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1
“Tage der
Genforschung”
Rekonstruktion eines
Stammbaums
●
FMI, 16. Mai 2019
●
Christoph Schmid /
Kenji Shimada
2
Rekonstruktion der
Abstammung
●
Lebewesen verändern sich langsam
über Generationen
●
Unter gewissen Umständen können
solche Änderungen zur Auftrennung
in verschiedene Arten führen
●
Ein vereinfachtes Beispiel, wie man
aus dem heutigen Zustand und
genetischen Informationen die
Geschichte der Entwicklung
zurückverfolgen kann
3
Evolution einer Sequenz
ACGTCGTATG
4
Evolution einer Sequenz
ACGTCGTATG
ACGTCTTATG
ACGTCATATG
5
Evolution einer Sequenz
ACGTCGTATG
ACGTCTTATG
ACGTCATATG
ACGTCACATG
ACGTCAGATG
ACTTCTTATG
ACATCTTATG
6
Evolution einer Sequenz
ACGTCGTATG
ACGTCTTATG
ACGTCATATG
ACGTCACATG
ACGTCAGATG
ACTTCTTATG
ACATCTTATG
AAGTCACATG
ATGTCACATG
ACGTCAGGTG
ACGTCAGCTG
ACTACTTATG
ACTCCTTATG
ACATGTTATG
ACATATTATG
7
Gegenwärtiger Zustand
AACATAGTCG
AACATTGTCG
AAGGTCGTCG
AAGCTCGTCG
ATTATCTACG
ATTATCTCCG
ATTATCATGG
ATTATCATAG
?
8
Verschiedenheits-matrix
AACATAGTCG
AACATTGTCG
AAGGTCGTCG
AAGCTCGTCG
ATTATCTACG
ATTATCTCCG
ATTATCATGG
ATTATCATAG
9
Verschiedenheits-matrix
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AACATAGTCG
AACATTGTCG
AAGGTCGTCG
AAGCTCGTCG
ATTATCTACG
ATTATCTCCG
ATTATCATGG
ATTATCATAG
=> Distanz zwischen identischen Sequenzen = 0
10
Verschiedenheits-matrix
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AACATAGTCG
AACATTGTCG
AAGGTCGTCG
AAGCTCGTCG
ATTATCTACG
ATTATCTCCG
ATTATCATGG
ATTATCATAG
=> Distanzen reziprok, untere Matrix-Hälfte redundant!
11
Platziere die Sequenzen
passend im Stammbaum
●
Distanz ~= Summe der horizontalen Längen im Stammbaum (vertikale Position nicht entscheidend)
12
Lösungen
13
Verschiedenheits-matrix
0 3 5 1 5 5 3 5
0 5 3 5 5 1 5
0 5 1 3 5 3
0 5 5 3 5
0 3 5 3
0 5 1
0 5
0
AACATAGTCG
AACATTGTCG
AAGGTCGTCG
AAGCTCGTCG
ATTATCTACG
ATTATCTCCG
ATTATCATGG
ATTATCATAG
14
AACATAGTCG
AACATTGTCG
AAGGTCGTCG
AAGCTCGTCG
ATTATCTACG
ATTATCTCCG
ATTATCATGG
ATTATCATAG
Platziere die Sequenzen
passend im Stammbaum
●
Distanz ~= Summe der horizontalen Längen im Stammbaum (vertikale Position nicht entscheidend)
15
Offenkundigste Vereinfachungen
In realen Anwendungen
➔
haben Genomsequenzen verschiedene Längen
charakteristisch für die Art (zB. Mensch: 3* 109 Basenpaare)
➔
geschehen Veränderungen nicht so schön regelmässig, und
nicht nur an einer Position
➔
kann eine bestimmte Position in getrennten Arten mehrmalig
verändert werden
➔
ist die Erbinformation mehrfach redundant (DNA
Doppelstrang, doppelter Chromosomensatz)
➔
gibt es viele Veränderungen in einem Individuum, die nicht
charakteristisch sind für die Art
➔
16
Erweiterungen
Kleine Programmierübungen:
●
Berechnung der Distanzen zwischen
vorgegebenen DNA Sequenzen
●
Darstellung eines möglichen
Stammbaumes aus einer vorgegebenen
Distanzmatrix

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Rekonstruktion stammbaum