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Similaire à CVA A&P - Chapter 11: Cardiovascular Standard (20)
CVA A&P - Chapter 11: Cardiovascular Standard
- 1. PowerPoint®
Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A
11
The
Cardiovascular
System
- 2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cardiovascular System
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to
deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove
carbon dioxide and other waste products
- 3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Heart
Location
Thorax between the lungs in the inferior
mediastinum
Orientation
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
Base points toward right shoulder
About the size of your fist
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The Heart
Figure 11.1a–b
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The Heart
Figure 11.1c
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The Heart: Chambers
Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers
Atria
Receiving chambers
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricles
Discharging chambers
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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The Heart: Chambers
Figure 11.2c
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The Heart: Valves
Allow blood to flow in only one direction to
prevent backflow
Four valves
Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria
and ventricles
Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)
Semilunar valves—between ventricle and
artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
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The Heart: Valves
Figure 11.2c
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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Systemic circulation
Blood flows from the left side of the heart
through the body tissues and back to the right
side of the heart
Pulmonary circulation
Blood flows from the right side of the heart to
the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
- 11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Figure 11.3
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Heart Contractions
Tachycardia—rapid heart rate over 100 beats per
minute
Bradycardia—slow heart rate less than 60 beats
per minutes
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Atria contract simultaneously (‘lub’ sound)
Atria relax, then ventricles contract (‘dub’ sound)
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Pulse & Heart Rate
Heart rate (HR)
Typically 75 beats per minute
Pulse
Pressure wave of blood
Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries where
pulse is easily palpated
Pulse averages 70–76 beats per minute at rest
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Increased heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system
Crisis
Low blood pressure
Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Exercise
Decreased blood volume
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Decreased heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Decreased venous return
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Pulse
Figure 11.18
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Blood Pressure
Measurements by health professionals are made
on the pressure in large arteries
Systolic—pressure at the peak of ventricular
contraction
Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax
Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last
(120/80 mm Hg)
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance
from the heart increases
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Variations in Blood Pressure
Normal human range is variable
Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic
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Factors Producing Hypertension
High salt intake
High cholesterol
Obesity
Stress
Eclampsia
Heart disease
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Transport blood to the tissues and back
Carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Exchanges between tissues and blood
Capillary beds
Return blood toward the heart
Venules
Veins
- 22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fetal Circulation
Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and
wastes through the placenta
Umbilical cord contains three vessels
Umbilical vein—carries blood rich in nutrients
and oxygen to the fetus
Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide
and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta
- 23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fetal Circulation
Blood flow bypasses the lungs (since not used)
Blood entering right atrium is shunted directly
into the left atrium through the foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and
pulmonary trunk (becomes ligamentum
arteriosum at birth)