Perfect Score Chemistry SPM 2012

1

The equation below shows a reaction to produce hydrogen gas.
Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas bagi menghasilkan gas hydrogen.
2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
Which of the following would increase the rate of production of hydrogen gas?
Manakah antara pernyataan berikut meningkatkan kadar penghasilan hydrogen gas.
A
B
C
D

Increase the time of the reaction
Meningkatkan masa tindak balas
Increase the volume of acid
Meningkatkan isipadu asid
Increase the size of granulated zinc
Meningkatkan saiz ketulan zink
Increase the temperature of the mixture
Meningkatkan suhu campuran
(27/2003)

2

Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of the reaction?
Manakah antara pernyataan berikut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar tindak
balas?
I
II
III
IV

A
B
C
D

Release of gas per unit time
Menghasilkan gas per unit masa
Change of the colour intensity per unit time
Perubahan keamatan warna per unit masa
Formation of precipitate per unit time
Penghasilan mendakan per unit masa
Increase in the mass of reactant per unit time
Meningkatkan jisim bahan tindak balas per unit masa
I and II only
I dan II sahaja
III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja
I, II and III only
I,II dan III sahaja
II,III and IV only
II,III dan IV sahaja
(18/2003)

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3

Table 4 shows the total volume of gas collected at regular intervals in a reaction.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan jumlah isipadu gas yang dikumpul pada sela masa dalam suatu
tindak balas.
Time/s
Masa/s
Volume of the gas/cm3
isipadu gas/ cm3

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

0.0

2.0

3.7

5.2

6.4

7.3

8.6

8.6

What is the average rate of the reaction in the second minute?
Apakah kadar tindak balas purata pada minit kedua?
A
B
C
D

0.040 cm3 s-1
0.045 cm3 s-1
0.053 cm3 s-1
0.062 cm3 s-1
(44/2003)

4

The equation below represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Persamaan berikut mewakili penguraian larutan hidrogen peroksida
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Which of the following are produced when 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed
completely?
Manakah antara berikut yang akan terhasil apabila 1 mol hydrogen peroksida diuraikan
dengan lengkap?
(1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition; Avogadro’s Constant: 6.0 x 1023 mol-1
1 mol gas memenuhi 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik: Avogadro’s constant: 6.0 x 1023 mol-1)
I
II
III
IV

2 mole of water
2 mol air
12 dm3 of oxygen gas
12 dm3 oksigen gas
3 x 1023 of water molecules
3 x 1023 molekul air
1.2 x 1024 of water molecules
1.2 x 1024 molekul air


MODULE JUJ

A
B
C
D

I and III only
I dan III sahaja
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
II and III only
II dan III sahaja
II and IV only
II dab IV sahaja
(48/2003)

5

The rate of reaction for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide decreases with the time
because
Kadar tindak balas untuk penguraian hydrogen peroksida berkurangan dengan masa
kerana
A
B
C
D

Product of the reaction decreases
Hasil tindak balas berkurangan
Temperature of hydrogen peroxide decreases
Duhu hydrogen peroksida berkurangan
Volume of the hydrogen peroxide decreases
Isipadu hydrogen peroksida berkurangan
Concentration of hydrogen peroxide decreases
Kepekatan hydrogen peroksida berkurangan
(14/2004)


MODULE JUJ

6

An experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction between marble and
hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji tentang kadar tindak balas antara marmar
dengan asid hidroklorik bagi menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida
Experiment
Ekperimen
I
II

Substances
Bahan
3
Excess marble and 50.00 cm of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Marmar berlebihan dan 50.00 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm-3
Excess marble and 100.00 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Marmar berlebihan dan 100.00 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm-3

Which of the following graphs represents the two experiments?
Manakah antara graf berikut yang mewakili dua eksperimen ini?

A

B

C

D


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7

The reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The reaction is
complete in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is 25 cm3. What is the
average rate of the reaction?
Tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dan zink menghasilkan hydrogen gas. Tindak balas
ini lengkap dalam masa 50 saat dan isipadu gas yang terhasil ialah sebanyak 25 cm3.
Apakah kadar tindak balas purata dalam tindak balas ini?
A
B
C
D

0.5 cm3 s-1
1.0 cm3 s-1
2.0 cm3 s-1
4.0 cm3 s-1
(45/2004)

8

The table shows the mass of sulphur trioxide formed at different temperatures during the
Contact process.
Jadual menunjukkan jisim sulfur trioksida yang terhasil semasa proses Sentuh pada suhu
yang berlainan.
Temperature/oC
Suhu/ oC
Mass of suphur trioxide/kg
Jisim sulfur trioksida/kg
Time taken
Masa

300

400

500

600

350

200

120

100

5 hours

2 hours

6 minutes

9 minutes

At what temperature is the production rate of sulphur trioxide the highest?
Pada suhu keberapakah kadar penghasilan tertinggi bagi sulfur trioksida?
A
B
C
D

300
400
500
600

o

C
C
o
C
o
C
o

(46/2004)


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9

The diagram shows the energy profile of a reaction. Ea is the activation energy for this
reaction
Gambar rajah menunjukkan profil tenaga bagi suatu tindak balas. Ea adalah tenaga
pengaktifan bagi tindak balas ini.

What will change the activation energy from Ea to Ea’?
Apakah yang akan mengubah tenaga pengaktifan daripada Ea ke Ea’?
A
B
C
D

Temperature
Suhu
Catalyst
Mangkin
Concentration
Kepekatan
Total surface area
Jumlah luas permukaan
(12/2005)

10

Which of the following explains the meaning of effective collision?
Antara pernyataan berikut yang manakah menjelaskan maksud perlanggaran yang
berkesan?
A
B
C
D

The collision where its energy is less than the activation energy
Perlanggaran yang tenaganya kurang dari tenaga pengaktifan
The collision that has a low energy
Perlanggaran yang berlaku mempunyai tenaga yang rendah
The collision which takes place before a reaction
Perlanggran yang berlaku sebelum sesuatu tindak balas
The collision that causes a reaction
Perlanggran yang menghasilkan tindak balas.
(13/2005)


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11.

The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine the rate of
the reaction between thiosulphate and sulphuric acid.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar
tindak balas antara natrium tiosulfat dengan asid sulfuric.

Which of the following combination of conditions take a shortest time for the mark X to
disappear from sight?
Antara kombinasi keadaan berikut yang manakah mengambil masa paling singkat untuk
tanda X hilang daripada penglihatan?

A
B
C
D

Sulphuric
Sodium
acid
thiosulphate solution
o
Volume Concentration Volume Concentration Temperature/ C
/cm3
/mol dm-3
/cm3
/mol dm-3
10
1.0
50
0.5
30
10
1.0
50
0.5
40
10
0.5
50
0.5
30
20
0.5
40
0.5
40
(45/2005)

12.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a catalyst?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah bukan ciri-ciri mangkin?
A
B
C
D

A catalyst is specific in its reaction
Mangkin adalah kursus dalam tindak balasnya.
A catalyst influences the quality of product reaction
Mangkin mempengaruhi kuantiti hasil tindak balas.
The chemical property of a catalyst remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
Sifat kimia mangkin tetap tidak berubah di akhir tindak balas.
Only a little amount of a catalyst is needed to influence of the rate of the reaction
Hanya sedikit mangkin diperluaskan untuk mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
(13/2006)


MODULE JUJ

13.

In an experiment, the decomposition of 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
solution produces oxygen gas.
Dalam satu eksperimen, penguraian 25 cm3 larutan hydrogen peroksida 0.1 mol dm-3
menghasilkan gas oksigen. Graf isipadu gas osigen melawan masa dilukis dan lengkung
P diperoleh.

If experiment is repeated using another solution, which solution will produce curve Q?
Sekiranya eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan larutan lain, larutan manakah yang
akan menghasilkan lengkung Q?
A
B
C
D

25 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
25 cm3 hidrogen peroksida 0.15 mol dm-3
(46/2005)

14.

The following statements are related to the collision theory of a reaction.
Antara pernyataan berikut adalah berkaitan dengan teori perlanggaran tindak balas.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

The total surface area of the reactant particles increases
Jumlah luas permukaan zarah tindak balas meningkat
The kinetic energy of the reactant particles increases
Tenaga kinetik zarah bahan tindak balas meningkat
The frequency of the collision between the reactant particles increase
Fekuensi perlanggaran antara zarah bahan tindak balas meningkat
The number reactant of particles per one unit of volume increases
Jumlah zarah bahan tindak balas per unit isipadu meningkat


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15.

Which of the following combinations is true about the effect of the rise in temperature on
the reactant particles?
Antara kombinasi berikut, yang manakah benar tentang kesan peningkatan suhu ke atas
zarah bahan tindak balas?
A
B
C
D

I and II only
I dan II sahaja
II and III only
II dan III sahaja
III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
(30/2006)

16.

If you want to cook 100 potatoes within a short time, which is the most suitable method?
Jika anda ingin memasak 100 biji tomato dengan masa yang singkat, manakah kaedah
yang paling sesuai digunakan?
A
B
C
D

Boil the potatoes in a pan
Merebus kentang di dalam kuali
Boil the potatoes in a pressure cooker
Merebus kentang di dalam periuk tekanan
Steam the potatoes in a steamer
Mengukus kentang di dalam pengukus
Fry the potatoes in a wok
Menggoreng kentang dalam kuali
(43/2006)

17.

Which of the following reactants produces the highest rate of the reaction with zinc
powder?
Manakah antara bahan tindak balas berikut yang menghasilkan kadar tindak balas
tertinggi apabila bertindak balas dengan serbuk zink?
A
B
C
D

25 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 of ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 asid ethanoik 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 of nitric acid 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 asid nitrik 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3
(44/2006)


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18.

The reaction between zinc, Zn and hydrochloric acid, HCl is represented by the following
equation.
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(g)
A student wants to determine the rate of the reaction in a school laboratory. Which of the
following methods is the most suitable?
Tindak balas antara zink, Zn dengan acid hydroklorik, HCl diwakili oleh persamaan
berikut.
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(g)
Seorang murid ingin menentukan kadar tindak balas itu di makmal sekolah. Antara
kaedah berikut yang manakah sesuai?
A. Determine the change in temperature of the solution with time
Menentukan perubahan suhu larutan dengan masa
B. Determine the change of the concentration of zinc chloride with time
Menentukan kepekatan zink klorida dengan masa
C. Determine the volume of hydrogen gas given off with time
Menentukan isipadu gas hydrogen yang terbebas dengan masa
D. Determine the change of concentration hydrochloric acid with time
Menentukan perubahan kepekatan acid hidroklorik dengan masa
(12/2007)

19.

Diagram 11 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to determine the rate of
reaction.
Rajah 11 menunjukan susunan radas bagi ekperimen bagi menentukan kadar tindak
balas.

10 | P a g e @ R A T E Ohttp://edu.joshuatly.com/
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20.

Which of the following techniques is the most suitable to determine the rate of reaction?
Antara teknik berikut, yang manakah paling sesuai untuk menentukan kadar tindak
balas?
A. Record the time as soon as precipitate is formed.
Mencatat masa apabila mendakan mula terbentuk.
B. Record the time to obtain the maximum temperature
Mencatat masa untuk mendapatkan suhu maksimum
C. Record the time as soon as cross mark cannot be seen
Mencatat masa sebaik sahaja tanda pangkah tidak kelihatan.
D. Record the time for the change pH value until the fixed pH value is obtained
Mencatat masa bagi perubahan nilai pH sehingga nilai pH yang tetap diperolehi.
(33/2007)

21.

Which is the following is the correct match of a low rate of reaction and a high of
reaction?
Antara padanan berikut, yang manakah betul tentang tindak balas yang mempunyai
kadar tindak balas rendah dan kadar tindak balas tinggi?

A

B

C
D

Low rate of reaction
Kadar tindak balas rendah
Neutralisation between hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide solution
Peneutralan antara acid hidroklorik dan
larutan natrium hidroksida
Double decomposition between lead(II)
nitrate solution and potassium iodide
solution
Penguraian ganda dua antara larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat dan larutan kalium
iodide
Iron rusting
Pengaratan besi
Formation of glucose solution
Penapaian larutan glukosa

High rate of reaction
Kadar tindak balas tinggi
Iron rusting
Pengaratan besi

Neutralisation between hydrochloric
acid and sodium hydroxide solution
Peneutralan antara acid hidroklorik
dan larutan natrium hidroksida

Formation of glucose solution
Penapaian larutan glukosa
Double decomposition between lead(II)
nitrate solution and potassium iodide
solution
Penguraian ganda dua antara larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat dan larutan kalium
iodide
(42/2007)

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22.

Table 2 shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, collectrd in the reaction between
limestone powder and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 2 menunjukan isipadu gas carbon dioxide, CO2 yang dikumpul dalam tindak
balas antara serbuk batu kapur dan acid hidroklorik cair.
Time/minute
Masa/minit
Volumeof CO2/cm3
Isipadu CO2/cm3

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0.0

4.5

7.5

10.0

12.5

14.5

16.0

17.0

Table 2
Jadual 2
What is the average rate of reaction during the second minute?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata dalam minut kedua?

A. 1.25 cm3 minute-1
1.25 cm3 minit-1
B. 2.50 cm3 minute-1
2.50 cm3 minit-1
C. 5.00 cm3 minute-1
5.00 cm3 minit-1
D. 12.50 cm3 minute-1
12.50 cm3 minit-1
(43/2007)
23.

Which factors does not affect the rate of reaction?
Factor manakah tidak mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas?
A. Size of the solid reactant.
Saiz bahan tidak balas yang berkeadaan pepejal
B. Volume of the reactant.
Isipadu bahan tindak balas
C. Concentration of the reactant
Kepekatan bahan tindak balas
D. Temperature of the reactant
Suhu bahan tindak balas
(8/2008)

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24.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a catalyst?
Antara yang berikut adalah ciri suatu catalyst?
A. It changes the amount of product in the reaction
Mengubah kuantiti hasil tindak balas dalam tindak balas
B. Chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
Tidak berubah secara kimia pada akhir tindak balas
C. Equal amount of catalyst and reactant are needed for the reaction
Kuantiti yang sama bagi mangkin dan bahan tindak balas diperlukan untuk tindak
balas.
D. The amount of the catalyst decreases at the end of the reactant
Kuantiti mangkin berkurangan pada akhir tindak balas.
(48/2008)

25.

Which process have the highest rate of reaction?
Proces yang manakah mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang paling tinggi?
A. Rusting
Pengaratan
B. Respiration
Respirasi
C. Combustion
Pembakaran
D. Photosynthesis
Fotosintesis
(1/2009)

26.

In which in the chemical reaction can the rate be determined by measuring the changes in
the gas volume?
Antara tindak balas kimia berikut,yang manakah mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang
boleh ditentukan dengan mengukur perubahan isipadu gas?
A. Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution with iron(II) sulphate solution
Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid dengan larutan ferum(II) sulfat
B. Sodium hydroxide solution with dilute hydrochloric acid
Larutan natrium hidroksida dengan asid hidroklorik cair
C. Silver nitrate solution with sodium chloride solution
Larutan argentum nitrat dengan larutan natrium klorida
D. Calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid
Kalsium karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik cair
(24/2009)

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27.

When the temperature of a reacting mixture increases, the rate of reaction increases.
Which statement explains why the rate of reaction increases?
Apabila suhu campuran bahan tindak balas meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat.
Penyataan manakah yang menerangkan mengapa kadar tindak balas meningkat?
A. The total surface area of the reactant particles increases
Jumlah luas permukaan zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas bertambah.
B. The total number of the reactant particles per unit volume increases.
Jumlah bilangan zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas per unit isi padu bertambah.
C. The reactant particles move faster and collide more often with one another.
Zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas bergerak lebih cepat dan berlanggar lebih kerap
antara satu sama lain.
D. The reactant particles which collide more often are able to overcome the lower
activation energy.
Zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas yang berlanggar lebih kerap boleh mengatasi
tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah.
(30/2010)

28.

Table 6 shows the total volume of hydrogen gas, collected at regular intervals for the
reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 6 menunjukkan jumlah isi padu gas hydrogen, yang dikumpul pada sela masa yang
sekata bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik.
Time (min)
Masa (min)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

Total volume of hydrogen gas (cm3)
Jumalah isi padu gas hydrogen (cm3)
0.00
8.00
14.50
20.50
24.00
26.50
26.50
26.50

What is the average rate of reaction?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata?

A.
B.
C.
D.

0.10 cm3 min-1
7.60 cm3 min-1
10.60 cm3 min-1
37.40 cm3 min-1
(31/2010)

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29.

The following equation shows the reaction between zinc powder and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara serbuk zinc dengan asid
hidroklorik.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
How can the rate of production of hydrogen can be increased?
Bagaimanakah kadar penghasilan hydrogen boleh ditingkatkan?
A. Increase the size of zinc
Meningkatkan saiz zink
B. Increase the volume of water in the acid
Meningkatkan isipadu air dalam asid
C. Increase the volume of hydrochloric acid
Meningkatkan isipadu asid hidroklorik
D. Increase the temperature of the hydrochloric acid
Meningkatkan susu acid hidroklorik
(32/2010)

30.

The following chemical equation represents the reaction between calcium carbonate,
CaCO3 and hydrochloric acid, HCl.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Which changes can be used to determine the rate of reaction?
Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 dan
asid hidroklorik, HCl.
Perubahan manakah boleh digunakan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas?
I
II
III
IV

A.
B.
C.
D.

Mass of calcium carbonate per unit time
Jisim kalsium karbonat per unit masa
Volume of carbon dioxide released per unit time
Isi padu karbon dioksida dibebaskan per unit masa
Colour of solution per unit time
Warna larutan per unit masa
Mass of precipitate produced per unit time
Jisim mendakan terhasil per unit masa

I and II
I and III
II and IV
III and IV
(24/2011)

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31.

When a few drops of copper(II) sulphate solution is added to a mixture of zinc powder
and dilute sulphuric acid, the rate of reaction increases. Which statement best explains
why the rate of reaction increases?
Apabila beberapa titik larutan kuprum(II) sulfat ditambah kepada campuran serbuk zink
dan asid cair, kadar tindak balas meningkat. Pernyataan manakah yang terbaik
menjelaskan mengapa kadar tindak balas meningkat?
A. Lowers the activation energy
Merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan
B. Increases the collision frequency
Meningkatkan frekuensi perlanggaran
C. Increases the concentration of sulphate ion in the mixture
Meningkatkan kepekatan ion sulfat dalam campuran
D. Makes the orientation of collision between reacting particles is favourable
Menjadikan orientasi perlanggaran antara zarah bahan tindak balas lebih sesuai.
(29/2011)

32.

Table 4 shows the total volume of oxygen gas, O2, collected in the decomposition
reaction of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan jumlah isipadu gas oksigen, O2, yang dikumpul dalam tindak
balas penguraian hydrogen peroksida, H2O2.

Time(s)
Masa(s)
Volume of O2(cm3)
Isipadu O2 (cm3)

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

0.00

18.00

27.50

35.00

41.50

46.50

50.00

50.00

50.00

Table 4
Jadual 4
What is the overall average rate of reaction?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata keseluruhan?
A.
B.
C.
D.

0.152 cm3 s-1
0.208 cm3 s-1
0.278 cm3 s-1
0.310 cm3 s-1
(39/2011)

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Section A
Bahagian A
1

Diagram 6 shows two experiments to investigate one factors that influences the rate of a
reaction.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji satu faktor yang mempengaruhi
kadar satu tindak balas.

(a)

What is the factor that influences the rate of reaction in both experiments?
Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam kedua-dua
eksperimen itu?

[1 mark]

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(b)

The reaction in the experiment is represented by the following equation:
Tindak balas dalam eksperimen itu diwakili oleh persamaan berikut:
CaCO3(p) + 2HCl(ak) → CaCl2(ak) + CO2(g) + H2O(ce)
(i)

Among the products stated in the equation, which is the most suitable to
be chosen to determine the rate of reaction?
Antara hasil tindak balas yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan ini, yang
manakah paling sesuai untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas?

[1 mark]
(ii)

State one reason for choosing the product in 1(b)(i).
Nyatakan satu sebab untuk memilih hasil tindak balas di 6(b)(i).

[1 mark]
(c)

State two controlled variable in both experiment.
Nyatakan dua pembolehubah yang dimalarkan dalam kedua-dua eksperimen ini.

[2 marks]

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(d)

The results for both experiments are represented by Graph 6.
Keputusan kedua-dua eksperimen itu diwakili oleh graf 6

Based on Graph 6:
Berdasarkan Graf 6:
(i)

Experiment II has a higher rate of reaction. How does the graph show
this?
Eksperimen II menunjukkan kadar tindak balas yang lebih tinggi.
Bagaimanakah graf itu menunjukkan keadaan ini?

[1 mark]
(ii)

What is happen to the reactant at time x?
Apakah yang telah berlaku pada bahan tindak balas pada masa x?

[1 mark]
(iii)

Why are both curves at the same level after time x?
Mengapakah kedua-dua lengkung berada pada aras yang sama selepas
masa x?

[1 mark]

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(e)

What is the conclusion for both experiments?
Apakah kesimpulan bagi kedua-dua eksperimen itu?

[1 mark]
(f)

Another experiment is carried out using excess calcium carbonate powder and
dilute hydrochloric acid with different concentrations.
Satu eksperimen lain dijalankan menggunakan serbuk kalsium karbonat
berlebihan dengan asid hydroklorik cair yang berlainan kepekatan.
Sketch the curve of concentration of dilute hydrochloric asid against the time
taken to collect a fixed quantity of the product.
Lakar lengkung graf kepekatan asid hidroklorik cair melawan masa untuk
mengumpul kuantiti hasil ditetapkan.

[2 marks]

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2

An experiment is carried out to investigate the rate of reaction of zinc with hydrochloric
acid. Excess zinc powder is added to 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The
volume of gas collected at regular intervals is shown in Diagram 5.1
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara zink dengan asid
hidroklorik. Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm3
. Isi padu gas yang terkumpul pada sela masa yang sama ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1.

(a)

State the meaning of the rate of reaction.
Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.

[1 mark]
(b)

From the graph in Diagram 5.1, determine:
Daripada graf dalam Rajah 5.1, tentukan:
(i)

The rate of reaction at 120 s.
Kadar tindak balas pada 120 s

[1 mark]
(ii)

The average rate of reaction between 60 s and 120 s.
Kadar tindak balas purata antara 60 s dan 120 s.

[1 mark]
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(c)

Explain why the rate of reaction decreases with time.
Terangkan mengapa kadar tindak balas berkurangan dengan masa.

[1 mark]
(d)

Another experiment is carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of this
reaction. The results of this experiment are shown in Diagram 5.2. Curve I
represents the results of this experiment using excess zinc powder and 50 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 dilute hydrochloric acid.
Satu eksperimen lain dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas ini. Keputusan eksperimen ini ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah 5.2. Lengkung I mewakili keputusan eksperimen yang menggunakan
serbuk zink berlebihan dan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik cair 1.0 mol dm-3.

(i)

Suggest the factors that influence the rate of reaction to obtain the curves
labelled II and III
Cadangkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas untuk
mendapatkan lengkung-lengkung berlabel II dan III
Curve II/ lengkung II : ……………………………………………….
Curve III/ lengkung III :……………………………………………….
[2 marks]

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(ii)

Describe briefly how to carry out the experiment to obtain the curve
labelled III.
Huraikan dengan ringkas bagaimana eksperimen itu dijalankan untuk
mendapatkan lengkung berlabel III.

[3 mark]
(iii)

Give one reason why the final volume the gas obtained in curve III is
half the final volume of gas in curve I.
Beri satu sebab mengapa isi padu akhir gas yang terhasil dalam
lengkung III adalah separuh daripada isi padu gas dalam lengkung I.

[1 mark]

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3

Diagram 5 show two set of experiment to study the factor affecting the rate of reaction
between hydrochloric acid, HCl and calcium carbonate, CaCO3
Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua set eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik, HCl dan kalsium karbonat,CaCO3.

(a)

Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction in this experiment.
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.

[2 marks]
(b)

What is the reading needed to recorded in both experiments to determine the rate
of reaction in 3 minutes?
Apakah bacaan yang perlu dicatat dalam kedua-dua eksperimen untuk
menentukan kadar tindak balas dalam masa 3 minit?

[1 mark]

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(c)

Calculate the average rate of reaction in set I
Hitung kadar tindak balas purata dalam set I

(d)

(i)

Compare the rate of reaction in set 1 and set 2.
Explain your answer based on the factor affecting the rate of reaction.
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi set 1 dan set 2. Jelaskan jawapan
anda berdasarkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]
(ii)

Explain the answer in 5(d)(i) with reference to the collision theory.
Jelaskan jawapan di 5(d)(i) dengan merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran.

[3 marks]

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(e)

Sketch the graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas produced against time for both
set of experiment in the first 3 minutes.
Lakarkan graf isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan melawan masa bagi
kedua-dua set eksperimen dalam masa 3 minit yang pertama.

Volume of
carbon dioxide/
cm3
Isipadu karbon
dioksida / cm3

Time/ min
Masa/min
4

In an experiment to investigate the rate of reaction, 50.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium
thiosulphate solution and 5.0 cm3 of mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid, are used. The sulphur
formed can be measure the rate of reaction.
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas, 50.0 cm3 larutan tiosulfat 0.2
mol dm-3 dan 5.0 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm-3, digunakan. Sulphur yang terbentuk
boleh digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas itu.
The equation for the reaction is given below.
Persamaan tindak balas itu diberi di bawah.
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + SO2 + S + H2O
(a)

What is the colour of sulphur?
Apakah warna sulphur?

[1 mark]

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(b)

The number of moles of a solute can be calculated using the formula, n=MV
[ n = Number of moles of solute (mol), M = Molarity of a solution(mol dm-3),
V = Volume of solution(dm-3)]
Bilangan mol suatu zat terlarut boleh dihitung menggunakan rumus, n=MV
[ n = Bilangan mol zat terlarut (mol), M = Kemolaran larutan (mol dm-3), V =
Isipadu larutan (dm-3)]
Calculate,
Hitung,
(i)

The number of mole of sodium tiosulphate in the solution.
Bilangan mol bagi natrium tiosulfat dalam larutan itu.

[1 mark]
(ii)

The number of mole of sulphuric acid.
Bilangan mol bagi asid sulfurik.

[1 mark]
(c)

Based on the answer in 2(b)(i) and 2(b)(ii), name the reactant which determines
the quantity of sulphur formed at the end of the reaction.
Berdasarkan jawapan di 2(b)(i) dan 2(b)(ii), namakan bahan tindak yang
menentukan kuantiti sulphur yang terbentuk pada akhir tindak balas itu.

[1 mark]
(d)

(i)

State three factors that can affect the rate of reaction in this experiment.
Nyatakan tiga faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas itu
dalam eksperimen ini.
1. ……………………………………………………………….
2. ……………………………………………………………….
3. ……………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]

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(ii)

using the collision theory, explain how any one of the factors in 2(d)(i)
increases the rate of reaction.
Menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana mana-mana
satu daripada faktor di 2(d)(i) meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]

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Section B
Bahagian B
1

(a)

Food stored in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen
cabinet. Explain why.
[4 marks]
Makanan yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk tahan lebih lama daripada makanan
yang disimpan dalam almari dapur.
Terangkan mengapa.
[4 markah]

(b)

A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors
affecting the rate of reaction. Table 7 shows information about the reactant and
the temperature used in each experiment.
Sekumpulan murid telah menjalankan tiga eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Jadual 7 menunjukkan
maklumat tentang bahan tindak balas dan suhu yang digunakan dalam setiap
eksperimen.

Experiment
Eksperimen
I

II

III

Reactants
Temperature/°C
Bahan tindak balas
Suhu/°C
3
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 30 cm of 0.5 mol
dm-3 hydrochloride acid
30
Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 30 cm3 asid
hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 30 cm3 of 0.5 mol
40
Excess calcium carbonate powder and 30 cm3 of 0.5
mol dm-3 hydrochloride acid
40
Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 30 cm3 asid
-3
hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm
Table 7
Jadual 7

Graph 7 shows the results of these experiments.
Graf 7 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen-eksperimen ini.

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(i)

Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I.
Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata bagi eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

(ii)

Based on Table 7 and Graph 7, compare the rate of reaction between:
Berdasarkan Jadual 7 dan Graf 7, bandingkan kadar tindak balas
antara:
• Experiment I and experiment II
Eksperimen I dan eksperimen II
• Experiment II and experiment III
Eksperimen II dan eksperimen III
In each case explain the different in rate of reaction with reference to the
collision theory.
Bagi setiap kes terangkan perbezaan dalam kadar tindak dengan
merujuk kepada teory perlanggaran.
[10 marks]

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(iii)

The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan kimia di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalsium
carbonate dengan asid hidroklorik.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Given that the relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40 and the molar
volume of any gas is 24 dm3 mol -1 at room temperature and pressure.
Diberi, jisim atom relatif bagi C=12, O=16, Ca=40 dan isi padu molar
sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 mol-1 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik.
Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced in
Experiment II.
Hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil dalam
eksperimen II.
[4 marks]

2

Three experiments, I, II, and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate
of reaction. Table shows the reactants and the conditions of reaction involved.
Tiga eksperimen, I, II, dan III dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Jadual 8 menunjukkan bahan tindak balas dan
keadaan tindak balas yang terlibat.
Experiment
Eksperimen
I

II

III

(a)

Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid
Excess zinc
50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5
Zink berlebihan
mol-3
Excess zinc
sulphuric acid
Zink berlebihan
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.5 mol-3
Excess zinc
sulphuric acid
Zink berlebihan

(i)

Condition of reaction
Keadaan tindak balas
Room temperature

Room temperature

60°C

Referring to experiment I, II and III, state:
•
The meaning of rate of reaction
•
Two factors that affect the rate of reaction
Merujuk kepada eksperimen I, II dan III, nyatakan:
•
Maksud kadar tindak balas,
•
Dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
[3 marks]

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(ii)

Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in experiment I
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

(b)

Calculate the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment I.
[Molar gas volume at room conditions is 24 dm3]
Hitungkan jumlah isipadu gas hydrogen yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen I.
[Isi padu molar gas pada keadaan bilik ialah 24 dm3]
[3 marks]

(c)

Diagram 8 shows the results of experiments I, II and III.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen I, II dan III.

Based on the graph,
Berdasarkan graf,
(i)
Compare the rate of reaction between experiment I and experiment II.
Explain your answer using the Collision Theory.
Banding kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I dan eksperimen II.
Jelaskan jawapan anda menggunakan Teori Perlanggaran.
[5 marks]

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(ii)

Suggest one way to obtain curve III without changing the zinc, acid or
temperature in experiment II. Explain your answer using collision theory.
Cadangkan satu cara untuk memperoleh lengkung tiga tanpa mengubah
zinc, asid, dan suhu dalam eksperimen II. Jelaskan jawapan anda
menggunakan teori Perlanggaran.
[5 marks]

(iii)

Explain why the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment II
is doubled that of experiment I.
Terangkan mengapa jumlah isi padu gas hydrogen yang dibebaskan
dalam eksperimen II adalah dua kali ganda eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

Section C
Bahagian C
1

Table 10 shows the data from Experiment I and Experiment II that were carried out to
study the rate of reaction of zinc with two acid, P and Q.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan data daripada Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II yang dijalankan
untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara dua asid, P dan Q.
Experiment

Reactants

Products

Observation

Eksperimen

Bahan tindak balas

Hasil tindak balas

Pemerhatian

I

2.6 g of zinc and 50 cm3 of Zinc chloride and The temperature of the
acid P 2.0 mol dm-3
mixture inceases
hydrogen gas
2.6 g of zink dengan 50
cm3 asid P 2.0 mol dm-3
Zink klorida dan gas Suhu campuran meningkat
hidrogen

II

2.6 g of zinc and 50 cm3 of Zinc sulphate and The temperature of the
acid Q 2.0 mol dm-3
mixture inceases
hydrogen gas
2.6 g of zink dengan 50
Zink sulfat dan gas Suhu campuran meningkat
cm3 asid Q 2.0 mol dm-3
hidrogen

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(a)

(i)

By choosing either Experiment I or Experiment II, state the name of
the acid used. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of this acid
with zinc.
Dengan memilih Eksperimen I atau Eksperimen II, nyatakan nama asid
yang digunakan . tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini dengan
zink.
[2 marks]

(ii)

Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction in 10(a)(i). On the
energy profile diagram show the:
Lukis satu gambar rajah profil tenaga untuk tindak balas di 10(a)(i).
Pada gambar rajah profil tenaga itu ditunjukkan:
•
•
•

Heat of reaction, ∆H
Haba tindak balas, ∆H
Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
Tenaga pengaktifan tanpa mangkin, Ea
Activation energy with a catalyst, Ea’
Tenaga pengaktifan dengan mangkin, Ea’

Explain the energy profile diagram.
Jelaskan gambar rajah profil tenaga itu.
[10 marks]

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(b)

The graph in Diagram 10 shows the results of Experiment I and Experiment II
Graf pada Rajah 10 menunjukkan keputusan bagi Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen
II.

Based on the graph:
Berdasarkan pada graf:
(i)

Calculate the average rate of reaction for either Experiment I or
Experiment II.
Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata bagi Eksperimen I atau
Eksperimen II.
[2 marks]

(ii)

Explain the different in the rate of reaction between Experiment I and
Experiment II before 160 s. Use the collision theory in your explanation.
Terangkan perbezaan kadar tindak antara Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen
II sebelum 160 s. Gunakan teori perlanggaran dalam penerangan anda.
[6 marks]

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PAPER 3 : CHAPTER 1 FORM FIVE (Rate of Reaction)
Q1 / P3 / 2003
An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction. 50
cm3 of sodium thiosuiphate solution 0.05 mol dm-3 at 30°C was put into a 250 cm3 conical flask.
Then the conical flask was placed on an `X' sign on a piece of white paper.
10 cm3 of hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm3 was added to the sodium thiosuiphate solution and
shaken. At the same time, the stop watch was started. The stop watch was stopped as soon as the
`X' sign was no longer visible. The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium
thiosuiphate solution which was heated to 35°C, 40°C and 50°C.
Figure 1 shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different temperatures.

Diagram 1
(a)

Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.

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1
time

(b)

Construct a table and record temperature, time, and

for this experiment.

(c)

(i)

Draw a graph of temperature against

(ii)

Based on the graph in (c)(i), state the relationship between the rate of
reaction and temperature.

1
on the graph paper.
time

…………………………………………………………………………
(d)

Predict the time taken as soon as the sign `X' to be no longer visible if
this experiment is repeated at 55°C.
……………………………………………………………………………………

(e)

(i)

State the variable involved in this experiment.
Manipulated variable
……………………………………………………………………
Responding variable
……………………………………………………………………
Constant variable
……………………………………………………………………

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(ii)

State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other
variable constant.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

(f)

State the hypothesis for this experiment.
………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………….

(g)

From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between
temperature and rate of reaction. The same situation can be applied in our daily
lives, for example, keeping food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.
Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship between temperature
and the rate at which food turns bad.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..

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MARK SCHEME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

D
C
C
C
D
D
A
B
B
D
B
B
C
B
B
A
C
C
D
C
B
B
C
D
C
C
D
C
D

30.
31.
32.

C
A
C

Section A
1. (a)
Total surface area of the calcium carbonate
(b)(i) Carbon dioxide, CO2
(b)(ii) The volume of carbon dioxide released per unit time can be easily measured
(c)
1. The temperature of the reacting mixture
2. The concentration of the hydrochloric acid
(d)(i) The gradient of the graph obtained from Experiment II is much steeper that the
gradient of the graph obtained from experiment I.
(d)(ii) One of the reactant and both of the reactants has completely reacted.
(d)(iii) The mass of calcium carbonate or the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used
is the same in both experiments. This resulted in the same volume of carbon
dioxide being released.
(e)
The bigger the total surface area is, the higher the rate of reaction will be.

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(f)

Concentration of dilute
hydrochloric acid

Time taken to collect a
fixed quantity of product

2. (a)

(b)(i)

Rate is a measure of how fast or how slow something is happening.
In chemistry, the rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted
into products through a chemical reaction.
Rate of reaction
=
= 0.142 cm3 s-1

(b)(ii)
=
= 0.267 cm3 s-1
(c)

Because the concentration of the acid and the mass of the zinc decreases with
time
(d)(i) Curve II : The experiment is carried out at a higher temperature or a catalyst is
used.
Curve III : The experiment is carried out with a lower concentration of HCl or
with a smaller mass of zinc.
(d)(ii) The experiment for curve (III) are carried out, using the same apparatus set up
and under the same condition as in experiment (I). However, only the
concentration of HCl is changed from 1.0 mol dm-3 to 0.5 mol dm-3. The
volume of the gas collected at regular interval by using water displacement
method.
(d)(iii) Because the reaction uses the same volume of HCl but with half of its
concentration. Therefore, the number of mole of hydrochloric cid for curve III is
half the number of mole of HCl for curve I.
3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)(i)

Volume of carbon dioxide released every 30 seconds.
60 (3 60) = 0.333 cm3 s-1
The rate in reaction in set 2 is higher than the rate of reaction in set 1. This is
because the concentration of HCl in reaction in set 2 is higher than that in
reaction in set 1. The higher the concentration, the higher is the reaction will.be.

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(d)(ii) A higher concentration of HCl contains more particles of H+ and Cl- per unit
volume, the higher the effective rate of collision of H+ on CO32- will be. This
increases the rate of formation of CO2.
(e)

Section B.
1. (a)

(b)(i)

Food stored in a refrigerator lasts longer because of the following reasons :
• The temperature in refrigerator is lower
• Bacterial activity is lower, less toxin is produced by bacteria
• In a kitchen cabinet, the temperature is higher, bacterial activity is higher.
• Therefore the rate of food spoilage is faster in a kitchen cabinet than in a
refrigerator.
Volume of gas released = 50 cm3
Time taken = 55 s
Therefore the average rate of reaction
=
= 0.91 cm3 s-1

(b)(ii) Experiment I and experiment II
• Experiment II has a higher rate of reaction than experiment I.
• The temperature for reaction II is higher than experiment I.
• Frequency collision between hydrogen ion, H+ and calcium carbonate
increases in experiment II, so
• The kinetic energy between reacting particles increases, so
• The frequency of effective collision between reactant particles increases.
Experiment II and experiment III
• The rate of reaction in experiment III is higher than experiment II
• The size of calcium carbonate in experiment III is smaller than experiment II
• The smaller the size, will increases the total surface area in experiment III
• The frequency of collision between hydrogen ion, H+ and calcium carbonate
increases.
• The frequency of effective collision between reactant particles increases.

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(b)(iii) Number of mole of hydrochloric acid
=
x 30
= 0.015 moles
2 moles of HCl produce 1 mol of carbon dioxide
Therefore 0.015 mole hydrochloric acid produces
= x 0.015
= 0.0075 mole
1 mole of CO2 occupies 24 000 cm3
Therefore 0.0075 mole will occupy
= 0.0075 x 24 000 cm3
= 0.18 dm3
2. (a)(i)

Meaning
Rate of reaction is the change of volume of hydrogen gas per unit volume
Two factors
Temperature and concentration of hydrogen ion/ hydrochloric
(a)(ii) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
(b)
Number of mole
=
=
= 0.025
=

(c)(i)

= 0.0125

Total volume
= 0.0125 X 24 = 0.3 dm3
Experiment I and experiment II
• Rate of reaction of experiment II is higher than experiment I
• Concentration of hydrogen ions in experiment in experiment II is higher than
experiment I
• Thus, the number of hydrogen ion per unit volume in experiment II is higher
than experiment I
• Frequency of collision between zinc and hydrogen ion in experiment II is
higher than experiment I
• Frequency of effective collisions between particles increases

(c)(ii) Add a catalyst such as copper(II) sulphate
• The catalyst lowers the activation energy.
• More particles collide with each other to achieve activation energy.
• Frequency of collisions between zinc and hydrogen ion increases.
• Frequency of effective collisions between particles increases
(c)(iii) The acid used in experiment II is diprotic acid whereas in experiment I
is monoprotic.
So, the number of hydrogen ions in experiment II is double.

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Section C.
1. (a)(i)

Experiment I : Hydrochloric acid
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

(a)(ii)

Explanation Ea
• The reaction is exothermic
• The total heat contains of the products is lower than that of the reactant
• Therefore heat of given off.
• The differences between reactants and products are known as the heat of
reaction.
• The energy differences between the maximum energy of the curve and the
energy of the reactant are called activation energy.
• This is the energy barrier that must be overcome before the reaction can occur.
Explanation Ea’
• When a catalyst is added, the activation energy is lower.
• The reaction goes through an easier path
• The rate of reaction increases because more effective collision between the
reactant particles can occur to produce the products faster.
(b)(i)

Experiment I
=

= 4 cm3 s-1

(b)(ii) Experiment I.
The acid used in experiment I is hydrochloric acid. It is a monoprotic acid. The
acid
produces one hydrogen ion per molecule.
Experiment II
The acid used in experiment II is sulphuric acid. It is a diprotic acid. The acid
produces two hydrogen ions per molecule. If the concentration is the same,
diprotic acid will have more hydrogen ions per unit volume than a monoprotic
F REACTIONS


MODULE JUJ

acid. The frequency of effective collision between reactant particles is higher.
This will result in a higher rate of reaction for experiment II.
Paper 3 :
1 (a) Time, t1 55 s at the temperature of 30° C.
Time, t2 48 a at the temperature of 35° C.
Time. t4 37 s at the temperature of 45° C.
(b)

(1) Graph of temperature against

1
time

F REACTIONS


MODULE JUJ

(ii) The rate of reaction increases with the increase in temperature.
From the graph, when temperature = 55 °C,

1
= 0.033 s-1
time

Time = 30.3 s
(h) (i) Manipulated variable: Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution.
Responding variable: Rate of reaction between sodium thiosuiphate
and hydrochloric acid.
Constant variable: Concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution
(ii) Temperature is the manipulated variable.
Heating sodium thiosulphate with several different temperatures by remaining the
concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid
constant helps maintain the responding variable.
(i)

The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction is.

(g)

The lower the temperature, the lower the rate of food turns bad.

F REACTIONS


MODULE JUJ

Section A
Bahagian A
1

Diagram 6 shows two experiments to investiga one facto that infl
ate
ors
luences the rate of a
r
reaction.
Rajah 6 men
nunjukkan du eksperime untuk men
ua
en
ngkaji satu f
faktor yang m
mempengaru kadar
uhi
satu tindak b
balas.

hat
s
r
both experime
ents?
(a) What is the factor th influences the rate of reaction in b
faktor yang mempengaru kadar tin
uhi
ndak balas da
alam kedua-d eksperim itu?
dua
men
Apakah f
_______
___________
__________
___________
___________
___________
_________
[1 mark]
(b) The reac
ction in the e
experiment is represented by the follo
s
d
owing equatio
on:
CO
Cl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(
O
(l)
CaC 3(s) + 2HC
Tindak b
balas dalam eksperimen itu diwakili oleh persama berikut:
o
aan
CaC 3(p) + 2H
CO
HCl(ak) → Ca 2(ak) + CO2(g) + H2O
aCl
C
O(ce)

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REACTIONS


(i)

Among the products st
tated in the equation, w
which is the most suitab to be
ble
chosen to de
etermine the rate of reacti
ion?
Antara hasil tindak bala yang diny
l
as
yatakan dalam persamaa ini, yang manakah
an
m
paling sesua untuk menentukan kada tindak balas?
p
ai
ar
__________
___________
___________
__________
___________
__________
[1 mark]

(ii)

State one rea
ason for choo
osing the pro
oduct in 1(b)
)(i).
Nyatakan sa sebab unt memilih hasil tindak balas di 6(b)
atu
tuk
h
)(i).
__________
___________
___________
__________
___________
__________
[1 mark]

wo
both experim
ment.
(c) State tw controlled variable in b
Nyataka dua pembo
an
olehubah yan dimalarka dalam ked
ng
an
dua-dua eksp
perimen ini.
1. ____
__________
___________
___________
___________
___________
__________
2. ____
__________
___________
___________
___________
___________
__________
[2 marks]
[
(d) The resu for both experiments are represen by Grap 6.
ults
nted
ph
Keputus kedua-du eksperime itu diwakil oleh graf 6
san
ua
en
li

Based on Graph 6:
n
Berdasa
arkan Graf 6:
(i)

her
action. How does the gra show this
aph
s?
Experiment II has a high rate of rea
Eksperimen II menunjuk
kkan kadar ti
indak balas y
yang lebih ti
inggi. Bagaim
manakah
graf itu men
nunjukkan keadaan ini?
__________
___________
___________
__________
___________
___________
_______
__________
___________
___________
__________
___________
_____
[1 mark]

REACTIONS


(ii)

What is happen to the reactant at time x?
Apakah yang telah berlaku pada bahan tindak balas pada masa x?
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(iii)

Why are both curves at the same level after time x?
Mengapakah kedua-dua lengkung berada pada aras yang sama selepas masa x?
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(e) What is the conclusion for both experiments?
Apakah kesimpulan bagi kedua-dua eksperimen itu?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(f) Another experiment is carried out using excess calcium carbonate powder and dilute
hydrochloric acid with different concentrations.
Satu eksperimen lain dijalankan menggunakan serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan
dengan asid hydroklorik cair yang berlainan kepekatan.
Sketch the curve of concentration of dilute hydrochloric asid against the time taken to
collect a fixed quantity of the product.
Lakar lengkung graf kepekatan asid hidroklorik cair melawan masa untuk mengumpul
kuantiti hasil ditetapkan.

[2 marks]

REACTIONS


2

An experiment is carried out to investigate the rate of reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid.
Excess zinc powder is added to 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The volume of gas
collected at regular intervals is shown in Diagram 5.1
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara zink dengan asid
hidroklorik. Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm-3.
Isi padu gas yang terkumpul pada sela masa yang sama ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1.

Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1
(a) State the meaning of the rate of reaction.
Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.
________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(b) From the graph in Diagram 5.1, determine:
Daripada graf dalam Rajah 5.1, tentukan:
(i)

The rate of reaction at 120 s.
Kadar tindak balas pada 120 s
___________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(ii)

The average rate of reaction between 60 s and 120 s.
Kadar tindak balas purata antara 60 s dan 120 s.
___________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

REACTIONS


(c) Explain why the rate of reaction decreases with time.
e
w
kan
a
ak
kurangan den
ngan masa.
Terangk mengapa kadar tinda balas berk
_______
___________
__________
___________
___________
___________
___________
_______
_______
___________
__________
___________
___________
___________
_
[1 mark]
(d) Another experiment is carried ou to study th factors th affect the rate of this reaction.
r
ut
he
hat
e
The resu of this ex
ults
xperiment ar shown in Diagram 5.2. Curve I rep
re
D
presents the results of
r
this experiment usin excess zin powder an 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 dilute hydr
ng
nc
nd
f
rochloric
acid.
Satu eks
sperimen lain dijalankan untuk meng
n
n
gkaji faktor-f
faktor yang m
mempengaru kadar
uhi
tindak b
balas ini. Ke
eputusan eks
sperimen ini ditunjukkan dalam Raj 5.2. Len
i
ajah
ngkung I
mewakil keputusan eksperimen yang mengg
li
gunakan ser
rbuk zink ber
rlebihan dan 50 cm3
n
asid hid
droklorik cair 1.0 mol dm-3.
r

Volume of hy
ydrogen gas/cm3
m
Isipadu gas h
hydrogen/cm 3

Time/s
Masa/saat
Di
iagram 8
Rajah 8
R

(i)

Suggest the factors that i
influence the rate of reac
e
ction to obtai the curves labelled
in
s
II and III
g
ruhi kadar t
tindak balas untuk mend
s
dapatkan
Cadangkan faktor yang mempengar
lengkung-len
ngkung berla II dan II
abel
II
Curve II/ len
ngkung II : __________
___________
___________
___________
_
Curve III/ le
engkung III : __________
___________
__________
___________
__
[2 marks]
[

(ii)

iefly how to carry out the experiment to obtain the curve label III.
e
t
e
lled
Describe bri
Huraikan d
dengan rin
ngkas bagaimana eksp
perimen itu dijalankan untuk
u
n
mendapatka lengkung b
an
berlabel III.
__________
___________
___________
__________
___________
___________
_______
__________
___________
___________
__________
___________
___________
_______
__________
___________
___________
__________
_______
[3 mark]

REACTIONS


(iii)

3

Give one reason why the final volume the gas obtained in curve III is half the
final volume of gas in curve I.
Beri satu sebab mengapa isi padu akhir gas yang terhasil dalam lengkung III
adalah separuh daripada isi padu gas dalam lengkung I.
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
[1 mark]

Diagram 5 show two set of experiment to study the factor affecting the rate of reaction
between hydrochloric acid, HCl and calcium carbonate, CaCO3
Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua set eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik, HCl dan kalsium karbonat,CaCO3.

Diagram 5
Rajah 5

REACTIONS


(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction in this experiment.
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.

[2 marks]
(b) What is the reading needed to recorded in both experiments to determine the rate of
reaction in 3 minutes?
Apakah bacaan yang perlu dicatat dalam kedua-dua eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar
tindak balas dalam masa 3 minit?

[1 mark]
(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction in set I
Hitung kadar tindak balas purata dalam set I

(d) (i) Compare the rate of reaction in set 1 and set 2. Explain your answer based on
the factor affecting the rate of reaction.
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi set 1 dan set 2. Jelaskan jawapan anda
berdasarkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]
(ii) Explain the answer in 5(d)(i) with reference to the collision theory.
Jelaskan jawapan di 5(d)(i) dengan merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran.

[3 marks]

REACTIONS


(e) Sketch the graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas produced against time for both set of
experiment in the first 3 minutes.
Lakarkan graf isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan melawan masa bagi keduadua set eksperimen dalam masa 3 minit yang pertama.
Volume of carbon
dioxide/ cm3
Isipadu karbon
dioksida / cm3

Time/ min
Masa/min
4

In an experiment to investigate the rate of reaction, 50.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium
thiosulphate solution and 5.0 cm3 of mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid, are used. The sulphur formed
can be measure the rate of reaction.
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas, 50.0 cm3 larutan tiosulfat 0.2 mol
dm-3 dan 5.0 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm-3, digunakan. Sulphur yang terbentuk boleh
digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas itu.
The equation for the reaction is given below.
Persamaan tindak balas itu diberi di bawah.
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + SO2 + S + H2O
(a) What is the colour of sulphur?
Apakah warna sulphur?

[1 mark]
(b) The number of moles of a solute can be calculated using the formula, n=MV
[ n = Number of moles of solute (mol), M = Molarity of a solution(mol dm-3), V =
Volume of solution(dm-3)]
Bilangan mol suatu zat terlarut boleh dihitung menggunakan rumus, n=MV
[ n = Bilangan mol zat terlarut (mol), M = Kemolaran larutan (mol dm-3), V = Isipadu
larutan (dm-3)]
REACTIONS


Calculate,
Hitung,
(i)
The number of mole of sodium tiosulphate in the solution.
Bilangan mol bagi natrium tiosulfat dalam larutan itu.

[1 mark]
(ii)

The number of mole of sulphuric acid.
Bilangan mol bagi asid sulfurik.

[1 mark]
(c) Based on the answer in 2(b)(i) and 2(b)(ii), name the reactant which determines the
quantity of sulphur formed at the end of the reaction.
Berdasarkan jawapan di 2(b)(i) dan 2(b)(ii), namakan bahan tindak yang menentukan
kuantiti sulphur yang terbentuk pada akhir tindak balas itu.

[1 mark]
(d) (i) State three factors that can affect the rate of reaction in this experiment.
Nyatakan tiga faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas itu dalam
eksperimen ini.
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
[3 marks]

REACTIONS


(ii) using the collision theory, explain how any one of the factors in 2(d)(i) increases the
rate of reaction.
Menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana mana-mana satu daripada
faktor di 2(d)(i) meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]

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REACTIONS


Section B
Bahagian B
1 (a)

Food stored in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet. Explain why.
[4 marks]
Makanan yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk tahan lebih lama daripada makanan yang
disimpan dalam almari dapur.
Terangkan mengapa.
[4 markah]

(b)

A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of
reaction. Table 7 shows information about the reactant and the temperature used in each
experiment.
Sekumpulan murid telah menjalankan tiga eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Jadual 7 menunjukkan maklumat tentang bahan
tindak balas dan suhu yang digunakan dalam setiap eksperimen.
Experiment
Eksperimen
I

II

III

Reactants
Temperature/°C
Bahan tindak balas
Suhu/°C
30
40
-3
Excess calcium carbonate powder and 30 cm3 of 0.5 mol
40
Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 30 cm3 asid
-3
Table 7
Jadual 7

REACTIONS


Graph 7 sho the result of these ex
ows
ts
xperiments.
Graf 7 menu
unjukkan kep
putusan ekspe
erimen-ekspe
erimen ini.

Graf 7
Graf 7

(i)

culate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I.
f
r
t
Calc
Hitu
ungkan kadar tindak bala purata bag eksperime I.
r
as
gi
en
[2 marks]
[

(ii)

Base on Table 7 and Graph 7, compare the rate of re
ed
h
eaction betw
ween:
Berd
dasarkan Jad
dual 7 dan G 7, bandi
Graf
ingkan kadar tindak bala antara:
r
as
• Experim I and ex
ment
xperiment II
Eksperim I dan ek
men
ksperimen II
• Experim II and ex
ment
xperiment III
Eksperim II dan e
men
eksperimen II
II
In e
each case exp
plain the dif
fferent in rat of reactio with refer
te
on
rence to the collision
theo
ory.
Bag setiap kes terangkan p
gi
perbezaan dalam kadar tindak deng merujuk kepada
d
r
gan
k
teory perlanggar
ry
ran.
[10 marks]

REACTIONS


(iii)

The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan kimia di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalsium carbonate
dengan asid hidroklorik.
Given that the relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40 and the molar volume of
any gas is 24 dm3 mol -1 at room temperature and pressure.
Diberi, jisim atom relatif bagi C=12, O=16, Ca=40 dan isi padu molar sebarang gas
adalah 24 dm3 mol-1 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik.
Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced in Experiment II.
Hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil dalam
eksperimen II.
[4 marks]

2

Three experiments, I, II, and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate of
reaction. Table 8 shows the reactants and the conditions of reaction involved.
Tiga eksperimen, I, II, dan III dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas. Jadual 8 menunjukkan bahan tindak balas dan keadaan tindak balas yang
terlibat.
Experiment
Eksperimen
I

II

III

Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Excess zinc
hydrochloric acid
Zink berlebihan
50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol-3
Excess zinc
sulphuric acid
Zink berlebihan
Excess zinc
sulphuric acid
Zink berlebihan

Condition of reaction
Keadaan tindak balas
Room temperature

Room temperature

60°C

Jadual 8
Rajah 8
(a) (i) Referring to experiment I, II and III, state:
•
The meaning of rate of reaction
•
Two factors that affect the rate of reaction
Merujuk kepada eksperimen I, II dan III, nyatakan:
•
Maksud kadar tindak balas,
•
Dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
[3 marks]
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in experiment I
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen I.
[2 marks]
REACTIONS


(b) Calculat the total vo
te
olume of hyd
drogen gas re
eleased in ex
xperiment I.
[Molar g volume a room cond
gas
at
ditions is 24 dm3]
d
Hitungk jumlah is
kan
sipadu gas hy
ydrogen yang dibebaskan dalam eksp
g
n
perimen I.
3
[Isi padu molar gas p
u
pada keadaa bilik ialah 24 dm ]
an
h
[3 marks]
[
m
e
experiments I, II and III.
I
(c) Diagram 8 shows the results of e
Rajah 8 menunjukka keputusan bagi eksper
an
n
rimen I, II da III.
an

Diagram 8
Rajah 8
Based on the graph,
n
Berdasa
arkan graf,
Compare th rate of rea
(i)
he
action betwe experime I and ex
een
ent
xperiment II. Explain
.
your answer using the Collision Theo
r
ory.
Banding kad tindak b
dar
balas antara eksperimen I dan eksp
a
n
perimen II. Jelaskan
jawapan and mengguna
j
da
akan Teori Perlanggaran
P
n.
[5 marks]
[
(ii)

Suggest one way to o
obtain curve III witho changing the zinc, acid or
e
out
g
ent
n
lision theory.
.
temperature in experime II. Explain your answer using coll
untuk mempe
eroleh lengk
kung tiga ta
anpa mengub zinc,
bah
Cadangkan satu cara u
asid, dan su dalam ek
uhu
ksperimen II Jelaskan ja
I.
awapan anda menggunak teori
a
kan
Perlanggara
an.
[5 marks]
[

REACTIONS


(iii)

Explain why the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment II is
doubled that of experiment I.
Terangkan mengapa jumlah isi padu gas hydrogen yang dibebaskan dalam
eksperimen II adalah dua kali ganda eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

Section C
Bahagian C
1

Table 10 shows the data from Experiment I and Experiment II that were carried out to study
the rate of reaction of zinc with two acid, P and Q.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan data daripada Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II yang dijalankan
untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara dua asid, P dan Q.
Experiment
Eksperimen
I

II

Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
2.6 g of zinc and 50 cm3 of
acid P 2.0 mol dm-3
2.6 g of zink dengan 50 cm3
asid P 2.0 mol dm-3
2.6 g of zinc and 50 cm3 of
acid Q 2.0 mol dm-3
2.6 g of zink dengan 50 cm3
asid Q 2.0 mol dm-3

Products
Hasil tindak balas
Zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas
Zink klorida dan gas
hidrogen
Zinc sulphate and
hydrogen gas
Zink sulfat dan gas
hidrogen

Observation
Pemerhatian
The temperature of the
mixture inceases
Suhu campuran meningkat
The temperature of the
mixture inceases
Suhu campuran meningkat

Table 10
Jadual 10
(a) (i)

By choosing either Experiment I or Experiment II, state the name of the acid
used. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of this acid with zinc.
Dengan memilih Eksperimen I atau Eksperimen II, nyatakan nama asid yang
digunakan . tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini dengan zink.
[2 marks]

(ii)

Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction in 10(a)(i). On the energy profile
diagram show the:
Lukis satu gambar rajah profil tenaga untuk tindak balas di 10(a)(i). Pada gambar
rajah profil tenaga itu ditunjukkan:

REACTIONS


•
•
•

Heat of reaction, ∆H
H
Haba tin
ndak balas, ∆
∆H
Activati energy w
ion
without a cata
alyst, Ea
Tenaga pengaktifan tanpa mangk Ea
kin,
Activati energy w a catalyst Ea’
ion
with
t,
Tenaga pengaktifan dengan man
ngkin, Ea’

Expl the ener profile di
lain
rgy
iagram.
Jelas
skan gambar rajah profi tenaga itu.
r
il
[10 marks]
(b) The graph in Diagram 10 shows the r
n
0
results of Ex
xperiment I a Experime II
and
ent
Graf pada R
Rajah 10 men
nunjukkan ke
eputusan bag Eksperimen I dan Eksp
gi
perimen II.

Diagram 10
m
Rajah 10

Based on the graph:
e
Berdasarkan pada graf:
n
(i)

Calc
culate the average rate of reaction for either Expe
f
r
eriment I or E
Experiment II.
I
Hitu
ungkan kadar tindak bala purata bag Eksperime I atau Eks
r
as
gi
en
sperimen II.
[2 marks]
[

(ii)

Exp
plain the diffe
ferent in the r of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II
rate
n
t
befo 160 s. Us the collisio theory in your explana
ore
se
on
ation.
Tera
angkan perb
bezaan kadar tindak anta Eksperim I dan Ek
r
ara
men
ksperimen II sebelum
I
160 s. Gunakan teori perlang
ggaran dalam peneranga anda.
an
[6 marks]
[

REACTIONS


PAPER 3 : CHAPTER 1 FORM FIVE (Rate of Reaction)
Q1 / P3 / 2003
An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction. 50
cm3 of sodium thiosuiphate solution 0.05 mol dm-3 at 30°C was put into a 250 cm3 conical flask.
Then the conical flask was placed on an `X' sign on a piece of white paper.
10 cm3 of hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm3 was added to the sodium thiosuiphate solution and
shaken. At the same time, the stop watch was started. The stop watch was stopped as soon as the
`X' sign was no longer visible. The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium
thiosuiphate solution which was heated to 35°C, 40°C and 50°C.
Figure 1 shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different temperatures.

Diagram 1
(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.


MODULE JUJ 2012

(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time, and

(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against

1
time

for this experiment.

1
on the graph paper.
time

(ii) Based on the graph in (c)(i), state the relationship between the rate of reaction and
temperature.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d)

Predict the time taken as soon as the sign `X' to be no longer visible if this experiment is
repeated at 55°C.
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) (i) State the variable involved in this experiment.
Manipulated variable
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Responding variable
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Constant variable
…………………………………………………………………………………………


MODULE JUJ 2012

(ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other variables
constant.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(f) State the hypothesis for this experiment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between temperature and rate of
reaction. The same situation can be applied in our daily lives, for example, keeping food that
is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.
Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship between temperature and the rate at
which food turns bad.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………


MODULE JUJ 2012

ANSWER
Paper 3 : RATE OF REACTION
1 (a) Time, t1 55 s at the temperature of 30° C.
Time. t4 37 s at the temperature of 45° C.
(b)

(1) Graph of temperature against

1
time


MODULE JUJ 2012

(ii) The rate of reaction increases with the increase in temperature.
(di

From the graph, when temperature = 55 °C,

1
= 0.033 s-1
time

Time = 30.3 s
(h) (i) Manipulated variable: Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution.
Responding variable: Rate of reaction between sodium thiosuiphate
Constant variable: Concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution
(ii) Temperature is the manipulated variable.
Heating sodium thiosulphate with several different temperatures by remaining the
concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid
constant helps maintain the responding variable.
(i)

The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction is.

(g)

The lower the temperature, the lower the rate of food turns bad.


MODULE JUJ 2012

CHAPTER: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
SPM 2003

1

Which of the following is true of a weak acid?
A
B
C
D

2

Unable to neutralise alkali
The pH value is more than 7.
Able to change red litmus paper to blue.
Ionizes partially in water to produced hydrogen ions.

What are the products of the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?
I
II
III
IV
A
B
C
D

3

Water
Ethyl ethanoate
Carbon dioxide
Sodium ethanoate
I and III only
II and IV only
I, II, and III only
I, II, and IV only

Which pair of substances represented by the following formulae would result in a
reaction?
I
II
III
IV

HCI(aq) + KOH(aq)
HNO3(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
H2SO4(aq) + CuSO4(aq)
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)

A
B
C
D

I and IV only
II and III only
I, II, and IV only
I, II, III, and IV

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ES AND SALTS


4

The information about two solutions is as follows:
Concentration of barium hydroxide solution = 0.5 mol dm-3
Concentration of ammonia aqueous
= 0.5 mol dm-3

Which of the following statements are true based on the information?
I
II
III
IV

A
B
C
D

Aqueous ammonia is a weaker alkali than barium hydroxide solution.
The pH value of barium hydroxide solution higher than aqueous ammonia.
The degree of dissociation of barium hydroxide in water is higher than
ammonia.
The concentration of OH- ions in barium hydroxide solution is higher than in
aqueous ammonia.
I and III only
III and IV only
I, II, and III only
I, II, III, and IV

XCO3

5

XO + CO2

The equation above shows the action of heat on the carbonate salt of metal X.
How many moles of XCO3 are needed to produced 4.0 g of oxide X?
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; X, 64]
A
B
C
D

6

0.03
0.05
0.08
0.09

Sulphuric acid used as an electrolyte in a car battery has a concentration of
0.5 mol dm-3.
How many moles of sulphuric acid is there in 100 cm3?
A
B
C
D

0.025
0.05
0.1
0.5

ES AND SALTS


7

Figure 10 shows the set-up of apparatus for the titration of potassium hydroxide solution
with sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3

20 cm3 of potassium hydroxide
solution 0.1 mol dm-3 and
phenolphthalein as an indicator
Figure 10
What is the total volume of the mixture in the conical flask at the end point of the
titration in Figure 10?
A
B
C
D
8

Which of the following is true about acids?
A
B
C
D

9

10 cm3
20 cm3
30 cm3
40 cm3

Acids react with metal to produce salt and water
Acids react with alkali to produce salt and hydrogen gas
Acids react with metal oxide to produce salt, water, and hydrogen gas
Acids react with carbonate of metal to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide
gas

The following equation represents a neutralization reaction.
Acid + Base

Salt + Water

Which pairs are reactants in neutralization reactions?
I
II
III
IV

Sulphurix acid + Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid + Solid copper(II) oxide
Sulphuric acid + Solid calcium carbonate
Hydrochloric acid + Potassium carbonate solution

A
B
C
D

I and II only
I and IV only
II and III only
III and IV only

ES AND SALTS


10

Which of the following ions form a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium
hydroxide solution?
I
II
III
IV
A
B
C
D

11

Al3+
Mg2+
Pb2+
Zn2+
I and II only
II and IV only
I, II and III only
I, III and IV only

The equation shows the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide?
H2SO4 + 2NaOH

Na2SO4 + 2H2O

What is the volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution which can neutralize
25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol -3 sulphuric acid?
A
B
C
D
12

12.5 cm3
25.0 cm3
50.0 cm3
75.0 cm3

3.2 g of cooper(II) oxide powder is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid.
What is the mass of cooper(II) nitrate formed in the reaction?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of N = 14, O = 16 and Cu = 64.
A
B
C
D

3.76 g
4.96 g
5.04 g
7.52 g

SPM 2005

1

Which of the following is true about an alkali?
A
B
C
D

An alkali is not corrosive
An alkali is a base that is soluble in water
A strong alkali has a low pH value
A weak alkali has a high degree of ionization

ES AND SALTS


2

Glacial ethanoic acid is put into four test tubes A,B, C and D.
In which test does a reaction occur?

3

The diagram shows the set up of apparatus for the reaction between calcium carbonate
and ethanoic acid in two different solvents.

Which of the following statements are true about the observation in beakers X and Y?
I
II
III
IV

Water ionizes ethanoic acid in beaker X
Benzene ionizes ethanoic acid in beaker Y
Water reacts with calcium carbonate in beaker X
Ethanoic acid remains as molecules in beaker Y

A
B
C
D

I and II only
I and IV only
II and III only
III and IV only

ES AND SALTS


4

0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produced hydrogen gas.
Given that the relative molecular mass of H=1, Mg=24, Cl=35.5 and 1 mol of gas
occupies 24 dm3at room temperature pressure.
Which of the following is true about the reaction?
I
II
III
IV

Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ +H2
Volume of gas released is 120 cm3
Mass of the salt formed is 0.30g
This is a redox reaction

A
B
C
D

I and II only
I and III only
I, II and IV only
II, III and IV only

SPM 2006
1

2

Which of the following set ups of apparatus is correct to prepare hydrogen gas?

Which of the following substances is acidic?
A
B
C
D

Ammonia
Potassium oxide
Carbon dioxide
Sodium hydroxide

ES AND SALTS


3

Diagram 1 shows the set up of the apparatus for the reaction between an acid and a
metal.

Which of the following is not metal X?
A
B
C
D

4

Stanum
Copper
Lead
Magnesium

Diagram 9 shows the set up of the apparatus of an experiment.

Diagram 9
What is the process shown in Diagram 9?
A
B
C
D

5

Preparation of insoluble salt
Preparation of soluble salt
Purification of insoluble salt
Purification of soluble salt

A dibase acid, H2J has the concentration of 0.5 mol dm-3
Letter J is not the actual symbol of the element. What is the volume of potassium
hydroxide, KOH, 1.0 mol dm-3 that can neutralize 25.0cm3 of the H2J acid solution?
A
B
C
D

6.25 cm3
12.50 cm3
25.00 cm3
50.00 cm3

ES AND SALTS


6

You are asked by your teacher to verify the cation and anion in a sample of
ammonium chloride salt solution.
What substance can you use to verify the cation and anion?
Cation
A
B
C
D

Nessler reagent
Nessler reagent
Potassium thiocyanate
Potassium thiocyanate

Anion
Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
Dilute nitric and silver nitrate
Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride

SPM 2007
1

Which of the following statements correctly describe a strong acid?
I
II
III
IV
A
B
C
D

2

Has a high pH value
Ionizes completely in water
Has a high concentration of hydrogen ions
Exists as molecules in water
I and II
II and III
I and IV
III and IV

Which of the following statements is true about all bases?
A
B
C
D

React with acids
Dissolve in water
Contain hydroxide ions
Have alkaline properties

ES AND SALTS


3

Which of the following shows the process of dissociation in strong alkali when it is
added to water?
The letters X and Y are not the actual symbol of the elements
A

H+
H

X

H

X

X-

XH+

H+
H

X

H

H

H

X

X

H

X

X

H

X

H+
X-

X-

B

C

H

OH

Y

OH

Y

OH

H

H+

X

H+

OH-

Y+

OH

Y

X-

X-

Y+
Y

X

OH-

Y+

Y+
OH-

OH-

D
Y

OH

Y

OH

Y

OH

Y

Y

OH
OH-

4

OH

Y

OH-

Y+

OH

Y+

The following equation shows the decomposition reaction of copper(II) carbonate
when heated at room temperature and pressure.
CuCO3 CuO + CO2
Which of the following is not true when 1 mol of copper (II) carbonate is
decomposed?
[Relative atomic mass: C=12, O=16, Cu=64 and 1 mol of gas occupies the volume of
24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
A
B
C
D

5

1 mol of copper(II) oxide is formed
1 molecule of carbon dioxide gas is given off
80 g copper(II) oxide is formed
24 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas is given off

A student is stung by an insect with an alkaline sting.
Which of the following substances is the most suitable to be applied to the part stung
to treat the student?
A
B
C
D

Vinegar
Ethanol
Tooth paste
Cooking oil

ES AND SALTS


6

Diagram 13 shows the neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a strong
alkali.

Diagram 13
What is the volume of the alkali needed to produced 1·4625 g of salt?
[Relative atomic mass: Na=23, Cl=35·5, H=1, O=16]
A
B
C
D

0·005 cm3
0·025 cm3
5·000 cm3
25·000 cm3

SPM 2008
1.

Table 1 shows the pH values of four acidic solution which have same concentration.
Solution

pH value

K

1.0

L

3.0

M

5.0

N

6.0
Table 1

Which acidic solution has the highest degree of dissociation ?
A
C
2.

K
M

B
D

L
N

Alkali Y of concentration 1 mol dm-3 has a pH of 13.
Which statement is true about alkali Y ?
A
B
C
D

Slighty soluble in water
Reacts only with a weak acid
The degree of ionization in water is high
Has a low concentration of hydroxide ion

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SES AND SALTS


3.

A patient complained of a pain due to an excess of acid in the stomach.
Which substance will help to relieve the pain ?
A
B
C
D

4.

The molarity of a solution of sulphuric acid is 2.0 mol dm-3.
What is the concentration of the acid in g dm-3
[relative atomic mass : H = 1, O = 16, S = 32]
A
D

5.

Ammonia
Ethanoic acid
Sodium chloride
Magnesium hydroxide

97
194

B
D

98
196

The following equation shows the reaction between copper(II) oxide and sulphuric acid.
CuO + H2SO4

CuSO4 + H2O

6.0 g copper(II) oxide is added to 50.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
What is the mass of copper(II) oxide left at the end of the reaction ?
A
C

6.

0.3 g
2.8 g

B
D

2.0 g
4.0 g

50.0 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution, KOH, is titrated with sulphuric acid,
H2SO4.
What volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is needed to neutralise the potassium hydroxide
solution ?
A
C

10.0 cm3
40.0 cm3

B
D

20.0 cm3
50.0 cm3

SPM 2009
1.

Which of the following particles in a solution of hydrogen chloride is responsible for its
acidity properties ?
A
C

2.

H+
Cl-

B
D

OHHCl

Which of the following substances ionise completely in water ?
I
III

Ammonia
Ethanoic Acid

A
B
C
D

II
IV

Nitric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide

I and II
I and III
II and IV
III and IV

SES AND SALTS


3.

Table 2 shows the degree of dissociation of four solutions of alkalis which have the same
concentration.
Solution

Degree of dissociation

W

High

X

Medium

Y

Very high

Z

Low
Table 2

Which solution has the highest pH value ?
A
B
C
D
4.

W
X
Y
Z

Which of the following is a use of neutralisation in daily lives ?
A
B
C
D

Vinegar cures bee stings
Limestone treats acidic soil
Baking powder cures wasp stings
Methanoic acid prevents coagulation of latex

SPM 2010
1.

0.1 mol dm-3 solution of X has a pH value of1 3.
which statement is correct about the solution ?
A
B
C
D

2.

X is a weak acid
X is a strong alkali
X dissociates partially in water
X has a high concentration of hydrogen ions

Which of the following is not a chemical poperty of acids ?
A
B
C
D

Reacts with carbonate to produce salt, water and carbon
dioxide
Reacts with reactive metal to produce salt and hydrogen
Reacts with metal oxide to produce salt and water
Reacts with alkali to produce salt and hydrogen

SES AND SALTS


3.

A farmer found that his soil to acidic fr some lants to grow well.
Wich substance is suitable to reduce the acidity of the soil ?
A
B
C
D

4.

Barium chloride
Calcium oxide
Sodium nitrate
Potassium iodide

The following equation represent the neutralisation reaction between barium hydroxide,
Ba(OH)2 and hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl

BaCl2 + 2H2O

What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise 25 cm3 of
0.1 mol dm-3 barium hydroxide ?
2.5 cm3
10.0 cm3

A
C

5.

B
D

5.0 cm3
12.5 cm3

Table 5 shows the observation in three tests on solution X
Test
Add sodium hydroxide solution until in
excess
II Add ammonia solution until excess
I

III Add 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid and
a few drops of silver nitrate solution

Observation
White precipitate which dissolves in
excess sodium hydroxide solution
White precipitate which dissolves in
excess ammonia solution
White precipitate formed

What is X ?
A
C

6.

Zinc chloride
Aluminium chloride

B
D

Zinc sulphate
Aluminium Sulphate

Which equations represent double decomposition reactions that form a precipitate ?
I
II
III
IV

CaSO4 + Na2CO3
CuSO4 + Mg(NO3)2
AgNO3 + NaCl
ZnCl2 + Na2SO4

CuCO3 + Na2SO4
Cu(NO3)2 + MgSO4
AgCl + NaNO3
Na2SO4 + 2NaCl

A
C

I and II
II and IV

B
D

I and III
III and IV

SES AND SALTS


SPM QUESTIONS

1

(a)

A farmer discovered that his vegetables were not growing well because the soil was poor
and acidic. As a chemistry student, you help the farmer.
Suggest how the farmer can overcome the problem.

(b)

[2 marks]

Figure 7 shows an incomplete flow chart of cation and anion tests for salt X.

Salt X

Cation test

Anion test

Pb2+

CO32-

Figure 7
Use the reagents listed below and complete the flow chart to confirm that salt X
contains Pb2+ ions and CO32- ions. Include your observations.
REAGENTS
Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid, and lime water

[8 marks]
(c)

You are required to prepare dry magnesium chloride salt. The chemicals supplied are
• magnesium sulphate solutions,
• dilute hydrochloric acid,
• potassium carbonate solution.
Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt. In your description, include the
chemical equation involved.
[10 marks]

ES AND SALTS


SPM 2004

1

Table 5 shows Experiments I and II in the preparation of a salt.
Experiment

Method

I

II

(a)

State one observation in Experiment I.

[1 mark]
(b)

Based on Experiment II:
(i)

State the reason why copper(II) oxide powder is added in excess.

[1 mark]
(ii)

State how the excess copper(II) oxide powder can be separated from the
products.

[1 mark]
(iii)

State the chemical equation for the reaction that takes place in Experiment II.

[1 mark]
(iv)

Calculate the maximum mass of the salt formed.
Use the information that the relative atomic of O = 16, S = 32 and Cu = 64.

[2 marks]
ES AND SALTS


(c)

Experiment I is repeated. Sulphuric acid is replaced by hydrochloric acid of the same
concentration. Predict the volume of hydrochloric acid required for a complete
reaction.

[1 mark]
(d)

There are several steps in the preparation of the salts in each of the Experiments I and
II. State one difference in the steps between the two experiments.
Experiment I

Experiment II

[1 mark]
(e)

(i)

State the type of reaction in the preparation of salts in experiments I and II.

[1 mark]
(ii)

State one type of reaction used in the preparation of salt other than
that in (e)(i).

[1 mark]

SPM 2005
1

Table 4 shows the positive and negative ions three salt solutions.
Name of Salt
Copper(II ) sulphate
Sodium sulphate
Lead(II) nitrate

Positive Ion
2+

Cu
Na+
Pb2+

Negative Ion
SO42SO42NO3-

Table 4
Use the information in Table 4 to answer the following questions.
(c)

What is another name for a positively charged ion?

[1 mark]
(d)

Name the ions in copper(II) sulphate solution.

[1 mark]
ES AND SALTS


(e)

Write the formula for sodium sulphate.

[1 mark]

(f)

When 10cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution is added to excess lead(II)
nitrate solution, a while precipitate is formed.
(i)

Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

[2 marks]

(ii)

Describe the chemical equation in (d)(i).

[1 mark]
(iii)

Name the white precipitate.

[1 mark]

(iv)

Calculate the number of mole of sodium sulphate in the solution.
Use the formula: Number of mole = Volume X Concentration

[1 mark]
(v)

Calculate the mass of precipitate formed.
Given that the relative atomic mass of O=16, S=32, Pb=207.
Use the formula: Mass=Number of mole X Relative molecular mass

[2 marks]

ES AND SALTS


6

(a)

The following information is about hydrochloric acid and etanoic acid.
•
•

The pH of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution is 1
The pH of 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid solution is 4

Explain why these two solutions have different pH values.
[4 marks]
(b)

Figure 8.1 shows two reagent bottles each containing an aqueous solution.

Figure 8.1
Qualitative analysis can be used to determine the presence of cations and anions in
solutions.
Describe chemical test that can be used to verify the ions in each solution.
[10 marks]
(c)

A pupil carried out an experiment to investigate the chemical changes that occur to
copper (II) chloride as a result of reaction P.
The result of the experiment is shown in Figure 8.2

Sodium chloride
soluion

Figure 8.2
(i)

The chemical equation for reaction P is as follows:
CuCl2 + Na2CO3

2NaCl + CuCO3

Excess sodium carbonate is added to 50 cm3 of mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride.
Given that the relative molecular mass of CuCO3= 124.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate precipitate formed.
[2 marks]
ES AND SALTS


(ii)
(iii)

Name solid X and state its colour.
Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity.

[2 marks]
[2 marks]

SPM 2006
1

(a)

8 g of solid hydroxide, NaOH, is dissolved in distilled water to produced a solution of
1000 cm3. The NaOH solution produced has the concentration of 8 g dm-3 and
molarity of 0.2 mol dm-3.
(i)

State the meaning of the concentration for the solution produced.

[1 mark]
(ii)

State the meaning of the molarity for the solution produced.

[1 mark]
(iii)

Write the formula that represents the relationship between the number of
mole (n), molarity (M) and volume (V) for the solution.

[1 mark]
(iv)

Substitute the actual values of the number of mole, molarity and volume of
the NaOH solution into the formula in 4(a)(iii).
[Relative molecular mass of NaOH =40]

[1 mark]

ES AND SALTS


(b)

Diagram 4.1 shows the preparation of the standard solution of NaOH, 0.2 mol dm-3.

(i) What are the two parameters that should be measured accurately to prepare the standard
solution of NaOH?
Parameter I

:

Parameter II

:
[2 marks]

ES AND SALTS


(ii)

After all the NaOH solution is poured into the volumetric flask, the beaker
and the filter funnel must be rinsed several times with distilled water.
After each rinse, all of this water is transferred into the volumetric flask.
Give one reason for doing this.

[1 mark]

(iii)

What step should be taken to ensure that the meniscus level of the standard
solution is exactly in line with the graduation mark on the volumetric flask?

[1 mark]
(iv)

A volumetric flask is more suitable to be used in the preparation of the
standard solution rather than beaker.
Why?

[1 mark]

(v)

Why is the volumetric flask stoppered after the standard solution is prepared?

[1 mark]
1

(a)

The following are three examples of sulphate salts that can be prepared in the
laboratory.
Potassium sulphate, K2SO4
Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4
(i) From these examples, identify the soluble and insoluble salts.

[2 marks]

(ii) State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salt in 7(a)(i).
[2 marks]
(b)

With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the crystallisation method for preparing
an insoluble salt from its saturated solution.
[6 marks]

ES AND SALTS


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Perfect Score Chemistry SPM 2012

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