Classification of lifecindy

Classification

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Species of Organisms

•
There are 13 billion known
species of organisms
•
This is only 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
•
New organisms are still being
found and identified


What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms


Benefits of Classifying

•
Accurately & uniformly names
organisms
•
Prevents misnomers such as
starfish & jellyfish that aren't
really fish
•
Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
Sea”horse”??


Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names


Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists


Early Taxonomists

• 2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
• Aristotle divided
organisms into
plants & animals
• He subdivided
them by their
habitat ---land,
sea, or air dwellers

Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778

• 18th century
taxonomist
• Classified
organisms by
their structure
• Developed
naming system
still used
today


Carolus Linnaeus

•
Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
•
Developed the modern
system of naming known
as binomial nomenclature
•
Two-word name (Genus &
species)


Standardized Naming
•Binomial
nomenclature used
Turdus migratorius

•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
•Underline when
writing

American Robin

Binomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?

Classification Groups

• Taxon ( taxa-plural)related
category into which
is a

organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species


Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain BROADEST TAXON

Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family

Most
Genus Specific

Species

Did
King
Phillip
Cross
Over
France
Going
South!


Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Archaea and Eubacteria(no
unicellular prokaryotes
are

nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
• Eukarya are more complex and
have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles


ARCHAEA
• Probably the 1st cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
–Sewage Treatment Plants
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents
–acid Springs or Geysers that are
Hot

–Greatsalty water (Dead Sea;
Very
Salt Lake)


ARCHAEAN


EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
• Important decomposers for
environment
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.


Live in the intestines of animals


Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms

•Protista (protozoans,
algae…)
• Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•Plantae (multicellular plants)
•animals)
Animalia (multicellular


Protista
•Most are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
• Aquatic


Reproduction
Asexually
Mitosis and cytokinesis - unicellular
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=mitosis+in+protist&view=detail
Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller
than parent – multicellular
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JIytOL-Q18&feature=related
SEXUALLY
Meiosis – special nuclear division to reduce chromosome
number to haploid - multicellular
Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two
individuals - unicellular

Protists
Three Types
Animal-like Protists
Plant-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

Protozoans
animal-like protist
Unicellular – made up of one cell
Heterotrophs – they eat other
organisms or dead organic matter
Classified by how they move
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+moving+by+pseudopodia&view=detail&mid=12BAAFBDAA246F74656112BA
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+eating&view=detail&mid=2FAC7F7118693435B4B82FAC7F7118693435B4

Plant like protists - Algae
Flagellates: the motorboats
Use a whip-like extension called a
flagella to move
Some cause disease
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=protist+-+flagellate&view=detail&id=23798BE7F96B6F0A5984FE05B9021A3DC78

Ciliates – move by tiny hairs called
cilia
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=paramecium&view=detail&mid=0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A

Sporozoans – parasites that do not
move
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwsoK8O0lXE

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=plasmodium&view=detail&id=B6D2E36FD71E1288663C0034AD66233D443960A1&f

Plant-like protist
What are Algae?
Multicellular – made of more than one
cell
Photosynthetic – make their own food
No roots, stems, or leaves
Each has chlorophyll and other
photosynthetic pigments
Examples
Euglena, Diatoms, Red Algae, Brown
Algae, Green Algae
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=euglena+video&mid=C67E436CB272D7AAD478C67E436CB272D7AAD478&view=detail&
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=diatoms&view=detail&id=E76D2C31E51A3DF7230E4CD13C14ACABE8B0E9BA&first=0

Fungus-like protist
Characteristics in Common

Obtain energy by decomposing organic
material
Not in kingdom fungi because they
have cellulose instead of chitin in
their cell walls
Examples - Plasmodium Slime Molds, Cellular Slime
Molds,Water Molds, & Downy Mildews
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk

Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
• Cell walls
made of chitin


The Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes
(live on dead
organisms)

30

Important decomposers &
recyclers of nutrients in
the environment
Lack true roots, stems or
leaves
Some fungi are internal or
external parasites
A few fungi act like
predators & capture prey MULTICELLULAR
like roundworms
UNICELLULAR YEAST
MUSHROOM

31


Produce both sexual
and asexual
spores
Classified by their
sexual
reproductive
structures

Spores come
in various
shapes
32

Grow best in warm, moist
environments
Fungi include puffballs,
yeasts, mushrooms,
toadstools, rusts, smuts,
ringworm, and molds Penicillium mold

The antibiotic penicillin is
made by the Penicillium
mold

Puffball 33

Cladogram
Which of most
following is
the

closely related
to a mushroom
(fungus)?
 WHY?
 Recent DNA-
based studies
show that fungi
are more similar
to
34

Plantae

•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb glucose –
to make
sunlight

Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made of
cellulose


Plant
Divisions


Taxonomy
Plants are divided
into two groups
Based on the
presence (vascular Vascu
plants) or absence lar
(nonvascular plants) Bundl
of an internal es
transport system
for water and
dissolved materials


Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and
minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by
photosynthesis from the leaves to
where they will be stored or used


Nonvascular Plants
Do not have vascular
tissue for support or
conduction of materials
Require a constantly
moist environment
Plants can’t grow as
tall
Cells must be in direct
contact with moisture
Materials move by
diffusion cell-to-cell


Nonvascular Plants

Liverwor Hornwor

Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Leaves
- Photosynthetic part of plant
that contains chloroplast
- have stomata on underneath
side for gas exchange
Stems
- carry water and nutrients to
leaves
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant

41

Vascular Plants
Subdivided into two
groups -- Seedless
vascular plants and
Seed-bearing
vascular plants

Club

Seedless Vascular Plants

Whisk ferns Horsetails

Seed-Producing Vascular Plants

Includes two groups –
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in
cones
Angiosperms have flowers that
produce seeds to attract
pollinators and produce seeds


Gymnosperms vs
Angiosperms


Animalia
• Multicellular
• Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
• Feed on plants
or animals


Taxons

•
Most genera contain a
number of similar species
•
The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
•
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships


Basis for Modern Taxonomy
• Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
• Similar embryo development
• Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins


Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.

Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos


Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales


Primate
Cladogram

Dichotomous Keying
•
Used to identify organisms
•
Characteristics given in
pairs
•
Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism


Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5


Classification of lifecindy

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