3. 6.1 Head of Athena. Athena from Piraeus, detail of
a bronze statue. Classical Greek. Circa. 350 BCE.
Archaeological Museum, Piraeus, Greece. Marie
Mauzy / Art Resource, NY, ART392305.
Wisdom and War
• Athena’s favoritism towards men is
one of her defining traits
• She has traditional oversight of male
activities like farming, sailing, and
warfare
• Athena was born from Zeus’ skull,
and shares many of her traits with
him
• She is worshiped in cities, and has no
connection to nature or the natural
world
6. 6.3 Athena studies the head of Medusa with Perseus. Detail from
an Apulian red-figure krater. Attributed to the Tarporley Painter, c.
400–385 BCE. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA /
Gift of Robert E. Hecht, Jr. / Bridgeman Images, BST 1121461.
Soldiers
• Athena was born wearing armor,
which presages her involvement in
war
• She oversees the martial arts-the
skills of warfare, as well a the
strategies of warfare
• She and Ares as associated with
completely different aspects of war
• She enables military success
through restraint, intelligence, and
craft
7. 6.4 Athena constructing the Trojan Horse. Red-figured
Greek kylix (drinking cup). Sabouroff Painter, c. fifth
century BCE. Museo Archeologico, Florence, Italy. Scala /
Art Resource, NY, ART16611.
Heroes
• Athena is the patroness of
heroes, but Heracles and
Odysseus are her favorites
• Athena offers the practical
cleverness that allows heroes to
succeed at tasks where brute
strength is not enough
• She aids Odysseus in winning
the Trojan War, then in
returning safely to his home
8. 6.5 Poseidon. Detail from an Attic red-figure
amphora from Etruria. Kleophrades Painter,
500–490 BCE. bpk, Berlin /
Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen,
Berlin, Germany/Ingrid Geske- Heiden/ Art
Resource, NY, ART179889.
Poseidon
• Poseidon ruled the sea, the third of the earth
he won when he drew lots with his brothers
Zeus and Hades
• Poseidon is associated with horses as well, and
is sometimes credited with inventing the bridle
• He is most closely connected with elemental
forces like earthquakes and tidal waves
• Athena and Poseidon held a competition to
determine who would rule the city of Athens,
which highlights both their commonalities and
their differences
9. Map 6.2 Athena in Athens
The City of Athens
• Athena was worshiped in many
Greek cities, but her worship is
most developed in Athens
• She was represented in three
different forms on Athens’
Acropolis, and the Panathenaia
celebrated her and her victories
yearly
11. 6.7 Gaia (Ge) hands the baby Erichthonius/Erechtheus
Athena (standing). Red-figure kylix (drinking cup). Kod
Painter, c. 440–430 BCE. bpk, Berlin / Antikensammlung, Staatlic
Museen, Berlin, Germany/Johannes Laurentius/ Art Resource, N
ART300746.
The Origins of Athens
• In Athens’ myth of its
foundation, Athena gives birth
to a son, Erichthonius, who is
one of Athens’ first kings.
• Since he was born from the
earth, Athena remained a
virgin, and the role of women
in creation was obscured
• This emphasizes that men as
political beings are sufficient
without women’s participation
13. 6.8 Pensive Athena. Marble votive
relief from the Acropolis. Circa 470–
450 BCE. Acropolis Museum,
Athens, Greece. Nimatallah / Art
Resource, NY, ART36206.
The Mind Structures Myths in Oppositions
• Greek myths share elements with dreams
• Psychologists have looked to myth to learn how the
human mind works and how experiences are
processed
• Sigmund Freud argued that myths express the fears
and wishes of a society
• Carl Jung argued that myths convey many messages,
not just hopes and fears
14. The Mind Structures Myths in Oppositions
• Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, was interested in how the human
mind structured experiences and then created similarly structured stories
and codes of behavior
• He argued that the human mind structures information in terms of
oppositions: night/day, male/female
• To understand myths one must look for the underlying opposition
• Breaking myths down into smaller units, mythemes, can aid in discovering
these oppositions and understanding the underlying social values of the
society which produced the myth
16. Map 6.3 Egypt (Neith)
Egypt
• Athena plays a key role
in debates on the
relationship between
Greece and Egypt
• Martin Bernal’s book
Black Athena argues
that Egypt influenced
Greece far more than
scholars have
recognized
17. 6.9 Neith (left), wearing the
Red Crown. Wall painting,
Temple of Khnum, Esna, Egypt.
Jane Taylor / The Art Archive at
Art Resource, NY, AR9151364.
Athena and Neith
• In the Archaic Period, the Egyptian king
Psammetichus I employed Greek mercenaries to
reunify Upper and Lower Egypt
• He later settled them in Egypt in return for their
service
• Most interaction between Greece and Egypt revolved
around trade, and was centered in Naucratis, a Greek
colony in Lower Egypt
• The Egyptians seem to have closely regulated and
restricted contact between Egyptians and Greeks
• In the Histories, Herodotus describes the worship of
Neith and equates her to Athena
18. Athena and Neith
• Neith is depicted as the protector of Lower Egypt and its king
• She protects the king on his journey to the realm of the dead and is also
the protector of Osiris
• She also seems to have been associated with weaving, particularly
wrappings for the dead
• She is worshiped with a lamplight festival that celebrates her creation of
the world
• Herodotus treated the similarities between the two as evidence that they
were the same goddess
• Whether Neith had influence on the development of the attributes of
Athena is still questioned
20. 6.10 Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the
People (1830). Oil on canvas. Louvre Museum,
Paris, France. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY,
ART76327.
Athena as a Political Allegory
• Athena was a political, military, and
unifying goddess and a symbol for
the Athenian state
• Female figures modeled on her have
served similar roles for modern
nations
• Both Marianne in France and the
Statue of Liberty in America are
allegories for abstract political
values, and can be traced back to
Athena
• Since abstract concepts tend to be
female nouns, Athena is uniquely
suited to representing them
21. 6.11 François-Charles Morice and
Léopold Morice, Statue of the
Republic (1879). Place de la
République, Paris, France. Agencja
Fotograficzna Caro/Alamy, CRFH69.
Athena as a Political Allegory
• Athena inspired two political allegories in
France: Liberte and Marianne
• Marianne was designed to represent the French
Republic, and stood for liberty
• Liberte, also a woman, is depicted as more
active and martial
• She is dressed as a commoner rather than in
Classical garb, and is more unrestrained and
fearless
