This research paper was written as a requirement for Anthropology 225 – Philippine Culture and Society – under Dr. Maria Mangahas, an elective taken at the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy at the University of the Philippines Diliman. Dr. Mangahas assigned the students reading material for the research paper based on each one’s background and interests. Cindy had been assigned three tribes – the Ilongot, the Teduray and the Tausug. As a graduate student of Women and Development Studies, she was attracted to the male-female dynamic prominent in the readings on all three tribes and thus explored this in the research paper, which was submitted in March 2008. Cindy also had the good fortune of interviewing Al-Sadr Tammang, her Tausug student, for this paper. Mr. Tammang had also been a guest of honor at Cindy’s anthropology presentation, where Dr. Mangahas and the class had the opportunity to inquire about Tausug culture and society.

1. VIOLENCE AND SANCTION
in the Male-Female Dynamic of the
Ilongot, Tausug, and Teduray Societies
Cindy Cruz-Cabrera
@cindycatz
This paper was written as a final requirement for Dr. Maria Mangahas
Anthropology 225: Philippine Culture and Society in 2008
Read the full paper here: http://cindycruzcabrera.wordpress.com/papers/

2. INTRODUCTION:
Where Anthropology
and Feminist Research
Converge and Diverge

3. • Common veins of feminist research and
anthropology:
– the quest for contexts; and
– the methodologies for gathering data to bring to
light these contexts.
• Women and development studies:
– contexts in locating women of different
cultural, social, political, religious, and economic
realities; and
– bringing to light the varied “truths” that come
with each reality, with analyses moving from
gender to class to race.

4. Common Veins of
Feminist Research and Anthropology
• the quest for contexts; and
• the methodologies for gathering data
to bring to light these contexts.

5. Anthropological Orientation
• finding and interpreting meanings as
unique to a particular group of study
• searching for the similarities it shares
with other human natures as well as
the differences

6. Feminist Research in Anthropology
• Ethnographies that focused on “women’s
roles, women’s lives, and women’s symbolic
images in different times and places”
• Women’s issues and concerns such as
subordination, domination, exploitation, appr
opriation of female labor, relegation to
domestic roles as well as the legal control of
fathers, brothers, and husbands

7. Feminist Analysis: A Messy Business
• Usually met with contention and resistance
• Oftentimes viewed as
– a judgmental righteousness
– an overreaction to things that have always been
– a useless attempt at changing things that should
simply be accepted
• Baring the foundation of the patriarchy
• Challenging the status quo
• Forcing one to confront inequalities that frame, maintain
and perpetuate the institutionalized entitlements of the
male and internalized oppressions of the female

8. Rationale of the Paper
• This paper shall focus on three indigenous
Philippine societies known for their cultures of
violence and non-violence, delving into the
rationales, contexts, and principles upon which
their practices are based
• My analysis of the male-female dynamic, as with
all feminist analyses, will rest in human rights
particularly the right to life, to self-
determination, “to realization of human dignity
and development of human personality”, “to
freely enjoy culture and the arts, and to share in
scientific advancement and its benefits”

9. Objectives of the Paper
• To specify gender-marked or gender-equal
cultural views and practices
• To label them for what they are, without
euphemism; and
• To identify and describe the underlying
objectives and concepts within which these
practices are enshrined.

10. Violence and
the Male-Female Dynamic
Read the full paper here:
http://cindycruzcabrera.wordpress.com/papers/

11. Ilongot Society: The Sexual Division
of Labor, Abilities and Emotions
• Ilongot Violence: Rage and Grief as the
Domain of the Male
• Ilongot Traits of Knowledge and Passion
• Hunting and Horticulture
• Implications of the Gender-Delineated Tasks
• The Male-Female Dynamic: Incongruence in
Cultural Views and Practices

12. Tausug Society: Male Dominion
over Society and Everyday Life
• Tausug Male Principles Governing
Violence
• Key Values in Tausug Social Organization
of Violence
• The Male-Female Dynamic in Tausug
Society

13. Teduray Society: Partnership and
Mutual Help as a Way of Life
• Teduray Belief and Value Systems that
Uphold Nonviolence
• Teduray Social Activities
• Teduray Principles of Social Organization
• “Justice without Domination
• Male-Female Dynamic in Teduray
Society

14. Conclusion
Read the full paper here:
http://cindycruzcabrera.wordpress.com/papers/

15. References
• Eviota, Elizabeth Uy. The Political Economy of Gender: Women and the Sexual Division of
Labour in the Philippines. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1992.
• Guerrero, Sylvia H (ed). Gender-Sensitive and Feminist Methodologies: A Handbook for
Health and Social Science Researchers. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2002.
• Keesing, Roger M. Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective. New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981.
• Kemp, Alice Abel. Women’s Work: Degraded and Devalued. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice
Hall, _____.
• Kiefer, Thomas M. “Chapter 3: The Values of the Male: Bravery, Friendship and Violence”, The
Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Moslem Society. 1972.
• Kiefer, Thomas M. “Chapter 4: The Control of Violence”, The Tausug: Violence and Law in a
Philippine Moslem Society. 1972.
• Miles, Rosalind. The Women’s History of the World. London: Paladin, 1989.
• Rosaldo, Michelle. “Chapter 4: Horticulture, Hunting, and the Height of Men’s Hearts,”
Knowledge and Passion: Ilongot Notions of Self and Social Life. Cambridge University
Press, 1980.
• Rosaldo, Renato. “Grief and the Headhunter’s Rage: On the Cultural Force of Emotions.”
(Photocopy)
• Schlegel, Stuart A. Wisdom From A Rainforest: The Spiritual Journey of an Anthropologist.
Quezon City: Ateneo De Manila University Press, 1999.
• Torres, Amaryllis. “Chapter 7: Equality, Equity, Entitlement, and Human Rights,” Gender and
Empowerment. Pre-publication document, undated.
• Interviews with Al-Sadr Tammang, varied dates (March 2008)