwL k|:tfjx? k|foM sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g .
To;}u/L /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 tx;Lnbf/ tyf clws[tx?nfO{ k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug{ z'?
ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk ;Dd]ngn] km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ ;fªuf]kfªuf] ?kdf x]g{ / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg kQf
nufpg g;s]sf] x'bf km};nf sfof{Gjogdf vf;} ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
F

@=% cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)%%%
;jf]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf] kf+rf} ;Dd]ng
{
-@)%$_ åf/f kfl/t k|:tfj adf]lhd @)%$ ;fn cflZjg !% ut] ;jf]Rr cbfntsf tTsfnLg GofofwLz
{
>L s]zjk|;fb pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ul7t cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf cbfnt
Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . k|ltj]bgsf] kl/R5]b–! df /x]sf] d'2fsf] k|jfx ;DaGwL
Joj:yf cGtu{t sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf ;/nLs/0fsf] cfjZostf zLif{sdf sfo{ljlw ;lxtf, Dofb tfd]n
sfo{ljlwdf Ps?ktf, d'2fx?sf] zL3| km5of}6 / km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
{

k|ltj]bgdf km};nf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cbfntsf]
;du| Joj:yfkg leq km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] :yfg dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/f, km};nf sfof{Gjogsf lglDt b/vf:t

% cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ;jf]Rr cbfnt, @)%% .
{


k/]kl5 lglZrt cjlw leq sfof{Gjog ul/;Sg'kg{ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf af]w, Goflos k|x/Lsf]
Joj:yfdf hf]8 / km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0fsf nflu k|:t't ul/Psf k|ltj]bgsf
;'emfjx?af6 :ki6 x'G5 . k|ltj]bgdf k|:tfljt ul/Psf] -cg';rL–$_ GofofwLzx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg lg/LIf0f
"
kmf/fddf km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd sfg"g adf]lhd lgwf{l/t ;doleq ug{ u/fpg ;s]sf] 5 5}g eGg]
ljifonfO{ k|dvtfsf ;fy pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf d'Vo d'Vo a'bfx? b]xfo adf]lhd 5gM
' F
d'2fx? km5of}6 ug{ sfg"gn] cjlw lgwf{/0f u/] em} km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf klg km};nf
{
sfof{Gjogsf lglDt b/vf:t k/]kl5 lglZrt cjlw leq sfof{Gjog u/L ;Sg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k|x/Lsf] ;d]t cfjZostf kg{ ;Sg] cj:yf x'g] x'bf F
cbfntdf 5'§} Goflos k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 hl/jfgf, s}b, ;/sf/L lauf] c;"n ug{ sDtLdf jif{df b'O{ k6s 8f]/
v6fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
c+z d'2fdf jfbLn] c+z kfpg] 7x/L clGtd km};nf ePsf]df cGo k|ltjfbL c+lzof/x?n] cfkmgf]
c+z efu 5'6ofO{ lng rfx]df sfg"g jdf]hd sf]6kmL bflvn u/L km};nfn] 7x/ ePsf] ;DklQaf6
{
5'6ofO{ lng kfpg] Joj:yf ePdf k'gM c+z d'2f ug]{ k|j[lQ sd x'g uO{ ;do / >f]t ;fwgsf]

art x'g] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos b]lvg] .
s}bsf] nut sl;Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/L cbfntdf bflvn ug{ Nofp+bf ;f] JolQmsf] nflu
af6f]df l;wf vr{sf] Joj:yf gePsf]n] To:tf] kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ v'jfpg l;wf vr{sf]
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
rng rnfpg] sfo{df cj/f]w gcfj; eGg] p2]Zon] rng rnfpg] kf+r hgf ;fIfL /fVg]
Joj:yfsf ;§f e]l6P;Ddsf] ;fIfL /fvL rng rnfpg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
xfn s]xL lhNnf cbfntx?df @)#* ;fn b]lvsf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lgj]bgx? pk/
clGtd sf/jfO{ x'g g;ls/x]sf] eGg] b]lvg'sf ;fy} km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lgj]bg pk/
sf/jfO{ x'g ;fdfGotof klg @÷$ aif{ nfUg] u/]sf] Jofjxfl/s tYojf6 b]lvPsf], o; cj:yfdf
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf clGtd km};nf ePsf] lg0f{o yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq
sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgj]bg lbO{ ;Sg' kg],{ ;fy} km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog ;fdfGotof a9Ldf ^
dlxgfleq ul/;Sg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

@=^ cbfnt ;'b9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*^
[
zL3| / ;'ne Gofo k|bfg ug{ Pjd cbfntsf] ul/df / k|lti7fnfO{ cIf'i0f' agfO{ :jR5 Gofosf] k|jfxsf]
lglDt cfjZos b]lvPsf ljifox?df cWoog u/L ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug{ ;/sf/åf/f ul7t cbfnt
;[b9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltn] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df Gofokflnsfsf r'gf}tLx?, zL3| / ;'ne Gofo,
[
cbfntL hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;d]tsf ljifox?df cWoog u/L ;'emfj
k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|ltj]bgdf zL3| / ;'ne GofonfO{ dxTjsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] / ;f] cGtu{t
km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf x'gkg]{ ;'wf/nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
'

^ cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldlt, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, @)%* .


cbfntaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o jf clGtd cfb]znfO{ d"t?k lbg] sfd km};nf sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq ;+ej x'g] x'bf
{ F
o; ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ Gofo k|zf;gsf] d'6sf] ?kdf lng'kg]{ s'/fdf k|ltj]bgn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . plrt
'
Joj:yfkg tyf cGo sltko sfg"gL tyf Jofjxfl/s sf/0fn] ubf{ cbfntn] c;"n ug'kg]{ s}b / b08
{
hl/jfgfsf] c+s lbgfg'lbg a9b} uO{/x]sf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ;f] k|ltj]bgdf b]jfgL k|sl[ tsf
d'2fx?sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogdf klg ljleGg sl7gfO{x? /x]sf], cbfntL jGbf]j:ts]f !& g+= sf] Joj:yfg';f/
kg{] lgj]bgsf] sf/0faf6 klg km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] kIf k|efljt x'g k'usf] l:yltjf]w ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
]
km};nf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;'wf/sf kIfx? k|:t't ul/Psf] ;f]
k|ltj]bgn] Goflos k|x/Lsf] Joj:yfaf6 km};nf sfof{Gjogdf of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5 .

km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf b/vf:tx?sf] zL3| km5of}6sf nflu Go"gtd cjlw tf]lsg' kg],{ lhNnf
{
cbfntdf /x]sf] tx;Ln kmfF6nfO{ lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu ;jf]Rr cbfntdf 5'§}
{
s]Gb|Lo c;"n tx;Ln dxfzfvf :yfkgf ug'kg],{ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf lauf] e/fpg], rng
{
rnfpg] tyf j08f 5'6ofpg] ;DaGwdf b'j} kIfn] ldnfkq ug{ rfx]df ldnfkq u/fpg ;Sg] sfg"gL

Joj:yf x'gkg]{ h:tf ;'emfjx? k|ltj]bgsf pNn]Vo kIf x'g . 5l/P/ /x]sf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL
'
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ PsLs[t ul/g'kg],{ GofofwLzn] d'2f km};nf ePkl5 cfkmgf] lhDd]jf/L ;lsPsf] 7fGg]
/ km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ uf}0f ljifo dfGg] k|jl[ Q TofuL km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{df ;d]t lhDd]jf/Ljf]w
ug'kg]{ s'/fdf klg k|ltj]bgn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf /x]sf km};nf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DjlGwt dxTjk"0f{
{
Joj:yfx? b]xfo adf]lhd 5gM
tx;Ln kmfF6sf] jflif{s sfo{qmd jgfO{ ;f] cg'?k ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .
tx;Ln kmfF6sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf ubf{ tx;Ln kmfF6 d} ;?jf x'g] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
tx;Ln kmfF6sf] s]jn /]vb]v tyf sfg"gL afwf c8rgsf] clGtd lgsfzf lbg] sfd;Dd lhNnf
GofofwLzsf] x'g] / ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L tx;Lnbf/ s} x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
5'§} Goflos k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf x'gkg]{ .
'
;a} cw{–Goflos lgsfosf] ;d]t nut tx;Ln zfvfdf /fVg] / c;"n tx;Lnsf] lhDd]jf/L
To;}nfO{ lbg] .
5l/P/ /x]sf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L kl/dfh{g u/L 5'§} sfg"g

agfO{ nfu' ug]{ .
j}1flgs 9+un] nut /fvL cBfjlws u/fpg sDKo"6/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf cWoog Pj+ of]hgf
th"df u/L l;kmfl/z ug{ ljz]if1 ;lxtsf] sfo{bn u7g u/L To;n] lbPsf] /fo ;'emfjnfO{ qmdzM
{
sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg] .
sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf tx;Ln zfvfdf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL Joj:yf ug]{ .
tx;Ln zfvfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;?jf cflb ubf{ ;f]xL k|sl[ tsf] sfddf nufpg] u/L ;?jf ug]{ /
lghsf] ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t ub}{ n}hfg] .
e|d0f eQf .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf 8f]/df lx8g' kbf{ oftfoftsf] ;fwg x'gkg],{ oftfoft b}lgs e|d0f
'
eQf lbg kof{Kt ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'gkg]{ .
'
/fd|f] sfd ug]nfO{ k|fT;fxg u/L k'/:s[t ug]{ / g/fd|f] sfd ug]nfO{ b08 lbg] s'/f Jojxf/df nfu"
{ ] {
ug]{ tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu plrt ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .


cbfntdf /x]sf ldl;n vf]h]sf] avt kfpg] u/L clen]v k|0ffnL r':t / b'?:t agfpg'kg]{ .
tx;Lnbf/sf] b}lgs sfo{ljj/0f /fVg] Joj:yf u/L k|To]s dlxgfsf] sfo{ ljj/0f GofofwLzn]
k|dfl0ft u/L k'g/fj]bg / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
GofofwLzn] d'2f km};nf u/]kl5 cfkmgf] sfd ;lsPsf] 7fGg] / km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ uf}0f ljifo
dfGg] k|jl[ Q TofuL km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ ;d]t ;jf]kl/ ?kdf x]/L /]vb]v / cg'udg ug]{ ug'kg]{ .
{ {

@=& kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, @)%*&
o; lbUbz{gdf kmf}Hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] /
;f] ;DaGwdf ;jf]Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx?, cGt/fli6«o dfkb08x? / kmf}hbf/L Gofosf
{
cfwf/e"t dfGotfx?nfO{ oyf:yfgdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df lbUbz{gn] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] km};nf
sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf klg ljz]if cfu|x jf ;'emfj k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g t/ klg To;df kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ljljw kIfnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf k|:t't ul/Pjf6 km};nf sfof{Gjogdf k|x/L sd{rf/Ln]
kfng ug'kg]{ st{Jo / bfloTjx? ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h'g cToGt dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5g .
{

@=* ck/fw ;+lxtf tyf kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf -d:of}bf_, @)%(*
kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L To;df x'gkg]{ ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;'emfj ;lxt
'
d:of}bf k]z ug{ ;/sf/åf/f ul7t kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;g cWoog tyf ;'emfj sfo{bnn] tof/ kf/]sf]
ck/fw ;+lxtf / kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] 5'§f5'§} d:of}bfnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L tof/ ul/Psf] kmf}hbf/L
ck/fw tyf sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] kl/R5]b !$ df km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? 5g, h;df d'nsL '
P]gsf s]xL Joj:yfx?nfO{ kl/dflh{t ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 eg] s]xL gofF k|fjwfgx? klg 5g . ;+lxtfdf
/flvPsf gofF Joj:yfx? df]6fdf]6L ?kdf b]xfo adf]lhd 5gM
tLg jif{ jf ;f] eGbf 36L ;hfo ePsf JolQm eP To:tf] JolQm Ps jif{ sf/fuf/df al;;s]kl5
lghsf] rfn rngdf ;'wf/ ePsf] eGg] sf/fuf/ k|dvsf] k|ltj]bg kg{ cfPdf To:tf] s;"/bf/sf]
'
xsdf tf]lsPsf] ;hfodf k|rlnt sfg"gn] lbg] 5'6 afx]s krf; k|ltzt ;Dd s}b sf/fuf/ aflx/
/x]/ sl§ x'g ;Sg] u/L cbfntn] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] .(
Psjif{ jf ;f] eGbf 36L s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf] s;"/bf/nfO{ cbfntsf] cfb]zn] sf/fuf/df gk7fO{ ;/sf/n]
;~rfng u/]sf] jf u}/ ;/sf/L :t/df :yflkt u/]sf] ;fd'bflos ;'wf/u[xdf k7fpg ;lsg], To:tf] ;'wf/
s]Gb|df a:g kfpF egL lgh :jo+n] klg lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] / To:tf] u[xdf lghn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] calwnfO{
s}b e'Qmfg u/]sf] calw dflgg] .!) t/ uDeL/ s]xL ck/fwsf s;"/bf/nfO{ ;'wf/u[xdf k7fpg g;lsg] .
kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L ePsf] km/f/L cleo'Qmsf] xsdf h'g;'s} d'2f ePklg d'2f km};nf ug'{ k"j{ g}
;DklQ /f]Ssf ul/g] / ;f]xL ;DklQaf6 km};nf adf]lhdsf] lauf], Ifltk"lt{ jf cGo ltg'{ kg]{ /sd
e/fpg ;lsg] .!!

& ;]n8{, @)%* .
* kmf}hbf/L ck/fw tyf sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf -k|:tfljt_ sfof{Gjog tof/L ;ldlt, @)%( sf7df8f}+ .
( kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, bkmf !$!-$_ .
!) P]=P]= bkmf !$!-&_, !$% .
!! P]=P]= bkmf !$@ .


tLg jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] !* jif{ eGbf dfly $% jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf]
zf/Ll/s ?kdf :j:y /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;>d sf/fjf;df /fVg ;lsg], t/ To:tf s}bLnfO{ >dsf]
Hofnf lbg' kg],{ >d u/] jfkt tLglbg >dsf] Ps lbgsf] lx;fjn] s}b s6[L x'g]!@
Psjif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s'g} s;"/df klxnf] k6s s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf] JolQmn] s}b
jfkt /sd lt/L cbfntn] tf]ssf] cfr/0f dfGg] zt{df cbfntn] ;zt{ s}b d'Qm ug{ ;Sg] .!#
]
tLgjif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] ljb]zL gful/sn] s}bsf] ;6[f hl/jfgf lt/L s}baf6
5'6sf/f kfpg lgj]bg lbPdf s]xL u+eL/ ck/fwdf afx]s!$ k|lt lbg ?=%)).– sf b/n] /sd lt/L

s}bdf ga:g] cfb]z cbfntn] lbg ;Sg], To:tf] /sd kLl8t /fxt sf]ifdf hDdf x'g] .!%
To:t} u/L ;ft jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd s}b ;hfo tf]sL s}b jf y'gfdf j;]sf] ljb]zL gful/snfO{
lghsf] d'nsdf g} s}b /fVg] k|Tofe"lt ;lxt ljb]zL d'nsn] ;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]df lglZrt
' '
ck/fwdf jfx]s cbfntn] lghnfO{ ;DalGwt d'nsdf s}b j:g] u/L ;xdlt k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] .!^
'
Ps csf{sf d'nsdf s}bLsf] ?kdf /x]sf s}bLx?sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ u/L ;/sf/n] ljb]zL
'
;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] .!&
b]xfosf] s}bsf] ;hfo tf]lsPsf] JolQm b]xfosf] calw ;Dd km/f/ /x]df nut s§f x'gM] !*

nfu]sf] s}b km/f/ calw
hGd s}b %) jif{
bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L $) jif{
kfFr jif{ b]lv bz jif{ ;Dd #) jif{
Ps jif{ b]lv kfFr jif{ ;Dd @) jif{
Psjif{ ;Dd !@ jif{
hl/jfgf nfu]sf] JolQmn] tTsfn hl/jfgf ga'emfO{ s'g} ;DklQ hdfgt lbPdf cbfntn] hl/jfgf
Ps jif{leq r'Qmf x'g] u/L a9Ldf tLg ls:tfdf a'emfpg] u/L cg'dlt lbg ;Sg] .!(
hl/jfgf jf lauf] jf Ifltk"lt{ ltg'{ kg]{ d'2fdf s;"/bf/sf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] qmddf s;"/bf/nfO{
lghn] u/]sf] nufgLsf] ;fFjf Jofh ltg'{ kg]{ b]lvPdf cbfntn] To:tf] /sd /f]Ssf /fVg jf ;f]em}
cbfntdf bfv]n ug]{ cfb]z -Garnisment order_ lbg ;Sg] . / To:tf] ;fFjf Jofh c;"n pk/
ul/lng s'g} JolQmnfO{ lgo'Qm ug{ -appointment of receiver_ ;Sg] .@)

!@ P]=P]= bkmf !$# .
!# P]=P]= bkmf !$^ .
!$ h:tf]M Hofg, hj/h:tL s/0fL, hLp df:g] a]Rg], e|i6frf/, z/L/ aGws lng] jf ckx/0f ug]{, 8fFsf, vf]6f 6s jf ljb]zL ljlgdo, nfu"
cf}ifwdf hl/jfgf ltg{ jf ;'wf/ u[xdf j:g ldNb}g .
!% P]=P]= bkmf !$^-$_ .
!^ P]=P]= bkmf !^@ .
!& P]=P]= bkmf !^@-$_ .
!* P]=P]= bkmf !$*-@_, ;f] ug'{ k"j{ /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ hkmt u/L laqmL u/L /sd ;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvn ug'{ kg]{ .
!( P]=P]= bkmf !%) .
@) P]=P]= bkmf !%&-@_-#_-$_ .


o;/L ;/;tL{ x]bf{ kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfn] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf t'ngfTds ljlwzf:qsf s}of}+
cfsif{s s'/fx?nfO{ klxnf] k6s ;+lxtfj4 u/L ;'wf/fTds t/ Jofjxfl/s km};nf sfof{Gjog k4ltnfO{
k|jz u/fpg vf]hsf] b]lvG5 . tyflk kLl8tsf] Ifltk"lt{nfO{ ;hfo :yug jf j}slNks ;hfosf] k"j{
] ]
zt{sf] ?kdf eg] o;n] hf]8g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+lxtfn] kLl8t /fxt sf]ifsf] Joj:yf t u/]sf] 5 t/ To;df

hl/jfgfsf] lglZrt c+z clgjfo{ ?kdf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ of] ;+lxtfsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L oL / cGo cfjZos s'/fx? yk u/L To;kl5 dfq} hf/L ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@=( b'lgofjfbL d'2fM sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, @)^!@!
o; lbUbz{gdf b'lgofjfbL b]jfgL tyf b'lgofjfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cjnDjg ul/g] sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL
ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;jf]Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
{
l;4fGtx? / cGt/fli6«o dfkb08x? ;d]tnfO{ oyf:yfgdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df lbUbz{gn]
b'lgofjfbL d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf klg ljz]if cfu|x jf ;'emfj k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, t/
o;df b'lgofjfbL b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ljljw kIfnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf k|:t't
ul/Pjf6 km};nf sfof{Gjogdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ o;n] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
lbUbz{gdf km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL d"n zLif{sleq b]jfgL d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog / kmf}hbf/L
d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . lbUbz{gdf ;d]l6Psf d'Vo d'Vo Joj:yfx?nfO{
b]xfodf tflnsf agfP/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

b]jfgL d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog
tx;Ln zfvfsf] lhDd]jf/L km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] bfloTj / nut
s:g] Joj:yf
lkm/fbL -jfbL_ nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf cleo'Qm jf s;"/bf/sf] d[To' ePdf
sf/0fL d/]sf] cj:yfdf hl/jfgf, s}b, aL;f}b jf
+ s}b ;hfo / c;"nL
lauf] c;"nL
;/sf/L lauf] c;"nL vt vflkg] / gvflkg] cj:yf
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sf/jfO{sf qmddf jfl/; s}b Dofb 7]Sg] tl/sf
/fVg] Joj:yf
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sf/jfO{ l8;ld; ug{ gx'g] s}b c;"n ug]{ k|lqmof
lauf] e/fpg] / rng rnfpg] k|lqmof hl/jfgf c;"n ug]{ k|lqmof
;DklQ lnnfd ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw hfohft ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f
/lhi6«zg, bflvn btf{ u/fpg]
] hfohft ;j{:j ug]{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf
lgvGg lbg] / rng rnfpg] 8f]/ v6fpg] / nut km5of}6 ;ldlt ;DaGwL
{
Joj:yf
c+z 5'6ofpg] k|lqmof
5'6, ldgfxf, k|fT;fxg
]
lgj]bgaf6 sf/jfO{ ug]{ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{df ;xof]u ug'kg]{
{

@! b'lgofjfbL d'2fM sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, Gofokflnsf ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, ;jf]Rr cbfnt÷o'=Pg=l8=lk=, @)^! .
{


@=!) Gofokflnsfsf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)^!–)^@_@@
g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s th'df ul/Psf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf oltv]/
{
dWofjlw d"Nof+sgsf] r/0fdf k'usf] 5 . Gofokflnsfleq of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ug]{ of] /0fgLlts
]
of]hgfn] j:t'l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ug'sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo / d"Nox? ;d]t
{
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df kfFr jif{leq ;DkGg ul/g] d"n sfo{x? / To;sf nflu /0fgLlts
pkfox? -Strategic Intervension_ sf] If]q ;d]t klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .

Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIonfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu kfFr jif{leq ;DkGg ug{ vf]lhPsf d"n rf/j6f sfo{ dWo]
km};nf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;f] cGtu{t km};nf sfof{Gjog nfO{ klg ;d]l6Psf] 5 . km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] glthf kl/;"rs -Indicator) ;d]t tf]lsPsf] 5 . To;df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf
lgj]bgx? ^ dlxgfleq km5of}6 ug{ g;lsP s'g} xfntdf klg Ps aif{ gf£g glbg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf]
{
5 . aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{ s'/f klg gtLhf kl/;"rsdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Gofokflnsfsf] kl/b[Zo -Vision_ sf] k|flKtdf d2t k'Ug] ljZjf;sf ;fy klxrfg ul/Psf /0fgLlts
pkfox?df Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ ljifo klg k/]sf] 5 .
cg";rLdf ;+nUg d"nsfo{x?sf] sfo{of]hgfdf sfd sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f, gtLhf, sfo{;Dkfbg kl/;"rs
"
/ hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;af6 km};nf sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg r/0fx?df sf] slt lhDd]jf/ x'g]
eGg] ls6fgL ul/Paf6 sfof{Gjog kIfsf] ;kmntf c;kmntf;Fu lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lsf] hjfkmb]lxtf klg
hf]l8g k'usf] 5 . csf]{ cg';rLdf ;+nUg /0fgLlts pkfodf sfo{, gtLhf, sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs, ;dofalw
] "
/ hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;/L ;dofjlw / hjfkmb]lxtf ;lxtsf] Joj:yfn] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;xh x'g] / To;sf cfwf/df lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fpg
klg d2t k'Ug] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

;dofalw lgwf{/0f ;lxtsf] sfo{of]hgf /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . t/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
kIfsf] ;jntf / b'jntfsf] d"Nof+sg kl5 of]hgfsf] ;kmntf c;kmntfsf] dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . dWofalw
{
d"Nof+sgsf qmddf Tof] t:jL/ ;fj{hlgs x'g] g} 5 . of]hgfdf /x]sf km};nf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DjlGwt
ljifox? b]xfo adf]lhd 5gM

s= gtLhf kl/;"rsM
!= km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf lgj]bgx? ^ dlxgfleq km5of}6 ug]{ Pj+ s'g} klg cj:yfdf ! aif{
{
gfWg glbg] .
@=aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{ .

v= /0fgLlts pkfoM
Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ ;'b9 t'Nofpg] .
[

@@ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt g]kfn, @)^@ .


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