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iii
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE
RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA PORT REGION
SEPTEMBER 2011
PUBLICATION PREPARED FOR
ING Bank
PUBLICATION PREPARED BY
Prof. Dr. Theo Notteboom and Indra Vonck
ITMMA – University of Antwerp
iv
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
DISCLAIMER
The views expressed in this report reflect the personal views of the analysts about the subject of this report. No part of
the compensation(s) of the analyst(s) was, is, or will be directly or indirectly related to the inclusion of specific views in
this report. This report was prepared on behalf of ING Bank N.V. (“ING”), solely for the information of its clients. This
report is not, nor should it be construed as, an investment advice or an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of
any financial instrument or product. While reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the information contained
herein is not untrue or misleading at the time of publication, ING makes no representation that it is accurate or
complete in all respects. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Neither ING nor any of
its officers or employees accept any liability for any direct or consequential loss or damage arising from any use of this
report or its contents. Copyright and database rights protection exists with respect to (the contents of) this report.
Therefore, nothing contained in this report may be reproduced, distributed or published by any person for any purpose
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to the members of the Editorial Board of this publication for providing valuable
input and comments on earlier drafts of this report. The Editorial Board includes Bram Debruyne (ING), Bart Eekhaut
(ING), Didier Keters (ING), Kris Liesse (ING), Inge Stoop (ING), Machiel Bode (ING), Koen Klein (ING), Rico Luman (ING),
John Schijvens (ING), Bastiaan van der Knaap (ING), Jan Blomme (Antwerp Port Authority) and Peter de Langen
(Rotterdam Port Authority)
Publication commissioned by
ING Bank
ING House
Amstelveenseweg 500
1081 KL Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
Publication prepared by
ITMMA - University of Antwerp
ITMMA House
Kipdorp 59
2000 Antwerp (Belgium)
Tel: +32 3 265.51.52
www.itmma.ua.ac.be
Title: Economic Analysis of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta Port Region
Authors: Theo Notteboom and Indra Vonck
Publication date: 8 September 2011
Cover design and lay-out: Theo Notteboom
Print: Drukkerij Bietlot, Gilly
© 2011 – ING Bank and ITMMA – University of Antwerp
ISBN 978 94 9135 900 2
i
FOREWORD
The ITMMA (Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp) of the University of
Antwerp, headed by Professor Theo Notteboom, is the global benchmark for information on
international transport. Little is known about the Rhine-Scheldt Delta other than information
provided by the ports in their own publications. In addition, the network of international goods flows
is highly complex and subject to constant change. The ports located in the west of Europe are still the
point of entry to Europe for goods and commodities, but will they remain so?
The aim of this study is to assess how firmly goods flows are bedded in, and whether any shifts are to
be expected. In addition to having a significant impact on the ports located in the west of Europe,
such shifts could affect the entire intra-European transport chain. In turn, this study could also help
shape the conclusions of the European Commission’s Europe 2050 White Paper.
A White Paper is the guide for the Commission’s decisions on laws and regulations, and one of its
objectives is to attract responses from interested parties in Europe.
In the Europe 2050 White Paper, the European Commission recently stated its concerns about the
impact of these goods flows on intra-European traffic, and on the environmental footprint in
particular. By way of illustration, the Commission wishes to help the ports located in the south of
Europe to become more efficient and thereby attract increased traffic. This study shows that a strong
and efficient Rhine-Scheldt Delta can make a significant contribution in this regard.
ING welcomes this study and considers it an important contribution that further elucidates the
Commission’s White Paper.
We hope you enjoy reading this study.
Luc Truyens Sébastien D’Hondt Arnaud Laviolette
Head of Mid Corporate Head of Corporate Clients Head of Commercial Banking
& Institutional Clients ING Belgium ING Belgium
ING Belgium
< more names >
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Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................. i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................v
SAMENVATTING...........................................................................................................................................xi
SYNTHÈSE................................................................................................................................................xvii
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 1
1 I THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PORTS IN THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA ................................................ 2
1.1 The changing role and function of seaports............................................................................ 2
1.2 The economic significance of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ports.................................................. 3
1.2.1. The Flemish ports ................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2. The Dutch ports .................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 The strategic role of the ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ........................................................... 8
2 | DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS................... 11
2.1 Patterns in global economic development ................................................................................. 11
2.1.1. The role of emerging economies and the BRIC countries .................................................. 11
2.1.2. Intra-regional differences: the case of Africa..................................................................... 12
2.1.3. Mixed results for Europe .................................................................................................... 13
2.1.4. Trade imbalances persist.................................................................................................... 15
2.1.5. Maritime transport after the bubble.................................................................................. 16
2.2 The growing importance of clusters in the global economy....................................................... 17
2.3. Changes in logistics networks .................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1. Dynamics in logistics networks throughout Europe........................................................... 19
2.3.2. Top locations for EDC and networked EDC activity............................................................ 21
2.3.3.Impacts on cargo routing in Europe .................................................................................... 22
2.4. Market players: logistics integration and coordination............................................................. 23
2.4.1. Logistics integration and consolidation in the logistics industry........................................ 23
2.4.2. Consolidation and integration in liner shipping ................................................................. 25
2.4.3. Consolidation in the cargo handling business .................................................................... 27
2.4.4. The hinterland battle among market players..................................................................... 29
2.5. Corridors, intermodality and inland ports ................................................................................. 31
2.5.1. Intercontinental maritime and land corridors.................................................................... 31
2.5.2. European land corridors..................................................................................................... 32
2.5.3. The growing importance of inland ports and logistics zones............................................. 35
2.5.4. The rise of intermodality .................................................................................................... 36
2.6. Regulation and government policies ......................................................................................... 38
2.6.1. IMO..................................................................................................................................... 38
2.6.2. EU policy ............................................................................................................................. 38
2.6.3. European port policy .......................................................................................................... 39
2.6.4. The 2011 White Paper on a future European transport policy.......................................... 39
2.6.5. TEN-T policy........................................................................................................................ 42
3 | TRAFFIC POSITION OF THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA...................................................................................... 43
3.1. Total maritime traffic................................................................................................................. 43
3.2. Liquid bulk.................................................................................................................................. 44
3.3. Dry bulk...................................................................................................................................... 46
3.4. Conventional general cargo ....................................................................................................... 49
3.5. Roro cargo.................................................................................................................................. 52
3.6. Containers.................................................................................................................................. 55
3.7. Summary on the traffic position of Rhine-Scheldt Delta region................................................ 62
3.8. Latest developments: traffic volumes for the first half of 2011................................................ 64
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Economic Analysis
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September 2011
3.9. Expectations for the future........................................................................................................ 65
3.9.1. General considerations....................................................................................................... 65
3.9.2. Containers........................................................................................................................... 66
3.9.3. Conventional general cargo................................................................................................ 68
3.9.4. Dry bulk............................................................................................................................... 69
3.9.5. Liquid bulk........................................................................................................................... 70
3.9.6. RoRo cargo.......................................................................................................................... 72
3.10. Traffic position of the Delta port region in the hinterland ...................................................... 73
3.10.1. Bulk versus containers...................................................................................................... 73
3.10.2. Local hinterland remains very important......................................................................... 73
3.10.3. Competition with German ports and Le Havre for serving the core hinterland or ‘blue
banana’ area................................................................................................................................. 75
3.10.4. Modal split of the Delta ports........................................................................................... 76
3.10.5. Competition with ports outside the Hamburg-Le Havre range........................................ 77
4 | CHALLENGES AND POLICIES FOR THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA PORT REGION..................................................... 79
4.1 Key challenges to the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ................................................................................. 79
4.1.1. Challenges linked to a changing world and European market........................................... 79
4.1.2. Challenges linked to the strategies of logistics market players.......................................... 80
4.1.3. Challenges linked to national and supranational policies .................................................. 81
4.1.4. Challenges linked to cargo flows through the Delta ports ................................................. 83
4.2. What policies regarding seaports and broader logistics development are being developed? . 83
4.2.1. Corporatisation and decentralisation................................................................................. 83
4.2.2. Mainport Network strategy in the Netherlands................................................................. 85
4.2.3. Flanders Port Area, Flanders Logistics and Extended Gateways in Flanders ..................... 86
4.3. Capitalising on potential synergies within the Delta ................................................................. 88
4.3.1. Stimulate interactions between seaports and inland ports............................................... 88
4.3.2. Strengthen the focus on multi-port gateway regions ........................................................ 91
4.3.3. Cooperation in the multi-port gateway region of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta....................... 93
4.4. Closing remarks: keeping an eye on the fundamentals............................................................. 96
ANNEXES................................................................................................................................................ 102
Annex 1. Global Competitiveness Index and European Competitiveness Index ............................ 102
Annex 2. Key figures on economic development ........................................................................... 103
Annex 3. Rail Freight Corridors ....................................................................................................... 104
Annex 4. Modal split and market share of Delta in hinterland regions.......................................... 105
v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. This report provides an economic analysis of the ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta. The Delta
features established large ports as well as a whole series of medium-sized to smaller ports each
with specific characteristics in terms of hinterland markets served, commodities handled and
location qualities. The unique blend of different port types and sizes combined with a vast
economic hinterland shapes port dynamics in the region.
HIGH IMPORTANCE OF THE PORTS IN THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA
2. The Netherlands and Belgium show a high economic performance and competitiveness, even
compared to other regions/countries on a global scale. Their seaports, as important pillars in the
logistics infrastructure of the countries, are key enablers to the performance and
competitiveness of the two countries.
3. The economic effects of seaport activities are no longer limited to the local environment, but
are spread over a much wider geographical area and among a large number of international
players. According to the National Bank of Belgium, the four Flemish seaports combined
generated a direct and indirect value added of 27.1 billion euro in 2009 or 8.2% of total GDP of
Belgium in crisis year 2009. The direct added value reached 13 billion euro in 2009 or 4.3% of
total Belgian GDP. Direct employment reached 105,000 fulltime jobs in 2009 or 2.7% of Belgian
domestic employment. Direct and indirect employment combined amounted to 236,307 jobs or
10.4 % of employment in Flanders and some 6% of employment in Belgium. According to the
‘Port Monitor’, the Dutch sea ports generated a direct value-added of 20.5 billion euro or 3.6% of
the total GDP of the Netherlands in 2009. Indirect value-added amounted to 11.9 billion euro in
2009. The Dutch sea ports employed 163,386 directly seaport related persons in 2009 which
corresponds with 1.9% of the total Dutch employment. Indirect employment amounted to
108,617 units in 2009. There exists no standard methodology in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta on the
definition of the types of impacts, which makes port comparisons between Flemish and Dutch
ports difficult. The figures of Flemish and Dutch ports can therefore not be compared on an equal
basis.
4. A good infrastructure and a high accessibility are becoming more and more basic requirements
for the competitiveness of countries and regions. Innovation and advanced production factors
become essential in order to remain competitive. Private companies and port authorities in the
Delta are or should be drivers of innovation. Next to pure economic arguments, these more
strategic aspects should also be taken into account when evaluating port development plans and
a port’s significance.
A STRONG TRAFFIC POSITION OF THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA
5. Total cargo throughput in the ports of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta reached 812 million tons in 2010
or about 65% of total port throughput in the Hamburg-Le Havre range and 20% in total European
port traffic.
6. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta region plays a key role in liquid bulk traffic in North-West Europe. Total
throughput of liquid bulk products reached 311 million tons in 2010 or an elevated 73% of total
liquid bulk handled in the range. The growth curve in liquid bulk since the late 1990s is almost
completely attributable to the performance of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta region. Next to oil and oil
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Economic Analysis
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September 2011
products and chemicals manufacturing and products, there is a growing activity in biofuels
manufacturing and products, edible oils, industrial gases and water plants and steam and power
plants. The Delta features a vast pipeline system and tank storage capacity. The (petro-)chemical
and industrial complexes in the Delta ports attach great value to sustainability and ‘ecologies of
scale’. Future liquid bulk cargo flows will be affected particularly by (a) the shift away from fossil
fuels to non-fossil fuels, (b) increased processing of crude oil at the source, i.e. the oil rich
countries, and (c) the energy policies of supranational and national governments. Ports within
the Delta are already trying to face these challenges by differentiating themselves in higher
processes requiring specialized labour and extensive know how.
7. The dry bulk market, particularly the major bulks, is a mature market with a low growth
potential. It is mainly driven by demand in raw materials for construction or energy production.
Stronger growth is observed in the minor bulk market such as minerals, non-ferrous
concentrates and fertilisers. Total dry bulk cargo in the H-LH range reached about 250 million
tons in 2010. The market share of the Rhine-Scheldt delta in the range fluctuates between an
elevated 70% and 75%. Coal and iron ore are destined for the main players in Europe’s most
prominent industrial centres and steel plants and power plants in or in the vicinity of the ports.
Quite a number of Delta ports are aiming for an improved nautical accessibility, partly to
accommodate larger bulk carriers.
8. Changes in the traffic position of the Delta as a whole in dry bulk and liquid bulk are to a large
extent linked to (1) economic cycles - demand, (2) terminal and inland transport supply in the
Delta, also taking into account the environmental space, such as the carbon footprint profile; (3)
energy policies in the Benelux and Germany and (4) location decisions of major steel and
chemical companies for which competition plays at a global scale.
9. Overall the conventional general cargo market is a market in decline as containerisation has
conquered a substantial share of the total general cargo market. The growth opportunity of this
sector lies with specialized cargoes. The Delta is quite strong in handling this type of cargo. The
diversity of cargo types in the conventional general cargo market (e.g. steel, forest products,
project cargo, fruit via reefers, etc..) limits the value of an overall market positioning of ports.
10. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta ports handled some 42% of total roro traffic in the range compared to
60% in the early 1980s. The main market for unaccompanied roro freight transport for the Delta
is the North Sea with particularly strong relations between Zeebrugge and Rotterdam and the
central and northern part of the UK. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta also receives substantial volumes of
paper and forest products from local manufacturers in Scandinavia. The transport of new cars is
slowly evolving towards a mature market as the demand for new cars in Western Europe is
reaching its ceiling. The large car handling ports in the Delta region can benefit from rising
demand in Eastern and Central Europe, Russia and Turkey by further strengthening their
position in hub-feeder networks. The car recycling industry and the rise of hybrid and electric
cars offer opportunities to the Delta to diversify know how and to develop new business. The
continuous outflow of second hand cars towards Africa also remains a market for the Delta.
11. In the container market, the market share of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region in Europe saw
an upward trend since 2001 to reach 22.3 million TEU or 25.9% of total European container
traffic in 2010. In volume terms the Rhine-Scheldt Delta region is the fifth most important
container handling region in the world and the largest multi-port gateway region in Europe. The
container trade is the only trade that has increased substantially and is expected to increase
substantially over the coming years. The local or immediate hinterland of the Delta ports
remains very important. The high share of rather local traffic is partly linked to the role of the
Low Countries in EDCs and re-exporting activities. Belgium, the Netherlands and Nord Pas-de-
vii
Calais in northern France are virtually captive to the Delta port region. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta
container ports have a very strong traffic position in relation to the German States and French
regions along the Rhine Basin. The competitive position is weak in the eastern part of Germany,
east and central Europe and in the western part of France.
12. Container ports of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta are increasingly facing competition from container
ports in other European port ranges (Baltic, Adriatic and Med) as an increasing number of ports
gain direct hinterland access to the ‘blue banana’ area. These contestable hinterlands are
increasingly being served not only by the ports of one gateway region, but by several multi-port
gateway regions. In theory, mainland Mediterranean ports offer transit time advantages over the
north European ports for accommodating cargo flows between Asia/Middle East and large parts
of Southern and Central Europe. But so far, they seem to have difficulties in substantially
extending their hinterland reach north through rail services. The concentration of flows in the
Delta port region largely explains why the range and diversity of the intermodal service offer of
large Delta ports is still far bigger and more established than in their Mediterranean
counterparts.
A STRONG BUT CHALLENGED RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA
13. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region is highly dependent on bulk commodities linked to energy
production and the oil-based chemical industry. The shift away from fossil fuels to non-fossil
fuels is considered as a major challenge and opportunity. The Delta port region should adopt a
leading role in this transition to remain competitive as one of the most important energy and
chemical clusters in the world. This can be done by further strengthening the linkages between
the (petro-)chemical complexes in different ports of the Delta, and by leading the way in
innovation in the area of sustainable production methods and ‘ecologies of scale’. It is imperative
that these ‘ecologies of scale’ advantages at individual port level (e.g. via co-siting), but also on a
regional cross-border scale (e.g. the combined chemical industry in Rotterdam, Antwerp,
Moerdijk and Terneuzen and along axes such as the Albert Canal), should be fully acknowledged
in environmental policy.
14. Containers are becoming increasingly important in the traffic composition of the Delta port
region. The position of the Delta in this market segment remains more vulnerable than in many
other cargo segments due to the partial reliance on EDC and re-exporting activities in the Low
countries, the existence of vast shared hinterlands, corridor development throughout Europe
and the rather footloose character of sea-sea transhipment traffic. Remaining competitive in this
market not only demands efforts from individual ports and market parties, but also requires a
stronger positioning of the Delta region as an integrated European gateway region which
combines scale with routing flexibility.
15. At the foreland side, Asia and other emerging economies become more important in the cargo
flows. At the hinterland side, growth in the Delta ports will increasingly have to come from
regions outside the traditional ‘blue banana’, as the traditional hinterland of the Delta comprises
mostly rather mature economies. Both developments combined point to an increased
competition with ports outside of the Hamburg-Le Havre range in attracting cargo flows,
reinforced by port reform schemes in countries such as France, Italy and Spain. The Delta port
region should consider broadening its hinterland reach without disregarding the needs and
continued importance of its core hinterland regions. The port and wider logistics community in
the Delta is challenged to deliver strong and integrated business propositions to bind global
supply chain activities to the region.
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Economic Analysis
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September 2011
16. The rise of economic centres in Eastern and Central Europe creates opportunities for the Delta
ports to develop shortsea shipping services and water- and land-based hub-feeder networks to
these areas. At the same time, the expanding European market challenges the strong reliance of
the Low Countries on EDCs and re-exporting activities. Any major changes in the design of
distribution networks (e.g. through a move of EDCs to other regions, a network redesign
towards a system of RDCs or more DC bypass operations) will have an impact on the distribution
of container flows among European ports, with potentially a negative traffic effect on the
container ports in the Delta.
17. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region and the North German port region are early adopters of
intermodal solutions. However, the Delta cannot sit back and rely on its ‘early mover’ status and
scale advantages. Continuous innovation in processes (cf. cargo bundling, information flow
management, port-inland port concepts, etc..) and technologies is needed, not only to keep the
Delta competitive, but also to demonstrate to policy makers that the Delta port region takes up
its European leader role in a responsible and innovative way, driven by market responsiveness
and sustainability.
18. While the Delta ports overall welcomed the principles in the White Paper of the European
Commission, it is important to underline that out-of-pocket costs alone are not sufficient to
understand the current routing of containerized goods in Europe. Co-modal bundling effects,
connectivity effects and aggregated service quality effects at specific gateway ports make that a
‘natural’ gateway for a certain hinterland region is not necessarily the port closest to that
hinterland region. A non-consistent implementation of pricing throughout the EU can lead to
cargo shifts away from the Delta. The Delta port region is challenged to bring the message to
policy makers that the present cargo distribution patterns in Europe, among which the strong
position of the Delta, are a reflection of market-based decisions by logistics players.
19. The ‘core network’ discussion as part of the TEN-T policy can impact the ports in this region if
this would result in an increase of coastal access points and a policy directed towards cargo
dispersion in the European port system. The Delta ports have to continue capitalizing on their
cargo bundling and consolidation potential on the large inland corridors created by the TEN-T
network.
FOCUS ON THE FUNDAMENTALS TO REMAIN COMPETITIVE
20. Space, accessibility, efficiency in dealing with supply chains and sustainability seem to be the
key themes for the future port development within the Rhine-Scheldt Delta. The Delta ports can
be considered as frontrunners in many of these areas through the development of innovative
business cases, new governance structures and or novel ways in dealing with stakeholders. The
corporatisation of port authorities should help to enter into more partnerships in the commercial
logistics sector and to improve their performance in the face of international competition.
21. The Mainport Network strategy in the Netherlands or the Extended Gateway strategy in Flanders
partly help to deal with scarcity of port land, but this does not necessarily lead to a net decrease
in space requirements for the Delta as a whole. It is important that the space requirements at a
Delta level are examined in detail so that the implications of future port developments can be
assessed in terms of their spatial implications on the regional logistics and transport structure.
22. Accessibility, particularly to the hinterland, constitutes another major theme. Port authorities
should take up an even more prominent role in shaping the network and in enhancing
coordination and cooperation between partners involved (e.g. in view of cargo bundling). Port
ix
authorities can be catalysts or facilitators in these processes. The capacity expansion of highways
in the Delta has to keep up with the persistent traffic growth of road transport. The quality of the
services to information flows are fast becoming as important as the services to the physical
flows. This implies ports have to make sure the right infrastructure, software and human skills
are in place to respond to the ever higher market requirements for the accommodation of global
information flows. A seaport should not tackle this challenge in isolation as one singly node,
given the network focus of market players.
23. When it comes to sustainability, port authorities and port companies must continue to
demonstrate a high level of environmental performance in order to ensure community support
and to attract trading partners and potential investors. The Delta is challenged to further
optimize the use of space and to minimize emissions of existing and future activities in the port
areas and the wider logistics pole.
24. A last factor concerns the efficiency in dealing with supply chains. The economic position of the
Netherlands and Belgium is in large part linked to trading, physical flows and manufacturing
activities. These activities form the basis for the logistics industry and related services. Narrowing
down the focus to pure orchestration/control type of services while de-prioritizing the
accommodation of physical flows and industrial activities might make the position of the Delta
more vulnerable in an economic sense. Also the strategic location of the Delta in the ‘blue
banana’ remains a trump card that should be played out in international competition.
CAPITALISING ON SYNERGIES WITHIN THE DELTA
25. From a hinterland perspective, the relevance of a single port is more and more placed within a
broader network perspective. The overall qualities of the whole Delta port region in relation to
the hinterland are important next to the qualities of each of the individual ports in the region. A
successful hinterland strategy is more and more determined by the ability of the port community
to fully exploit synergies with other transport nodes and other players within the logistics
networks of which they are part. These developments call for closer co-ordination and
cooperation with logistics actors and nodes outside the port perimeter.
26. The ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta understand that inland ports can help them in facing a wide
array of local constraints (road congestion, lack of available land, environmental issues, etc..).
Participation in inland terminals abroad (particularly in the ‘blue banana’ area outside the
Benelux) deserves more attention. This might demand a cautious approach in dealing with
foreign inland ports, for example by first considering joint ventures in the development of new
port-related sites.
27. Routing flexibility is one of the keystones for the logistics attractiveness of a region. Production
units and logistics sites (such as EDCs) in the hinterland typically value the flexibility the Delta
offers in terms of available routing options for import and export cargo. Next to an inland focus
of ports, seaports should therefore develop a greater attention to the benefits offered by the
presence of adjacent seaports in terms of the flexibility it offers to customers. Several gateways
together can create synergies in reaching out to the hinterland. In this framework, it is highly
relevant to approach the Delta as a multi-port gateway region.
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Economic Analysis
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September 2011
28. Compared to other port regions in Europe, the Rhine-Scheldt Delta does not only offer routing
flexibility towards the hinterland, but can also capitalize on its unrivalled scale in terms of the
volumes, connectivity and frequencies in land transport services. The bundling of cargo towards
the hinterland allows the ports in the Delta to gather critical mass to access regions in the more
distant hinterland using shuttle services that meet customer requirements in terms of frequency.
Coordination and collective actions between ports and market players are essential to meet the
objective of increasing the share of co-modal solutions and to bundle cargo, also on short
distances. Synergies between ports in the Delta can also be further enhanced by improving inter-
port linkages.
PUTTING PORT COOPERATION IN PERSPECTIVE
29. Cooperation between the Delta ports already exists in some areas where there are clear mutual
interests and even on commercially sensitive issues. Still, there is scope for more (cross-border)
cooperation in bundling cargo to the hinterland and in improving the functional exchanges
between the different port areas. Such cooperation initiatives should be market-based (i.e.
following a strong business case) and initiated by market players with facilitation by port
authorities and other relevant (semi-)public bodies.
30. A major point of attention is the spatial scale needed for cooperation in the Delta. Government
policies in the Netherlands and Flanders are too much focused on the own territorial borders
without fully acknowledging the possibilities for more intense cross-border cooperation. This is
illustrated by the Dutch Mainport Network policy, the Flemish Extended Gateways, the ‘Dutch
only’ connotation of Portbase and the rather limited cross-border interaction that is taking place
in the area of creating knowledge relationships between Flemish and Dutch ports and logistics
regions. Restricting the focus of port cooperation to national or regional administrative borders
creates blind spots and ignores the logistics dynamics in the wider Rhine-Scheldt Delta.
31. The modalities and governance structures for cooperation are less important than the
objectives to be achieved. Informal forms of cooperation are easier to set up and often lead to
desired results without having the burden of a heavy bureaucracy linked to a complex
governance structure. Mergers between port authorities should not be an aim as such. Allowing
another port authority to hold a minority shareholding in a specific port authority might enhance
the sense for a common mission without completely erasing much needed competition between
the ports to keep the Delta alert and efficient. Alternatively, cooperation between ports on a
project basis (e.g. to establish a joint multimodal service to a hinterland region) helps to keep
focused and might also yield good results.
32. It is important that any government initiative to facilitate/encourage cooperation between
ports is not imposed on ports. Forcing ports to go for specialisation can harm diversification in
individual ports, thus increasing commercial risks for the ports concerned (due to more eggs in
one basket) and making the choice to customers less rich (lower flexibility). Actions towards any
form of port cooperation, particularly in the commercial area, should mainly come from the ports
themselves. The government only needs to step in when there is market failure, for example
when there is abuse of market power or when external costs are too high or not optimally
distributed. The road of institutional entrepreneurship might be the best approach to port
cooperation: the government is responsible for regulation and for developing general policy
lines, but leaves the actual strategy development more to a more decentralized level (i.e. the
port authority and individual market players).
xi
SAMENVATTING
1. Dit rapport geeft de resultaten weer van een economische analyse van de havens gelegen in de
Rijn-Schelde Delta. De Delta omvat havens van verschillende omvang en grootte, waarbij elke
individuele haven specifieke kenmerken vertoont op het vlak van achterlandbereik, goederenmix
en ligging. De unieke combinatie van verschillende haventypes en –groottes, gecombineerd met
een uitgestrekt Europees achterland, ligt aan de basis van de dynamiek in deze havenregio.
HET GROTE BELANG VAN DE HAVENS IN DE RIJN-SCHELDE DELTA
2. Nederland en België leggen op een mondiaal vlak goede prestaties en cijfers voor op het vlak
van concurrentiekracht. De havens waarover zij beschikken vormen belangrijke speerpunten in
de logistieke infrastructuur van de Lage Landen en zijn onmisbaar voor de goede economische
prestaties en concurrentiële positie van de betrokken regio’s.
3. De economische impact van de havens in de Delta is niet langer beperkt tot het lokale niveau.
Ze deinen uit over een groot geografisch gebied en over een groot aantal internationale
bedrijven en marktspelers. Op basis van recente gegevens van de Nationale Bank van België
bedraagt de directe en indirecte toegevoegde waarde van de Vlaamse havens ongeveer 27,1
miljard euro in 2009 of 8,2% van het BBP van België. De directe toegevoegde waarde bedroeg 13
miljard euro in 2009 of 4,3% van het Belgische BBP. De directe tewerkstelling bedroeg 105.000
voltijdse betrekkingen in 2009 of 2,7% van de totale Belgische werkgelegenheid. Wanneer ook de
indirecte werkgelegenheid wordt meegeteld zorgen de havens voor 236.307 banen of 10,4% van
de Vlaamse en 6% van de Belgische werkgelegenheid. Volgens de ‘Havenmonitor’ genereerden
de Nederlandse havens een directe toegevoegde waarde van 20,5 miljard euro of 3,6% van het
Nederlandse BBP in 2009. De indirecte toegevoegde waarde wordt geschat op 11,9 miljard euro
in 2009. De Nederlandse havens stelden 163.386 personen direct te werk, wat overeenkomt met
1,9% van de totale Nederlandse tewerkstelling. De indirecte werkgelegenheid bedroeg 108.617
voltijdse banen in 2009. Er bestaat echter geen standaardmethodologie in de Rijn-Schelde Delta
voor de meting van de economische impact van de havens. De cijfers van de Vlaamse en
Nederlandse havens kunnen dus niet op eenzelfde basis vergeleken worden.
4. Steeds vaker worden een goede infrastructuur en een hoge toegankelijkheid basisvereisten voor
de concurrentiekracht van landen en regio’s. Innovatie en geavanceerde productiefactoren
worden essentieel om competitief te blijven. Bedrijven en havenautoriteiten zijn belangrijk als
initiators van innovatie in de Delta. Naast de zuivere economische argumenten zijn ook deze
meer strategische aspecten belangrijk wanneer men havenontwikkelingsplannen en de
havenimpact evalueert.
DE STERKE TRAFIEKPOSITIE VAN DE RIJN-SCHELDE DELTA
5. De totale goederenoverslag in de Rijn-Schelde Delta bedroeg 812 miljoen ton in 2010 of
ongeveer 65% van de totale maritieme trafiek in de Hamburg-Le Havre range en 20% van de
totale trafiek in het Europese havensysteem.
6. De Rijn-Schelde Delta regio speelt een sleutelrol in de behandeling van vloeibare massagoederen
in Noordwest-Europa. In totaal bereikte de overslag van vloeibare massagoederen ongeveer 311
miljoen ton in 2010, wat neerkomt op 73% van de totale vloeibare bulktrafiek in de range. De
sterke groei in de overslag van vloeibare massagoederen in de range sinds 1990 is bijna volledig
xii
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
toe te schrijven aan de Delta. Naast olie en chemische producten is er een groeiende markt voor
biobrandstoffen, oliën, industriële gassen en grondstoffen voor energiecentrales. De Delta
beschikt over een uitgebreid netwerk van pijpleidingen en een substantiële capaciteit aan
tankopslag. De (petro-)chemische en industriële complexen in de Deltahavens hechten een grote
waarde aan duurzaamheid en ‘ecologische schaalvoordelen’. De toekomstige stromen in
vloeibare massagoederen zullen voornamelijk beïnvloed worden door (a) de verschuiving van
fossiele naar niet-fossiele brandstoffen, (b) de toegenomen verwerking van ruwe aardolie aan de
bron (bvb. in de olierijke landen), en (c) het gevoerde energiebeleid op nationaal en
internationaal vlak. De Deltahavens trachten aan deze uitdagingen tegemoet te komen door in te
zetten op differentiatie in meer geavanceerde chemische processen, welke meer
gespecialiseerde werknemers en knowhow vereisen.
7. De markt van de droge massagoederen, en dan vooral de ‘major bulks’, vertoont een laag
groeipotentieel. Deze sector wordt sterk gedreven door de vraag naar grondstoffen voor
staalproductie en energie. Een sterkere groei is waar te nemen in de ‘minor bulks’ zoals
mineralen, non-ferro concentraten en meststoffen. De totale overslag van droge massagoederen
in de Hamburg-Le Havre range bereikte ongeveer 250 miljoen ton in 2010. Het marktaandeel van
de Delta in de range varieert tussen 70% en 75%. Kolen en ijzererts zijn bestemd voor de
belangrijke industriële centra in het Europese achterland en voor staalfabrieken en
energiebedrijven in of nabij de havens. Een groot aantal Deltahavens mikt op een verbeterde
nautische toegang, gedeeltelijk om grotere bulkschepen te kunnen accommoderen.
8. Wijzigingen in de positie van de Delta met betrekking tot de trafieken van droge en vloeibare
massagoederen zijn voor een groot deel gekoppeld aan: (1) economische cycli (vraag), (2) het
aanbod aan terminals en achterlandvervoer in de Delta, rekening houdende met de beschikbare
milieugebruiksruimte (carbon footprint), (3) het energiebeleid in de Benelux en Duitsland en (4)
de locatiebeslissingen van verschillende chemische en staalgerelateerde bedrijven, waarvoor de
concurrentie zich op een mondiale schaal afspeelt.
9. De markt van het conventioneel stukgoed kent een terugval door de opmars van containers. De
voornaamste groeimogelijkheden in dit marktsegment bevinden zich op het vlak van de
gespecialiseerde ladingen. De Delta is redelijk sterk vertegenwoordigd in dit ladingsegment. De
diversiteit van ladingtypes in de markt van het conventioneel stukgoed beperkt de relevantie van
een algemene marktpositionering van de havens.
10. De Deltahavens vertegenwoordigen ongeveer 42% van de totale roro trafiek in de range. In de
jaren tachtig was dit 60%. De voornaamste markt voor de Delta op het vlak van het onbegeleid
roro transport is de Noordzee, met sterke trafiekrelaties tussen Zeebrugge en Rotterdam en het
centrale en noordelijke deel van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. De Rijn-Schelde Delta ontvangt ook
aanzienlijke volumes papier- en houtproducten vanuit Scandinavië. De overslag van nieuwe
wagens evolueert langzaam naar een mature markt, aangezien de vraag naar nieuwe wagens in
West-Europa stilaan het verzadigingspunt bereikt heeft. De grote autohavens in de Delta kunnen
voordeel halen uit een stijgende vraag vanuit Oost- en Centraal-Europa, Rusland en Turkije door
hun positie in hub-feeder netwerken te verstevigen. De autorecyclage industrie en de opmars
van hybride en elektrische wagens bieden nieuwe ontwikkelingskansen voor de Delta. De export
van tweedehands wagens naar Afrika blijft ook een belangrijke deelmarkt.
11. In de containermarkt stijgt het aandeel van de Rijn-Schelde Delta op Europees vlak sinds 2001. In
2010 ging het om 22.3 miljoen TEU of 25.9% van de totale Europese containeroverslag. In
volumetermen is de Delta de vijfde meest belangrijke containerregio in de wereld en de
grootste ‘multi-port gateway region’ in Europa. De containermarkt is het enige overslagsegment
dat de laatste decennia aanzienlijk is gegroeid. Ook de komende jaren wordt een toename
xiii
verwacht. Het locale en directe achterland van de Deltahavens blijft zeer belangrijk. Het hoge
aandeel van relatief lokaal verkeer is gedeeltelijk te verklaren door de belangrijke positie van de
Lage Landen in Europese distributiecentra (EDCs) en ‘re-export’ activiteiten. De Deltahavens
hebben een dominante positie in de containerstromen in relatie met België, Nederland en Nord
Pas-de-Calais in Noord-Frankrijk. De containerhavens in de Delta hebben een sterke
trafiekpositie in bepaalde Duitse deelstaten en Franse regio’s nabij het Rijnbekken. De
concurrentiële positie is veel zwakker in het oostelijk deel van Duitsland, in Oost en Centraal
Europa en in het westen van Frankrijk.
12. De containerhavens in de Delta komen steeds meer in directe concurrentie te staan met havens
in andere Europese ranges (Baltische Zee, Adriatische Zee en Middellandse Zee), aangezien een
groter aantal havens toegang krijgen tot de ‘blauwe banaan’ regio. Deze achterlandregio’s
worden steeds vaker bediend door meerdere ‘multi-port gateway regions’. Vanuit theoretisch
oogpunt hebben de zuidelijke havens een voordeel t.o.v. de Noord-Europese havens als het gaat
om de reistijden vanuit Azië naar achterlandregio’s in zuidelijk en Centraal Europa. In de praktijk
lijken de zuidelijke havens problemen te hebben om hun achterland aanzienlijk uit te breiden. De
grote concentratie aan ladingstromen in de Delta verklaart waarom het achterlandbereik en het
aanbod aan intermodale diensten van deze havenregio nog steeds veel groter is dan in het
Middellandse Zeegebied.
DE RIJN-SCHELDE DELTA: STERK, MAAR EEN TOENEMENDE CONCURRENTIËLE DRUK
13. De overslag in de Delta is sterk afhankelijk van massagoederen verbonden aan energieproductie
en de (petro-)chemische industrie. De verschuiving van fossiele naar niet-fossiele brandstoffen
is één van de grootste uitdagingen maar tevens één van de grootste kansen. De Deltaregio moet
een voortrekkersrol spelen in deze transitie, als ze haar positie wenst te behouden als één van
de voornaamste energie- en petrochemische clusters in de wereld. De versterking van de
wisselwerking tussen de (petro)chemische complexen in de verschillende havens is hier
belangrijk, net als de inzet op innovatie op het vlak van duurzame productiemethodes en het
verder versterken van ecologische schaalvoordelen. Het is van groot belang dat deze ecologische
schaalvoordelen niet enkel op individueel havenniveau worden bekeken (bvb. via co-siting), maar
ook op een grensoverschrijdend niveau (bvb. Rotterdam, Antwerpen, Moerdijk en Terneuzen).
Het belang van deze ecologische schaalvoordelen zou volwaardig deel moeten uitmaken van het
gevoerde milieubeleid.
14. Containers winnen aan belang in de trafieksamenstelling van de Deltaregio. De positie van de
Delta in dit segment blijft kwetsbaar door de afhankelijkheid van EDC en ‘re-export’ activiteiten.
Ook het bestaan van overlappende achterlanden, corridorontwikkeling in Europa en het
‘footloose’ karakter van zee-zee overslag dragen hiertoe bij. Om de concurrentie succesvol aan te
gaan dient de Delta zich sterker te profileren als een geïntegreerde Europese ‘gateway’ regio,
die schaalgrootte combineert met flexibiliteit op het vlak van routemogelijkheden.
15. Aan zeezijde worden Azië en andere opkomende economieën steeds belangrijker. In het
hinterland zal de groei van de Deltahavens meer en meer afhangen van regio’s buiten de
traditionele ‘blauwe banaan’. De combinatie van beide ontwikkelingen leidt tot een toegenomen
concurrentie met havens buiten de Hamburg-Le Havre range. Dit wordt versterkt door
havenhervormingen in Frankrijk, Italië en Spanje. De Deltahavens moeten overwegen om hun
achterlandbereik verder uit te breiden zonder de noden en het belang van het huidige
kernachterland uit het oog te verliezen.
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Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
16. De opkomst van economische centra in Oost en Centraal Europa creëert mogelijkheden voor de
Deltahavens op vlak van kustvaart en hub-feeder netwerken over land en zee. De groei van de
Europese markt kan echter leiden tot wijzigingen in de configuratie van Europese
distributienetwerken (bvb. door een verschuiving van EDCs naar andere regio’s, een alternatief
netwerk met RDCs of meer DC bypass) met een potentieel negatief effect op de
containertrafieken van de Deltahavens.
17. De Delta havenregio en de Noord-Duitse regio zijn pioniers in intermodale oplossingen. Deze
‘early mover’ voordelen zijn echter niet voldoende om toekomstig succes te garanderen. Een
doorlopende innovatie in processen en technologieën is vereist, niet enkel om de Delta
competitief te houden, maar ook om beleidsmakers duidelijk te maken dat de Deltaregio haar
Europese leidersrol op een verantwoorde en innovatieve manier waar maakt, daarmee rekening
houdend met de noden van de markt en duurzaamheid.
18. Hoewel de Deltahavens zich over het algemeen kunnen vinden in de principes van het Witboek
van de Europese Commissie, is het belangrijk te benadrukken dat de huidige trafiekdistributie in
het Europese havensysteem niet enkel kan verklaard worden door te kijken naar kosten. Co-
modale bundelingeffecten, connectiviteit en de integrale kwaliteit van de dienstverlening hebben
tot gevolg dat de “natuurlijke” gateway vaak niet de dichtstbijzijnde gateway is. Een niet
consistente implementatie van heffingen in de EU kan leiden tot een ladingsverschuiving weg
van de Delta. De Deltaregio dient beleidsmakers de boodschap te brengen dat de huidige
trafiekdistributie in Europa en de sterke positie van de Delta een weerspiegeling zijn van
marktconforme beslissingen van logistieke spelers.
19. De discussie rond het ‘core network’ binnen het TEN-T beleid kan de havens in de regio
beïnvloeden indien dit zou resulteren in een toename van maritieme toegangspunten in Europa
en in een beleid gericht op de verspreiding van lading over een groot aantal Europese havens. De
Deltahavens moeten blijven inzetten op hun kracht in het bundelen van lading op de grote
corridors binnen het TEN-T netwerk.
OOG VOOR DE KERNZAKEN TENEINDE COMPETITIEF TE BLIJVEN
20. Ruimte, toegankelijkheid, de efficiëntie in het accommoderen van supply chains en
duurzaamheid blijven de kernthema’s voor een verdere havenontwikkeling binnen de Delta. De
Deltahavens kunnen beschouwd worden als koplopers in veel van deze gebieden door middel
van de ontwikkeling van innovatieve business cases, nieuwe bestuursstructuren en originele
manieren om met stakeholders om te gaan. De verzelfstandiging van de havenautoriteiten zou
moeten helpen om meer partnerships in de commerciële sfeer te kunnen aangaan en om de
prestaties van de havens te verbeteren met het oog op een toenemende internationale
concurrentiedruk.
21. Het ‘Mainport Netwerk’ beleid in Nederland en de ‘Extended Gateway’ strategie in Vlaanderen
helpen gedeeltelijk het mogelijk tekort aan havengronden op te vangen. Dit leidt echter niet
noodzakelijk tot een netto afname in de ruimtenoden binnen de Deltaregio. Het is belangrijk dat
deze noden op het niveau van de gehele Delta worden onderzocht zodat toekomstige
havenontwikkelingen kunnen worden geëvalueerd op het vlak van hun ruimtelijke impact op de
gehele logistieke en transportinfrastructuur in de Lage Landen.
22. De toegankelijkheid, vooral in relatie tot het achterland, blijft een hoofdbekommernis voor de
Delta. Havenautoriteiten moeten een prominente rol spelen in het bevorderen van
netwerkvorming in relatie tot het achterland en in de coördinatie en samenwerking tussen de
xv
betrokken partners (bvb. met betrekking tot ladingbundeling). De uitbouw van het
autowegennetwerk moet gelijke tred houden met de aanhoudende groei van het transport over
de weg. Op het vlak van dienstverlening worden informatiestromen even belangrijk als de fysieke
goederenstromen. Dit betekent dat de havens moeten beschikken over de juiste infrastructuur
en de geschikte software en expertise om een afdoend antwoord te vinden op de steeds hogere
eisen die de mondiale informatiestromen stellen. Een haven kan deze uitdaging niet als een
aparte schakel aangaan, temeer aangezien de marktspelers een sterke focus op netwerken
hebben ontwikkeld.
23. Op het vlak van duurzaamheid moeten havenbesturen en havengerelateerde bedrijven goede
resultaten kunnen voorleggen om zich te verzekeren van de steun van de gemeenschap en om
klanten en investeerders aan te trekken. De Delta moet inspanningen leveren om het
ruimtegebruik verder te optimaliseren en de uitstoot van huidige en toekomstige activiteiten in
het havengebied te beperken.
24. Een laatste kernzaak betreft de efficiëntie in het accommoderen van supply chains. De
economische sterkte van Nederland en België is in grote mate verweven met import- en
exportactiviteiten en productieprocessen. Deze activiteiten vormen de basis voor de aanwezige
logistiek en aanverwante dienstverlening. Een verminderde aandacht voor het aantrekken van
fysieke goederenstromen en industriële activiteiten zou de economische basis van de Delta op
termijn kwetsbaarder maken. De strategische ligging van de Delta nabij de ‘blauwe banaan’ is
een troef die internationaal voortdurend moet uitgespeeld worden.
INZETTEN OP SYNERGIE IN DE DELTA
25. Een haven dient steeds meer vanuit een netwerkperspectief benaderd worden, zeker wanneer
het gaat over haven-achterland relaties. De gezamenlijke troeven van de Delta havenregio in
relatie tot het achterland zijn belangrijk, net als de troeven van elk van de individuele havens in
de regio. Het vermogen van de havengemeenschappen om synergie met andere knooppunten
en marktspelers te bewerkstelligen draagt in belangrijke mate bij tot een succesvolle ontplooiing
van de havens. De noden op het vlak van coördinatie en samenwerking met andere knooppunten
en logistieke spelers buiten het havengebied worden daardoor steeds belangrijker.
26. De havens in de Rijn-Schelde Delta zijn zich bewust van het belang van binnenhavens. Meer
aandacht dient te gaan naar investeringen en deelnames in de activiteiten van buitenlandse
binnenhavens (meer bepaald in de zones van de ‘blauwe banaan’ buiten de Benelux) ondermeer
via joint ventures.
27. De geboden flexibiliteit in de keuze van transporttrajecten vormt een belangrijke factor voor de
logistieke attractiviteit van een regio. Productielocaties en logistieke sites (bijvoorbeeld EDC)
prijzen de geboden flexibiliteit binnen de Delta om inkomende en uitgaande goederenstromen te
accommoderen. De aanwezigheid van een groot aantal havens maakt de gehele regio
aantrekkelijk op het vlak van de geboden flexibiliteit voor de klanten. De synergie tussen de
verschillende havens speelt ook op het vlak van het achterland. In dit opzicht is het belangrijk om
de Delta als een ‘multi-port gateway region’ te beschouwen.
28. In vergelijking tot andere havenregio’s in Europa biedt de Delta niet enkel flexibiliteit op het vlak
van trajectkeuze, maar ook een ongeëvenaarde schaalgrootte in termen van volumes,
connectiviteit en geboden frequentie in de achterlandverbindingen. De bundeling van lading laat
de Delta toe een kritische massa te verkrijgen om gebieden in het verdere achterland te
xvi
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
bedienen. Coördinatie en collectieve acties tussen havens en marktspelers zijn nodig om lading
te bundelen en om het aandeel van intermodaal vervoer verder op te drijven (ook op kortere
afstanden). De synergie tussen de Deltahavens kan ook verder versterkt worden door de
verbindingen tussen de havens onderling verder te verbeteren.
HAVENSAMENWERKING IN PERSPECTIEF
29. Er wordt reeds samengewerkt tussen de Deltahavens in zaken die de wederzijdse belangen
dienen en zelfs op het vlak van meer commercieel gevoelige thema’s. Toch is er ruimte voor
meer (grensoverschrijdende) samenwerking op het vlak van de bundeling van lading en de
versterking van de functionele wisselwerking tussen de verschillende havengebieden.
Samenwerkingsinitiatieven dienen marktconform te zijn (d.i. gebaseerd op een sterke business
case) en geïnitieerd te worden door marktpartijen, daarbij gefaciliteerd door havenautoriteiten
en andere relevante (semi-)publieke entiteiten.
30. Een belangrijk aandachtspunt blijft de geografische schaal die het meest opportuun is voor een
goede samenwerking in de Delta. Het beleid van zowel de Nederlandse als Vlaamse overheid
gaat te sterk uit van de eigen administratieve grenzen zonder de voordelen van een meer
intensieve grensoverschrijdende samenwerking voldoende te belichten. Dit is duidelijk binnen
het Nederlandse ‘Mainport Netwerk’ beleid en het Vlaamse ‘Extended Gateway’ concept. Bij het
Portbase project werd enkel uitgegaan van Nederlandse havens. Ook op het vlak van logistieke
kennisontwikkeling blijft de samenwerking tussen Nederlandse en Vlaamse havens en logistieke
regio’s beperkt. Door het beperken van havensamenwerking tot nationale of regionale grenzen
worden blinde vlekken gecreëerd en wordt de dynamiek binnen de gehele Rijn-Schelde Delta
niet ten volle benut.
31. De modaliteiten en beleidsstructuren voor samenwerking zijn minder belangrijk dan het
uiteindelijke doel. Informeel overleg en samenwerking zijn sneller en makkelijker op te starten;
vaak leiden ze tot goede resultaten zonder de bureaucratische lasten die een complexe
organisatiestructuur met zich kan meebrengen. Het samenvoegen of de fusie van
havenautoriteiten mag geen doel op zich zijn. Het kan interessanter zijn om havens toe te laten
een minderheidsaandeel in één of meerdere andere havens te verwerven: gemeenschappelijke
doelen kunnen worden nagestreefd zonder de broodnodige havenconcurrentie volledig te
elimineren. Het is ook mogelijk om samenwerking tussen verschillende havens op projectbasis
te regelen. Hierbij worden doelstellingen (bijvoorbeeld het opzetten van een
gemeenschappelijke intermodale achterlandverbinding) scherp afgebakend.
32. Samenwerking tussen havens mag niet opgelegd worden door hogere overheden. Een haven
dwingen te specialiseren in een bepaald goederensegment kan aanzienlijke gevolgen hebben
voor de mogelijkheden tot diversificatie en uiteindelijk de commerciële levensvatbaarheid. Het
kan ook het aanbod en de flexibiliteit voor klanten van de Delta beperken. Initiatieven tot
samenwerking moeten, zeker als het gaat om commerciële zaken, door de havens zelf worden
ontwikkeld. De overheid dient enkel in te grijpen wanneer er marktfaling optreedt, bijvoorbeeld
door misbruik van (markt)macht of het bestaan van aanzienlijke externe kosten. ‘Institutioneel
ondernemerschap’ lijkt de beste aanpak met het oog op havensamenwerking: de overheid blijft
verantwoordelijk voor regelgeving en voor het uitstippelen van de algemene beleidslijnen, maar
laat de eigenlijke strategiebepaling over aan een meer decentraal niveau (d.i. havenautoriteiten).
xvii
SYNTHÈSE
1. Ce rapport propose une analyse économique des ports à travers le Delta du Rhin-Escaut. Le Delta
est caractérisé par des ports assez grands et plusieurs ports de taille moyenne ou petite. Chacun
a des caractéristiques spécifiques concernant l’accès de l’arrière-pays, les marchandises traitées
et les qualités vis-à-vis la location. Ce mélange unique de types et tailles de ports, en
combinaison avec un arrière-pays substantiel, forme la dynamique de cette région.
LA GRANDE IMPORTANCE DES PORTS DANS LE RHIN-ESCAUT DELTA
2. Les Pays-Bas et la Belgique montrent une grande performance et compétitivité économique en
comparaison avec autres régions/pays au niveau mondial. Leurs ports, étant des points de
support pour l’infrastructure logistique des pays, sont des initiateurs pour la performance et
compétitivité des deux pays.
3. Les effets économiques des activités des ports ne sont plus limités aux environnements locaux.
Ils sont dispersés sur une région géographique beaucoup plus vaste et à travers une grande
quantité de joueurs internationaux. Selon la Banque Nationale de la Belgique, le montant des
quatre ports Flamands a généré une valeur ajoutée directe et indirecte de 27,1 billion d’euro en
2009 ou 8,2% du PIB total de Belgique. La valeur ajoutée directe a atteint 13 billion d’euro en
2009 ou 4,3% du PIB Belge. L’emploi généré directement par les ports a atteint 105.000 emploies
à plein temps en 2009 ou 2,7% de l’emploi total de la Belgique. L’ensemble d’emplois direct et
indirect est bon pour 236.307 employés ou 10,4% d’emploi total dans la Flandre et 6% de la
Belgique. Selon le ‘Port Monitor’, les ports localisés dans les Pays-Bas ont généré une valeur
ajoutée directe de 20,5 billion d’euro ou 3,6% du PIB Hollandais en 2009. La valeur ajoutée
indirecte a atteint 11,9 billions d’euro en 2009. Les ports des Pays-Bas étaient capables
d’employer 163.386 personnes en 2009 ce qui correspond avec 1,9% de l’emploie total des Pays-
Bas. L’ensemble des emploies indirectes élevait à 108.617 personnes en 2009. Il n’existe aucune
méthodologie uniforme dans le Delta concernant la définition des types d’impacts, ce qui rend
les comparaisons entre les ports Flamands et Néerlandais très difficile. Les chiffres des ports
Flamands et Hollandais ne peuvent pas être comparés selon les mêmes valeurs essentielles.
4. Une infrastructure adéquate et une grande accessibilité sont de plus en plus des conditions
minimales pour la compétitivité des pays et régions. L’innovation et les facteurs de production
avancée deviennent essentiels si on veut rester compétitif. Entreprises et autorités portuaires
dans le Delta doivent continuer à pousser l’innovation vers des nouveaux sommets. A coté
d’arguments économiques, ces aspects stratégiques doivent être considérés quand on estime
l’importance du développement des ports.
UNE POSITION SOLIDE DU DELTA EN MATIERE DE TRAFICS
5. Le trafic total dans les ports du Delta a atteint 812 millions de tonnes en 2010 ou 65% du trafic
total de la rangée nord de l'Europe et 20% du trafic maritime en Europe.
6. Le Rhin-Escaut Delta joue un rôle décisif dans les transports de liquides en vrac dans la partie
Nord-Ouest de L’Europe. Le trafic total de ce type de cargo a atteint 311 million de tonnes en
2010 ou 73% du trafic des vracs liquides dans la rangée nord de l'Europe. La courbe de croissance
qui démarre en 1990 dans ce secteur est presque complètement attribuable au Delta. Appart des
produits pétroliers et chimiques il y a une activité grimpante dans la production du bio fuel,
huiles comestibles, gazes industriels et usine d’eau, vapeur et électricité. Le Delta est équipé d’un
xviii
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
réseau de pipes et d’une capacité de stockage de liquides substantiels. Les complexes (petro-)
chimiques et industriels dans les ports de la Delta prennent les développements durables et les
‘écologies d’échelles’ très sérieux. Les trafics de vracs liquides seront affectés par (a) l’évolution
de combustibles fossiles aux combustibles bio, (b) une augmentation de traitement de pétrole à
la source et (c) les directives d’énergie nationaux et internationaux. Les ports du Delta sont déjà
en train de faire face à ces défis par différentier leur processus nécessitant des employés
spécialisés et un savoir faire extensif.
7. Le transport du vrac solide, en particulier les commodités majeurs, est un marché mature avec
une potentielle d’expansion lente. Tout ceci est stimulé pour la plupart par la demande des
matériaux de construction et de sources d’énergie. Une croissance plus intense est observée
dans la catégorie des produits vrac mineurs comme les minéraux, concentrâtes non-ferreux et les
engrais. Le trafic total des vracs solides dans la rangée nord de l'Europe a atteint environ 250
million de tonnes en 2010. Le segment du marché du Delta dans l’étendue, oscille entre 70% et
75%. Le charbon et le minerai de fer ont comme destination des clients dans les secteurs
d’industrie d’Europe, étant des aciéries ou des centrales électriques, des fois localisés près des
ports. Quelques ports dans le Delta essaient d’améliorer leur accès nautique partiellement pour
accommoder des navires vrac solide.
8. Le changement dans la position du Delta dans le marché en vrac (liquide et solide) est pour une
grande partie lié à (1) les cycles économiques (2) l’offre de terminaux et le transport d’arrière-
pays (sans oublier les directives concernant l’environnent) (3) les directives d’énergie dans le
Benelux et l’Allemagne et (4) les décisions de location prises par les aciéries et industries
chimiques qui sont sujet a une forte compétition globale.
9. Le marché de marchandises conventionnelles est en train de dégrader : l’augmentation
d’utilisation de containers a capturé une partie importante du marché. Les plus grandes
opportunités se trouvent dans la section spécialisée (comme le ‘heavy lift’). Le Delta est
relativement fort pour ce type de cargo. La diversité de types de cargo conventionnel limite la
valeur d’un positionnement général des ports.
10. Les ports du Rhin-Escaut Delta ont traité 42% du volume total de RoRo dans la rangée Hambourg
– Le Havre, en comparaison, vers 1980 ce pourcentage atteignait 60%. Le marché principal pour
le RoRo dans le Delta est la Mer du Nord, avec des relations particulièrement fortes entre
Zeebrugge et Rotterdam et la partie centrale et le Nord de l’Angleterre. Le Delta reçoit
également des quantités de produits forestiers substantiels provenant de la Scandinavie. Le
transport de voitures nouvelles est lentement en train d’évoluer vers un marché plus ou mois
mature causé par la maximation de la demande de nouvelles voitures dans l’Europe de l’ouest.
Les ports qui traitent la plupart du trafic RoRo peuvent prendre avantage de l’augmentation de la
demande dans l’Europe de l’est, la Russie et la Turquie en améliorant leur position dans les
réseaux hub-feeder. L’exportation de voitures d’occasion pour l’Afrique reste un marché viable
pour le Delta.
11. Dans le trafic de conteneurs, le segment de marché occupé par le Delta Rhin-Escaut a fait face à
une tendance grimpante depuis 2001 pour atteindre 22,3 million TEU ou 25,9% du marché
Européen en 2010. En termes de volume le Delta est la région placée cinquième mondial pour
trafic de conteneurs. Ce marché est le seul qui a augmenté et qui devrait augmenter fortement
dans le futur. L’arrière-pays local du Delta reste très important. Une grande partie du trafic local
est partiellement lié au rôle des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique dans les EDC et les activités de ‘re-
export’. La Belgique, les Pays Bas et le Nord Pas-de-Calais dans le Nord de la France sont des
arrière-pays virtuellement captif pour la région du Delta. Les environs ou le Delta est fort sont les
xix
états Allemands et les régions Françaises dans le bassin du Rhin. Le Delta est mois présente dans
les parties est de L’Allemagne, l’Europe de l’est et la partie ouest de la France.
12. Les ports de conteneurs dans le Delta doivent de plus en plus faire face a la compétition
provenant d’autres parts de l’Europe (Baltique, Adriatique, Méditerranée) depuis qu’un nombre
de ports a réussi à servir avec succès le ‘blue banana’. Ces régions ne sont plus servi par un seul
‘multi-port gateway region’ mais par plusieurs de ces régions ensemble. En théorie les ports
localisés vers la Méditerranée sont plus près de l’arrière-pays pour les trafics provenant de l’Asie
destiné pour central/sud Europe. Mais ils semblent avoir des problèmes avec l’extension de leurs
trafics ferroviaires. La concentration de trafic dans la région du Delta explique pour une grande
partie pourquoi la portée et diversité des services intermodaux offerts ici sont plus grandes et
plus développées que dans la région Méditerranée.
UN DELTA FORT POSITIONNE MAIS DISPUTE
13. La région du Rhin-Escaut Delta est fort dépendent des vracs liquides et solides pour la production
d’énergie et pour la (petro) chimie. Le mouvement de combustible fossiles aux non-fossiles est
un défi mais aussi une opportunité. La région devrait adopter un rôle dirigeant dans cette
transition si elle veut rester compétitive en étant une des plus importants clusters dans le
monde. Ceci peut être accompli par améliorer les liens entre les différents ports du Delta, et par
montrer le chemin en innovation concernant la production des produits durables et
l’implémentation des ‘écologies d’échelle’.
14. Le trafic de conteneurs devient de plus en plus important dans la composition du trafic dans la
région. La position du Delta est particulièrement vulnérable à cause de notre rôle dans les EDC et
les activités de ‘re-export’. En plus l’existence d’arrière pays non-captif, de corridors en
développent à travers l’Europe et la conduite capricieuse du ‘sea-sea transhipment’ ne fait
qu’empirer les choses. Rester compétitif dans ce marché ne nécessite pas seulement des
réactions de ports et parties concernés mais aussi un positionnement du Delta comme
‘gateway’ Européen intégré qui combine l’ampleur avec la flexibilité.
15. L’Asie et les autres économies émergentes deviennent de plus en plus d’importants joueurs dans
les trafics. Dans l’arrière-pays la croissance doit venir des régions en dehors du ‘blue banana’
traditionnel à cause de la maturité des régions habituelles. Ces deux développements ont comme
conséquence une compétition d’avantage provenant des ports en dehors de la rangée nord de
l'Europe. Cette tendance est fortifiée par les réformes portuaires dans des pays comme la
France, l’Italie et l’Espagne. Les ports dans le Delta devraient considérer d’agrandir leur portée
d’arrière-pays sans oublier les besoins de leur arrière-pays de base.
16. L’apparition de centres économiques dans l’est de l’Europe et la partie centrale d’Europe crée
des opportunités pour les ports du Delta si ils développent des services ‘short sea’ et des ‘hub-
feeder’ liens destinés pour ces régions. En même temps l’expansion de l’Europe crée un risque
vis-à-vis la dépendance de la Belgique et les Pays-Bas sur les EDC en risque. Chaque changement
dans la conception du réseau de distribution (par exemple la transition des EDC, plus de RDCs ou
des ‘DC by-pass’) crée un impact sur les trafics entre les ports Européens. Cet impact peut être
négatif pour le Delta.
17. La région Rhin-Escaut et le nord de l’Allemagne ont compris asses tôt que l’intermodalité a ces
avantages. Mais le Delta ne peut pas relier uniquement sur son avantage d’avant-coureur. Une
innovation permanente est nécessaire, pas seulement pour sauvegarder la compétitivité mais
aussi pour montrer aux organisations qui conçoivent les directives que le Delta prend son rôle de
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Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
dirigeant Européen sérieux et se rend compte des dynamiques du marché et de la nécessité de
durabilité.
18. Même si les ports du Delta ont accepté les principes décrits dans le Livre Blanc de la Commission
Européenne, c’est important de stresser que les couts payé ne sont pas suffisent pour
comprendre les routes prises par les conteneurs. Les effets de la co-modalité, une certaine
connectivité et les services rendus par des gateways spécifiques peuvent provoquer une
situation dans laquelle le gateway le plus près n’est pas le ‘natural gateway’ pour cette région.
Une fixation non-uniforme des prix routiers peut résulter dans des diminutions de trafic dans le
Delta. La région est responsable de transmettre le message que la position établi du Delta est
basé sur des décisions imposé par le marché.
19. La discussion concernant le ‘core network’ de la politique TEN-T peut impacter les ports dans
cette région. Ceci peut créer des nouveaux points d’accès à travers la côte et une politique visée
sur la dispersion de cargo. Les ports du Delta doivent continuer à capitaliser leur pouvoir de
consolider du trafic sur les grands corridors du réseau TEN-T.
SE CONCENTRER SUR LES FONDAMENTAUX AFIN DE RESTER COMPETITIF
20. L’espace, l’accessibilité, l’efficacité vers les chaînes logistiques et la durabilité restent des points
essentiels pour le développement des ports du Delta. Les ports dans la région peuvent être
considérés come des pionniers dans beaucoup d’aspects concernant ces évolutions: les études
d’investissement, les nouvelles structures de gouvernance et des façons révolutionnaires
d’intégrer les stakeholders dans les développements. La réforme des autorités portuaires devrait
aider à entretenir plus de partnerships dans le secteur logistique et commercial et d’améliorer
leur performance vis-à-vis la compétition internationale.
21. La politique ‘Mainport Network’ dans les Pays Bas et le concept ‘Extended Gateway’ dans les
Flandres aident partiellement à gérer le manque d’espace libre. Mais ces stratégies ne mènent
pas nécessairement à une situation dans laquelle les espaces requises dans la Delta s’améliorent.
C’est important que les conditions d’espace sont étudiés sur la totalité du Delta, dans ce cas les
futures implications des développements des ports peuvent être évalue correctement.
22. L’accessibilité, particulièrement face à l’arrière-pays, est un autre thème principal. Les autorités
portuaires doivent renforcer leur rôle dans la formation des réseaux et améliorer la coordination
et coopération entre les partis impliqués. Ils peuvent être des facilateurs dans ces processus.
L’expansion de la capacité des autoroutes à travers le Delta doit marcher au même pas que la
croissance de la circulation routière. Les qualités vis-à-vis les informations transmises sont en
train de devenir aussi importantes que les services physiques. Ceci implique que les ports doivent
avoir l’infrastructure correcte, un logiciel adéquat et les employés ayant des amples capacités
pour répondre aux exigences de plus en plus extrêmes imposées par le marché. Les ports ne
peuvent pas opérer comme entités isolées pour résoudre ce problème, ils doivent former une
union pour consolider leurs forces.
23. Concernant la durabilité, les autorités portuaires doivent montrer une grande performance
environnementale s’ils veulent captiver le support de la communauté ou attirer des investisseurs
et des partenaires commerciaux. Le Delta est censé d’améliorer l’utilisation d’espace et de
diminuer les émissions des activités dans les ports et les environs.
xxi
24. Le dernier facteur formulé est l’efficacité concernant les supply chains. La position économique
des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique est pour une grande partie liée à trafiquer des transactions
physiques et des activités de productions. Ces activités créent la base pour l’industrie logistique
et pour les services associés. Limitant la portée du service à une structure basée uniquement sur
le contrôle/orchestration de services peut rendre la position du Delta plus vulnérable. La location
du Delta sur le plan géographique reste un avantage dont on doit tirer du profit.
LES SYNERGIES DANS LE DELTA
25. Les ‘stratégies du réseau’ implémenté par les joueurs du marché augmentent l’importance
d’approcher les ports comme nœuds intégrés dans un réseau. Les qualités de tous les ports unis,
comme dans la Delta, sont assez importants que ceux de chaque port individuel dans la région.
Le succès est déterminé par l’habilité d’exploiter les synergies avec les autres nœuds qui font
partie du réseau. Ces développements nécessitent des coopérations et coordinations plus
intensives avec les nœuds et acteurs situés en dehors des ports.
26. Les ports dans le Delta comprennent que les ports intérieurs peuvent les aider à faire face à une
grande diversité de contraints local. La participation dans des ports intérieurs étrangers mérite
plus d’attention. Ceci nécessite une approche prudente, par exemple en considérant des ‘joint
ventures’ sur le développement des nouveaux sites.
27. La flexibilité est une des sujets importants pour l’attractivité de la région. Les unités de
productions et les sites logistiques (comme des EDC) dans l’arrière-pays apprécient la flexibilité
offerte par le Delta en guise d’options offertes pour relier leurs imports et exports. A part de se
focaliser sur l’arrière-pays, les ports doivent payer une plus grande attention aux bénéfices
offerts par la présence de multiples ports dans les environs. Plusieurs ‘gateways’ ensemble
offrent des synergies et peuvent garantir les meilleurs possibilités de connectivité. Dans ce cadre
c’est très important d’adresser le Delta comme un ‘multi-port gateway region’.
28. Comparé à d’autres régions en Europe, le Rhin-Escaut Delta n’offre pas seulement la flexibilité
mais peut aussi capitaliser sur une étendue sans égal en guise de volume, connectivité et
fréquences en services terrestres. La consolidation de cargo vers l’arrière-pays permet aux ports
du Delta de générer la masse critique pour l’accès des régions les plus profondes. Une
coordination et des actions collectives entres ports et clients sont essentiels si ils veulent
atteindre l’objective d’agrandir les trafics intermodales et la consolidation du cargo. Des
synergies entre ports dans le Delta peuvent gagner en valeur s’ils améliorent les connections
entre les ports.
METTRE LA COOPERATION EN PERSPECTIVE
29. La coopération entre ports dans le Delta existe déjà sur des sujets ou il y a des intérêts mutuels
et même sur des issues commercialement sensitives. Néanmoins il y a une marge pour plus de
coopération en consolidant du cargo destiné pour l’arrière pays et d’améliorer les échanges
fonctionnels entre les ports.
30. Un point essentiel est la portée des actions de coopération au Delta. Les politiques des Pays-Bas
et de la Belgique sont trop souvent limitées entre leurs propres frontières sans se rendre compte
du potentiel de coopération internationale. Par limiter le point focal aux frontières nationales
on crée des angles morts et on néglige des dynamiques logistiques importantes dans le Delta
Rhin-Escaut.
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Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
31. Les modalités concernant la coopération ne sont pas aussi importantes que les objectifs qui
doivent être réalisé. Des liens de coopération décontractés sont plus facile à créer et sont
souvent asses efficace pour accomplir les résultats sans se charger d’une bureaucratie extensive.
Des fusions entre des autorités portuaires n’est pas un objectif en lui même. Accorder la
possibilité à une autorité de devenir actionnaire minimal dans une autre autorité peut améliorer
la perception d’une mission commune sans effacer la compétition nécessaire pour garder le
Delta alerte et efficace. Une alternative est la coopération entre ports sur une base de projets.
Ceci peut générer les résultats souhaités.
32. C’est essentiel qu’aucune politique gouvernementale pour faciliter/encourager la coopération
entre ports soit imposée sur les ports. En forçant des ports de se spécialiser, la diversification de
ports individuels peut être nuit. En même temps ça agrandit les risques commerciaux pour les
ports affecté et réduit le choix pour les clients, diminuant la flexibilité. Des actions vers la
coopération entre ports, particulièrement dans le secteur commercial, doivent être démarrées
par les ports eux-mêmes. Le gouvernement doit quand même s’imposer quand le marché entre
en défaille, par exemple quand il y a un usage excessif du pouvoir ou quand les coûts externes ne
sont pas distribués de façon optimale. La route prise par ‘institutional entrepreneurship’ est
probablement la meilleure solution pour la coopération des ports. Le gouvernement est
responsable pour les directives générales, mail laisse le développement de la stratégie pour les
nivéaux plus décentralisés (comme l’autorité portuaire et les entreprises logistiques).
1
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
INTRODUCTION
This report provides an economic analysis of the ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta. The
Delta features established large ports, such as Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam,
as well as a whole series of medium-sized to smaller ports each with specific
characteristics in terms of hinterland markets served, commodities handled and
location qualities. The unique blend of different port types and sizes combined with a
vast economic hinterland shapes port dynamics in the region. While Figure 1 features
all seaports in the Delta region, we will mainly focus on the ports of Rotterdam,
Antwerp, Amsterdam, Zeeland Seaports, Zeebrugge and Ghent.
Figure 1. The ports under study in this report
This report is structured as follows. The first part analyzes the function and economic
and strategic importance of the Delta port region. The second part discusses the
impact of changes in the global economy and logistics and distribution patterns on
the seaports in the Delta. We adopt a top-down approach: an analysis of the patterns
in global economic development is followed by sections on changes in logistics. Next,
the report elaborates on the role of corridors, intermodality and inland ports, and on
relevant regulation and government policies. Part three contains the results of an
extensive analysis of the past, present and future competitive position of the Rhine-
Scheldt Delta in different cargo segments (i.e. liquid bulk, dry bulk, conventional
general cargo, roro cargo and containers). Special attention is given to the traffic
position of the Delta in the hinterland and associated patterns in European-wide port
competition. The last part of this report presents the main challenges and policies for
the Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region. Key challenges are identified in relation to a
changing European market, the strategies of logistics market players, national and
supranational policies and cargo flows through the Delta ports. Part four concludes
with a plea for a stronger focus on the existing and potential synergies between the
ports of the Delta.
0 50 100 150 20025
Kilometers
France
Belgium
Lux
Germany
Netherlands
Brussels
Lille
Liège
Duisburg
Duesseldorf
Cologne
Bonn
Dortmund
North Sea
Canal/Amsterdam
The Hague
Utrecht
Koblenz
Seaport in Rhine-Scheldt Delta
Rotterdam
Zeeland Seaports
(Flushing/Terneuzen)
Zeebrugge
Ostend Antwerp
Ghent
Dordrecht
Moerdijk
The Delta offers
a unique blend
of seaports.
Structure of the
report.
2
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
1 I THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PORTS IN
THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA
1.1 The changing role and function of seaports
Seaport functions are diverse in scope and nature and evolve over time. Port roles
and functions can be identified through political, geographical (urban and spatial),
economic and social perspectives.
From a macro-analytical and public policy perspective ports are viewed as economic
catalysts for the regions they serve where the aggregation of services and activities
generates benefits and socio-economic wealth. Ports create direct and indirect value-
added and employment. Often, port macro-economic impacts focus a lot on national
or regional competitiveness, thereby ignoring port impacts on the wider economic
space and on international trade and logistics. Ports are often approached as clusters
(De Langen, 2002) and maritime industrial development areas (MIDAs).
Consequently, they receive a lot of attention as part of national or supranational
maritime cluster policy and industrial policy. Other issues of interest to the public
policy maker at a macro-level include urban planning and expansion, safety, security
and environmental sustainability. Port development is often associated with urban
planning. The emphasis here lies on the port-city interface and on waterfront
redevelopment and other initiatives to re-establish the link between port area and
city. From an environmental perspective, port planning and management should
ensure sustainable development. Environmental sustainability of port projects has
become as important as economic and financial viability. Ports often form an integral
part of coastal management policies. As such ports have adopted a real
environmental role and function.
Another perspective is to look at ports from a micro-perspective approach. Port
operations are usually oriented towards the two traditional components of ships and
cargo. Services to ships include those performed at the sea or waterways side
(dredging, pilotage, mooring/unmooring, etc.) and at the ship/shore interface
(berthing, repair and maintenance, supply and bunkering, etc.). Services to cargo can
be divided into those performed at the ship/shore interface (stowing, loading,
discharging, etc.) and those entirely performed in land-side areas such as
consolidation, storage and distribution. Key in the micro-perspective approach are
the concepts of efficiency/performance and sustainability at the operational level (i.e.
a company or terminal).
A third approach consists of a hybrid perspective on port roles and functions
combining both macro- and micro-elements. The widely cited port-type generations
of UNCTAD (1994) and later port generation models (Van Den Berg and Van Klink,
1995; Flynn et al., 2011) look at port roles and functions, but also institutional
structuring and operational and management practices. An evolving new approach
perceives ports as business ventures regardless of their institutional, operational or
functional status. The wave of corporatisation of port authorities, also in the Rhine-
Scheldt Delta, reflects this increasing business and market-oriented approach to port
management. Ports are part of a wider logistics and production system and
increasingly performing teleport functions. Port functions are extended to trade,
A macro
perspective on
the role and
functions of
seaports.
A micro
perspective:
services to
ships and cargo.
A hybrid
approach:
seaports as
business
ventures and
part of global
supply chains.
3
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
logistics and production centres with an extensive portfolio of operations spanning
across production, trade and service industries.
More than ever, a seaport is not an end in itself: port activities in the Rhine-Scheldt
Delta contribute to the industrial and logistics development in the port areas and the
hinterland.
1.2 The economic significance of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ports
Nowadays, ports are viewed as independent commercial undertakings aiming at full
cost recovery and a rapid response to the customer. The economic effects of seaport
activities are no longer limited to the local environment, but are spread over a much
wider geographical area and among a large number of international players
(Notteboom and Winkelmans, 2001). In other words, the economic benefits of port
activities are expanding from the local port system towards a much larger economic
system (Benacchio and Musso, 2001).
Measuring the impacts of ports is not an easy task. The identification of activities that
are dependent on the port, their degree of dependency and the associated multiplier
effects lead to methodological discussions. Measuring direct, indirect, induced and
related jobs is often difficult due to a lack of data. There exists no unique standard
methodology in Europe or even within the Rhine-Scheldt Delta on the definition of
the types of impacts, which makes port comparisons difficult. Detailed studies on port
impacts are however available for Dutch ports and Belgian ports separately. The
figures for Flemish and Dutch ports can therefore not be compared on an equal basis.
1.2.1. The Flemish ports
The National Bank of Belgium provides detailed data on the economic impact of the
ports within the region of Flanders. The reports assess the economic situation within
ports based on three criteria: employment, added value and investments. While the
studies of the National Bank of Belgium also consider other ports like Liège and
Brussels, we will only consider the figures for Antwerp, Gent, Zeebrugge and Ostend.
Antwerp and Zeebrugge will be analyzed in more detail (NBB, 2011).
In assessing the added value of a port, a division is made between the maritime and
non-maritime cluster. The non-maritime cluster is further subdivided in trade,
industry, land transport and other logistics services. In this way, one gets a rather
complete picture of the economic impact of the port sector. The four Flemish ports
combined generated a direct and indirect value added of 27.1 billion euro or 8.2% of
total GDP of Belgium in crisis year 2009. This is almost a 19% increase compared to
2002. The direct added value reached 13 billion euro in 2009 or 4.3% of total Belgian
GDP, mostly created by industry (52%). The maritime cluster creates over a quarter of
this direct added value. A closer look at the total added value figures reveals the
impact of the 2008-2009 crisis: the biggest drop since the minor decline in 2002-2003
is occurring in this period.
A seaport is not
an end in itself.
Economic
benefits of ports
are expanding.
Measurement
of economic
impacts remains
difficult.
National Bank
of Belgium
provides data
on impacts
Flemish ports.
27.1 billion euro
in direct and
indirect value
added.
4
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
Table 1. Direct and indirect value-added created in the Flemish ports (in million euro)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Growth
2009/2002
Direct added value Antwerp
7056 7334 8257 9352 9091 9826 10087 8591 17.9
Direct added value Gent 2729 2785 3252 3383 3457 3745 3258 3094 11.8
Direct added value Ostend 323 334 355 394 409 436 477 457 29.4
Direct added value Zeebrugge 732 753 795 794 840 895 948 879 16.7
Total direct added value Flemish ports 10840 11206 12659 13923 13797 14902 14770 13020 16.7
Indirectadded value Antwerp 7478 6673 7345 7970 8424 8849 9262 9120 18.0
Indirect added value Gent 3444 3140 3494 3431 3465 3744 3720 3785 9.0
Indirect added value Ostend 296 304 339 357 388 398 446 434 31.7
Indirect added value Zeebrugge 890 701 674 713 750 820 800 776 -14.7
Total indirect added value Flemish ports 12108 10819 11852 12471 13026 13811 14228 14114 14.2
Source: based on data of the National Bank of Belgium
Figure 2. Value-added created in the Flemish ports
0,0
2.000,0
4.000,0
6.000,0
8.000,0
10.000,0
12.000,0
14.000,0
0,0
2.000,0
4.000,0
6.000,0
8.000,0
10.000,0
12.000,0
14.000,0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Direct and indirect added value:Flemish ports
Non maritime
Maritime
Indirectadded value
Source: based on data of the National Bank of Belgium
The direct and indirect value-added created by the port of Antwerp reached 17.7
billion euro in 2009, an increase of 22% compared to 2002. The port of Antwerp is
responsible for 68.6% of the total for the Flemish ports. Over 50% of the non-
maritime added value is created by industry, rendering Antwerp as an industry-based
port. The port of Zeebrugge reached an added value of 1.6 billion euro in 2009
around 6% of the Flemish ports. Since 2002 we see only very little change in the total
figures. The 2008-2009 crisis brought the port back to its 2002 level. The direct added
value of the port of Zeebrugge is for over 40% created by the maritime cluster, the
highest share in any Flemish port.
Direct employment reached 105,000 fulltime jobs in 2009. Direct and indirect
employment combined amounted to 236,307 jobs. In 2009, the workers employed in
the Flemish ports represented 2.7% of Belgian domestic employment. Altogether
(including indirect employment), the Flemish ports accounted for 10.4% of
employment in Flanders, and some 6% of employment in Belgium. These last two
figures are down against 2008. A more detailed look at direct employment shows
that 34% is created in the maritime cluster itself. In the non-maritime cluster 45% is
generated by industry, making it the most dominant sector for employment.
Compared to 2002 we see a minor decrease of less that 2%. This is mainly due to the
crisis in 2008-2009, where 5% of the total created employment was lost.
Antwerp largest
creator of value
added in
Flemish port
system.
Direct and
indirect
employment of
236,307 jobs.
5
Economic Analysis
Rhine-Scheldt Delta
September 2011
Antwerp remains the biggest employer of all Flemish ports with a direct and indirect
employment of around 150,000 FTE representing 63% of all jobs created by the four
Flemish ports. The direct employment is comprised for 43% of maritime cluster
employment. The non-maritime cluster is mostly impacted by the industrial sector.
Zeebrugge is responsible for 10% of employment in the Flemish ports: 24,552 jobs in
2009 of which 10,500 where direct employment. Almost 50% of the direct
employment was created in the maritime cluster.
Figure 3. Employment impact of the four Flemish ports
Source: based on data National Bank of Belgium and Flemish Ports Commission
Table 2. Direct and indirect employment in Flemish ports (in number of jobs)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth
2009/2002
Direct employment Antwerp 61955 60937 61930 62550 63274 64156 64054 62577 1.0
Direct employmen Gent 26642 27067 27038 27203 27109 27385 27643 26733 0.3
Direct employment Ostend 4123 4274 4441 4445 4643 4839 5025 5079 18.8
Direct employment Zeebrugge 10151 10221 10390 10162 10491 10483 10889 10480 3.1
Total direct employment Flemish ports 102871 102499 103799 104360 105517 106863 107611 104869 1.9
Indirect employment Antwerp 90430 79927 81113 84524 86819 90164 92968 86749 -4.2
Indirect employmen Gent 40014 37523 38723 36629 37334 39278 41184 38537 -3.8
Indirect employment Ostend 4428 4231 4337 4499 4623 4587 5295 4893 9.5
Indirect employment Zeebrugge 13150 11489 11227 11503 12783 13477 14475 14073 6.6
Total indirect employment Flemish ports 148022 133170 135400 137155 141559 147506 153922 144252 -2.6
Source: based on data of the National Bank of Belgium
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Flemish ports (Antwerp, Zeebrugge,Ghent and Ostend)
Cargothroughputinmilliontons
NumberofemployeesinFTE
Directemployment in port (in FTE)
Directemployment in maritime cluster (in FTE)
Directemployment in non-maritime cluster (in FTE)
Indirectemployment (in FTE)
Total throughput (in million tons) - right axis
Antwerp largest
employer.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA PORT REGION

  • 1. iii ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA PORT REGION SEPTEMBER 2011 PUBLICATION PREPARED FOR ING Bank PUBLICATION PREPARED BY Prof. Dr. Theo Notteboom and Indra Vonck ITMMA – University of Antwerp
  • 2. iv Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this report reflect the personal views of the analysts about the subject of this report. No part of the compensation(s) of the analyst(s) was, is, or will be directly or indirectly related to the inclusion of specific views in this report. This report was prepared on behalf of ING Bank N.V. (“ING”), solely for the information of its clients. This report is not, nor should it be construed as, an investment advice or an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any financial instrument or product. While reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the information contained herein is not untrue or misleading at the time of publication, ING makes no representation that it is accurate or complete in all respects. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Neither ING nor any of its officers or employees accept any liability for any direct or consequential loss or damage arising from any use of this report or its contents. Copyright and database rights protection exists with respect to (the contents of) this report. Therefore, nothing contained in this report may be reproduced, distributed or published by any person for any purpose without the prior written consent of the copyright holders. All rights are reserved. Investors should make their own investment decisions without relying on this report. Only investors with sufficient knowledge and experience in financial matters to evaluate the merits and risks should consider an investment in any issuer or market discussed herein and other persons should not take any action on the basis of this report. ING Bank N.V. is a legal entity under Dutch Law and is a registered credit institution supervised by the Dutch Central Bank (“De Nederlandsche Bank N.V.”) and the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets (“Stichting Autoriteit Financiële Markten”). ING Bank N.V., London branch is regulated for the conduct of investment business in the UK by the Financial Services Authority. ING Bank N.V., London branch is registered in the UK (number BR000341) at 60 London Wall, London EC2M 5TQ. ING Financial Markets LLC, which is a member of the NYSE, NASD and SIPC and part of ING, has accepted responsibility for the distribution of this report in the United States under applicable requirements. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to the members of the Editorial Board of this publication for providing valuable input and comments on earlier drafts of this report. The Editorial Board includes Bram Debruyne (ING), Bart Eekhaut (ING), Didier Keters (ING), Kris Liesse (ING), Inge Stoop (ING), Machiel Bode (ING), Koen Klein (ING), Rico Luman (ING), John Schijvens (ING), Bastiaan van der Knaap (ING), Jan Blomme (Antwerp Port Authority) and Peter de Langen (Rotterdam Port Authority) Publication commissioned by ING Bank ING House Amstelveenseweg 500 1081 KL Amsterdam (The Netherlands) Publication prepared by ITMMA - University of Antwerp ITMMA House Kipdorp 59 2000 Antwerp (Belgium) Tel: +32 3 265.51.52 www.itmma.ua.ac.be Title: Economic Analysis of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta Port Region Authors: Theo Notteboom and Indra Vonck Publication date: 8 September 2011 Cover design and lay-out: Theo Notteboom Print: Drukkerij Bietlot, Gilly © 2011 – ING Bank and ITMMA – University of Antwerp ISBN 978 94 9135 900 2
  • 3. i FOREWORD The ITMMA (Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp) of the University of Antwerp, headed by Professor Theo Notteboom, is the global benchmark for information on international transport. Little is known about the Rhine-Scheldt Delta other than information provided by the ports in their own publications. In addition, the network of international goods flows is highly complex and subject to constant change. The ports located in the west of Europe are still the point of entry to Europe for goods and commodities, but will they remain so? The aim of this study is to assess how firmly goods flows are bedded in, and whether any shifts are to be expected. In addition to having a significant impact on the ports located in the west of Europe, such shifts could affect the entire intra-European transport chain. In turn, this study could also help shape the conclusions of the European Commission’s Europe 2050 White Paper. A White Paper is the guide for the Commission’s decisions on laws and regulations, and one of its objectives is to attract responses from interested parties in Europe. In the Europe 2050 White Paper, the European Commission recently stated its concerns about the impact of these goods flows on intra-European traffic, and on the environmental footprint in particular. By way of illustration, the Commission wishes to help the ports located in the south of Europe to become more efficient and thereby attract increased traffic. This study shows that a strong and efficient Rhine-Scheldt Delta can make a significant contribution in this regard. ING welcomes this study and considers it an important contribution that further elucidates the Commission’s White Paper. We hope you enjoy reading this study. Luc Truyens Sébastien D’Hondt Arnaud Laviolette Head of Mid Corporate Head of Corporate Clients Head of Commercial Banking & Institutional Clients ING Belgium ING Belgium ING Belgium < more names >
  • 5. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................v SAMENVATTING...........................................................................................................................................xi SYNTHÈSE................................................................................................................................................xvii INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 1 1 I THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PORTS IN THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA ................................................ 2 1.1 The changing role and function of seaports............................................................................ 2 1.2 The economic significance of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ports.................................................. 3 1.2.1. The Flemish ports ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.2. The Dutch ports .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 The strategic role of the ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ........................................................... 8 2 | DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS................... 11 2.1 Patterns in global economic development ................................................................................. 11 2.1.1. The role of emerging economies and the BRIC countries .................................................. 11 2.1.2. Intra-regional differences: the case of Africa..................................................................... 12 2.1.3. Mixed results for Europe .................................................................................................... 13 2.1.4. Trade imbalances persist.................................................................................................... 15 2.1.5. Maritime transport after the bubble.................................................................................. 16 2.2 The growing importance of clusters in the global economy....................................................... 17 2.3. Changes in logistics networks .................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1. Dynamics in logistics networks throughout Europe........................................................... 19 2.3.2. Top locations for EDC and networked EDC activity............................................................ 21 2.3.3.Impacts on cargo routing in Europe .................................................................................... 22 2.4. Market players: logistics integration and coordination............................................................. 23 2.4.1. Logistics integration and consolidation in the logistics industry........................................ 23 2.4.2. Consolidation and integration in liner shipping ................................................................. 25 2.4.3. Consolidation in the cargo handling business .................................................................... 27 2.4.4. The hinterland battle among market players..................................................................... 29 2.5. Corridors, intermodality and inland ports ................................................................................. 31 2.5.1. Intercontinental maritime and land corridors.................................................................... 31 2.5.2. European land corridors..................................................................................................... 32 2.5.3. The growing importance of inland ports and logistics zones............................................. 35 2.5.4. The rise of intermodality .................................................................................................... 36 2.6. Regulation and government policies ......................................................................................... 38 2.6.1. IMO..................................................................................................................................... 38 2.6.2. EU policy ............................................................................................................................. 38 2.6.3. European port policy .......................................................................................................... 39 2.6.4. The 2011 White Paper on a future European transport policy.......................................... 39 2.6.5. TEN-T policy........................................................................................................................ 42 3 | TRAFFIC POSITION OF THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA...................................................................................... 43 3.1. Total maritime traffic................................................................................................................. 43 3.2. Liquid bulk.................................................................................................................................. 44 3.3. Dry bulk...................................................................................................................................... 46 3.4. Conventional general cargo ....................................................................................................... 49 3.5. Roro cargo.................................................................................................................................. 52 3.6. Containers.................................................................................................................................. 55 3.7. Summary on the traffic position of Rhine-Scheldt Delta region................................................ 62 3.8. Latest developments: traffic volumes for the first half of 2011................................................ 64
  • 6. iv Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 3.9. Expectations for the future........................................................................................................ 65 3.9.1. General considerations....................................................................................................... 65 3.9.2. Containers........................................................................................................................... 66 3.9.3. Conventional general cargo................................................................................................ 68 3.9.4. Dry bulk............................................................................................................................... 69 3.9.5. Liquid bulk........................................................................................................................... 70 3.9.6. RoRo cargo.......................................................................................................................... 72 3.10. Traffic position of the Delta port region in the hinterland ...................................................... 73 3.10.1. Bulk versus containers...................................................................................................... 73 3.10.2. Local hinterland remains very important......................................................................... 73 3.10.3. Competition with German ports and Le Havre for serving the core hinterland or ‘blue banana’ area................................................................................................................................. 75 3.10.4. Modal split of the Delta ports........................................................................................... 76 3.10.5. Competition with ports outside the Hamburg-Le Havre range........................................ 77 4 | CHALLENGES AND POLICIES FOR THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA PORT REGION..................................................... 79 4.1 Key challenges to the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ................................................................................. 79 4.1.1. Challenges linked to a changing world and European market........................................... 79 4.1.2. Challenges linked to the strategies of logistics market players.......................................... 80 4.1.3. Challenges linked to national and supranational policies .................................................. 81 4.1.4. Challenges linked to cargo flows through the Delta ports ................................................. 83 4.2. What policies regarding seaports and broader logistics development are being developed? . 83 4.2.1. Corporatisation and decentralisation................................................................................. 83 4.2.2. Mainport Network strategy in the Netherlands................................................................. 85 4.2.3. Flanders Port Area, Flanders Logistics and Extended Gateways in Flanders ..................... 86 4.3. Capitalising on potential synergies within the Delta ................................................................. 88 4.3.1. Stimulate interactions between seaports and inland ports............................................... 88 4.3.2. Strengthen the focus on multi-port gateway regions ........................................................ 91 4.3.3. Cooperation in the multi-port gateway region of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta....................... 93 4.4. Closing remarks: keeping an eye on the fundamentals............................................................. 96 ANNEXES................................................................................................................................................ 102 Annex 1. Global Competitiveness Index and European Competitiveness Index ............................ 102 Annex 2. Key figures on economic development ........................................................................... 103 Annex 3. Rail Freight Corridors ....................................................................................................... 104 Annex 4. Modal split and market share of Delta in hinterland regions.......................................... 105
  • 7. v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. This report provides an economic analysis of the ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta. The Delta features established large ports as well as a whole series of medium-sized to smaller ports each with specific characteristics in terms of hinterland markets served, commodities handled and location qualities. The unique blend of different port types and sizes combined with a vast economic hinterland shapes port dynamics in the region. HIGH IMPORTANCE OF THE PORTS IN THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA 2. The Netherlands and Belgium show a high economic performance and competitiveness, even compared to other regions/countries on a global scale. Their seaports, as important pillars in the logistics infrastructure of the countries, are key enablers to the performance and competitiveness of the two countries. 3. The economic effects of seaport activities are no longer limited to the local environment, but are spread over a much wider geographical area and among a large number of international players. According to the National Bank of Belgium, the four Flemish seaports combined generated a direct and indirect value added of 27.1 billion euro in 2009 or 8.2% of total GDP of Belgium in crisis year 2009. The direct added value reached 13 billion euro in 2009 or 4.3% of total Belgian GDP. Direct employment reached 105,000 fulltime jobs in 2009 or 2.7% of Belgian domestic employment. Direct and indirect employment combined amounted to 236,307 jobs or 10.4 % of employment in Flanders and some 6% of employment in Belgium. According to the ‘Port Monitor’, the Dutch sea ports generated a direct value-added of 20.5 billion euro or 3.6% of the total GDP of the Netherlands in 2009. Indirect value-added amounted to 11.9 billion euro in 2009. The Dutch sea ports employed 163,386 directly seaport related persons in 2009 which corresponds with 1.9% of the total Dutch employment. Indirect employment amounted to 108,617 units in 2009. There exists no standard methodology in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta on the definition of the types of impacts, which makes port comparisons between Flemish and Dutch ports difficult. The figures of Flemish and Dutch ports can therefore not be compared on an equal basis. 4. A good infrastructure and a high accessibility are becoming more and more basic requirements for the competitiveness of countries and regions. Innovation and advanced production factors become essential in order to remain competitive. Private companies and port authorities in the Delta are or should be drivers of innovation. Next to pure economic arguments, these more strategic aspects should also be taken into account when evaluating port development plans and a port’s significance. A STRONG TRAFFIC POSITION OF THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA 5. Total cargo throughput in the ports of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta reached 812 million tons in 2010 or about 65% of total port throughput in the Hamburg-Le Havre range and 20% in total European port traffic. 6. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta region plays a key role in liquid bulk traffic in North-West Europe. Total throughput of liquid bulk products reached 311 million tons in 2010 or an elevated 73% of total liquid bulk handled in the range. The growth curve in liquid bulk since the late 1990s is almost completely attributable to the performance of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta region. Next to oil and oil
  • 8. vi Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 products and chemicals manufacturing and products, there is a growing activity in biofuels manufacturing and products, edible oils, industrial gases and water plants and steam and power plants. The Delta features a vast pipeline system and tank storage capacity. The (petro-)chemical and industrial complexes in the Delta ports attach great value to sustainability and ‘ecologies of scale’. Future liquid bulk cargo flows will be affected particularly by (a) the shift away from fossil fuels to non-fossil fuels, (b) increased processing of crude oil at the source, i.e. the oil rich countries, and (c) the energy policies of supranational and national governments. Ports within the Delta are already trying to face these challenges by differentiating themselves in higher processes requiring specialized labour and extensive know how. 7. The dry bulk market, particularly the major bulks, is a mature market with a low growth potential. It is mainly driven by demand in raw materials for construction or energy production. Stronger growth is observed in the minor bulk market such as minerals, non-ferrous concentrates and fertilisers. Total dry bulk cargo in the H-LH range reached about 250 million tons in 2010. The market share of the Rhine-Scheldt delta in the range fluctuates between an elevated 70% and 75%. Coal and iron ore are destined for the main players in Europe’s most prominent industrial centres and steel plants and power plants in or in the vicinity of the ports. Quite a number of Delta ports are aiming for an improved nautical accessibility, partly to accommodate larger bulk carriers. 8. Changes in the traffic position of the Delta as a whole in dry bulk and liquid bulk are to a large extent linked to (1) economic cycles - demand, (2) terminal and inland transport supply in the Delta, also taking into account the environmental space, such as the carbon footprint profile; (3) energy policies in the Benelux and Germany and (4) location decisions of major steel and chemical companies for which competition plays at a global scale. 9. Overall the conventional general cargo market is a market in decline as containerisation has conquered a substantial share of the total general cargo market. The growth opportunity of this sector lies with specialized cargoes. The Delta is quite strong in handling this type of cargo. The diversity of cargo types in the conventional general cargo market (e.g. steel, forest products, project cargo, fruit via reefers, etc..) limits the value of an overall market positioning of ports. 10. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta ports handled some 42% of total roro traffic in the range compared to 60% in the early 1980s. The main market for unaccompanied roro freight transport for the Delta is the North Sea with particularly strong relations between Zeebrugge and Rotterdam and the central and northern part of the UK. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta also receives substantial volumes of paper and forest products from local manufacturers in Scandinavia. The transport of new cars is slowly evolving towards a mature market as the demand for new cars in Western Europe is reaching its ceiling. The large car handling ports in the Delta region can benefit from rising demand in Eastern and Central Europe, Russia and Turkey by further strengthening their position in hub-feeder networks. The car recycling industry and the rise of hybrid and electric cars offer opportunities to the Delta to diversify know how and to develop new business. The continuous outflow of second hand cars towards Africa also remains a market for the Delta. 11. In the container market, the market share of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region in Europe saw an upward trend since 2001 to reach 22.3 million TEU or 25.9% of total European container traffic in 2010. In volume terms the Rhine-Scheldt Delta region is the fifth most important container handling region in the world and the largest multi-port gateway region in Europe. The container trade is the only trade that has increased substantially and is expected to increase substantially over the coming years. The local or immediate hinterland of the Delta ports remains very important. The high share of rather local traffic is partly linked to the role of the Low Countries in EDCs and re-exporting activities. Belgium, the Netherlands and Nord Pas-de-
  • 9. vii Calais in northern France are virtually captive to the Delta port region. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta container ports have a very strong traffic position in relation to the German States and French regions along the Rhine Basin. The competitive position is weak in the eastern part of Germany, east and central Europe and in the western part of France. 12. Container ports of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta are increasingly facing competition from container ports in other European port ranges (Baltic, Adriatic and Med) as an increasing number of ports gain direct hinterland access to the ‘blue banana’ area. These contestable hinterlands are increasingly being served not only by the ports of one gateway region, but by several multi-port gateway regions. In theory, mainland Mediterranean ports offer transit time advantages over the north European ports for accommodating cargo flows between Asia/Middle East and large parts of Southern and Central Europe. But so far, they seem to have difficulties in substantially extending their hinterland reach north through rail services. The concentration of flows in the Delta port region largely explains why the range and diversity of the intermodal service offer of large Delta ports is still far bigger and more established than in their Mediterranean counterparts. A STRONG BUT CHALLENGED RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA 13. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region is highly dependent on bulk commodities linked to energy production and the oil-based chemical industry. The shift away from fossil fuels to non-fossil fuels is considered as a major challenge and opportunity. The Delta port region should adopt a leading role in this transition to remain competitive as one of the most important energy and chemical clusters in the world. This can be done by further strengthening the linkages between the (petro-)chemical complexes in different ports of the Delta, and by leading the way in innovation in the area of sustainable production methods and ‘ecologies of scale’. It is imperative that these ‘ecologies of scale’ advantages at individual port level (e.g. via co-siting), but also on a regional cross-border scale (e.g. the combined chemical industry in Rotterdam, Antwerp, Moerdijk and Terneuzen and along axes such as the Albert Canal), should be fully acknowledged in environmental policy. 14. Containers are becoming increasingly important in the traffic composition of the Delta port region. The position of the Delta in this market segment remains more vulnerable than in many other cargo segments due to the partial reliance on EDC and re-exporting activities in the Low countries, the existence of vast shared hinterlands, corridor development throughout Europe and the rather footloose character of sea-sea transhipment traffic. Remaining competitive in this market not only demands efforts from individual ports and market parties, but also requires a stronger positioning of the Delta region as an integrated European gateway region which combines scale with routing flexibility. 15. At the foreland side, Asia and other emerging economies become more important in the cargo flows. At the hinterland side, growth in the Delta ports will increasingly have to come from regions outside the traditional ‘blue banana’, as the traditional hinterland of the Delta comprises mostly rather mature economies. Both developments combined point to an increased competition with ports outside of the Hamburg-Le Havre range in attracting cargo flows, reinforced by port reform schemes in countries such as France, Italy and Spain. The Delta port region should consider broadening its hinterland reach without disregarding the needs and continued importance of its core hinterland regions. The port and wider logistics community in the Delta is challenged to deliver strong and integrated business propositions to bind global supply chain activities to the region.
  • 10. viii Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 16. The rise of economic centres in Eastern and Central Europe creates opportunities for the Delta ports to develop shortsea shipping services and water- and land-based hub-feeder networks to these areas. At the same time, the expanding European market challenges the strong reliance of the Low Countries on EDCs and re-exporting activities. Any major changes in the design of distribution networks (e.g. through a move of EDCs to other regions, a network redesign towards a system of RDCs or more DC bypass operations) will have an impact on the distribution of container flows among European ports, with potentially a negative traffic effect on the container ports in the Delta. 17. The Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region and the North German port region are early adopters of intermodal solutions. However, the Delta cannot sit back and rely on its ‘early mover’ status and scale advantages. Continuous innovation in processes (cf. cargo bundling, information flow management, port-inland port concepts, etc..) and technologies is needed, not only to keep the Delta competitive, but also to demonstrate to policy makers that the Delta port region takes up its European leader role in a responsible and innovative way, driven by market responsiveness and sustainability. 18. While the Delta ports overall welcomed the principles in the White Paper of the European Commission, it is important to underline that out-of-pocket costs alone are not sufficient to understand the current routing of containerized goods in Europe. Co-modal bundling effects, connectivity effects and aggregated service quality effects at specific gateway ports make that a ‘natural’ gateway for a certain hinterland region is not necessarily the port closest to that hinterland region. A non-consistent implementation of pricing throughout the EU can lead to cargo shifts away from the Delta. The Delta port region is challenged to bring the message to policy makers that the present cargo distribution patterns in Europe, among which the strong position of the Delta, are a reflection of market-based decisions by logistics players. 19. The ‘core network’ discussion as part of the TEN-T policy can impact the ports in this region if this would result in an increase of coastal access points and a policy directed towards cargo dispersion in the European port system. The Delta ports have to continue capitalizing on their cargo bundling and consolidation potential on the large inland corridors created by the TEN-T network. FOCUS ON THE FUNDAMENTALS TO REMAIN COMPETITIVE 20. Space, accessibility, efficiency in dealing with supply chains and sustainability seem to be the key themes for the future port development within the Rhine-Scheldt Delta. The Delta ports can be considered as frontrunners in many of these areas through the development of innovative business cases, new governance structures and or novel ways in dealing with stakeholders. The corporatisation of port authorities should help to enter into more partnerships in the commercial logistics sector and to improve their performance in the face of international competition. 21. The Mainport Network strategy in the Netherlands or the Extended Gateway strategy in Flanders partly help to deal with scarcity of port land, but this does not necessarily lead to a net decrease in space requirements for the Delta as a whole. It is important that the space requirements at a Delta level are examined in detail so that the implications of future port developments can be assessed in terms of their spatial implications on the regional logistics and transport structure. 22. Accessibility, particularly to the hinterland, constitutes another major theme. Port authorities should take up an even more prominent role in shaping the network and in enhancing coordination and cooperation between partners involved (e.g. in view of cargo bundling). Port
  • 11. ix authorities can be catalysts or facilitators in these processes. The capacity expansion of highways in the Delta has to keep up with the persistent traffic growth of road transport. The quality of the services to information flows are fast becoming as important as the services to the physical flows. This implies ports have to make sure the right infrastructure, software and human skills are in place to respond to the ever higher market requirements for the accommodation of global information flows. A seaport should not tackle this challenge in isolation as one singly node, given the network focus of market players. 23. When it comes to sustainability, port authorities and port companies must continue to demonstrate a high level of environmental performance in order to ensure community support and to attract trading partners and potential investors. The Delta is challenged to further optimize the use of space and to minimize emissions of existing and future activities in the port areas and the wider logistics pole. 24. A last factor concerns the efficiency in dealing with supply chains. The economic position of the Netherlands and Belgium is in large part linked to trading, physical flows and manufacturing activities. These activities form the basis for the logistics industry and related services. Narrowing down the focus to pure orchestration/control type of services while de-prioritizing the accommodation of physical flows and industrial activities might make the position of the Delta more vulnerable in an economic sense. Also the strategic location of the Delta in the ‘blue banana’ remains a trump card that should be played out in international competition. CAPITALISING ON SYNERGIES WITHIN THE DELTA 25. From a hinterland perspective, the relevance of a single port is more and more placed within a broader network perspective. The overall qualities of the whole Delta port region in relation to the hinterland are important next to the qualities of each of the individual ports in the region. A successful hinterland strategy is more and more determined by the ability of the port community to fully exploit synergies with other transport nodes and other players within the logistics networks of which they are part. These developments call for closer co-ordination and cooperation with logistics actors and nodes outside the port perimeter. 26. The ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta understand that inland ports can help them in facing a wide array of local constraints (road congestion, lack of available land, environmental issues, etc..). Participation in inland terminals abroad (particularly in the ‘blue banana’ area outside the Benelux) deserves more attention. This might demand a cautious approach in dealing with foreign inland ports, for example by first considering joint ventures in the development of new port-related sites. 27. Routing flexibility is one of the keystones for the logistics attractiveness of a region. Production units and logistics sites (such as EDCs) in the hinterland typically value the flexibility the Delta offers in terms of available routing options for import and export cargo. Next to an inland focus of ports, seaports should therefore develop a greater attention to the benefits offered by the presence of adjacent seaports in terms of the flexibility it offers to customers. Several gateways together can create synergies in reaching out to the hinterland. In this framework, it is highly relevant to approach the Delta as a multi-port gateway region.
  • 12. x Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 28. Compared to other port regions in Europe, the Rhine-Scheldt Delta does not only offer routing flexibility towards the hinterland, but can also capitalize on its unrivalled scale in terms of the volumes, connectivity and frequencies in land transport services. The bundling of cargo towards the hinterland allows the ports in the Delta to gather critical mass to access regions in the more distant hinterland using shuttle services that meet customer requirements in terms of frequency. Coordination and collective actions between ports and market players are essential to meet the objective of increasing the share of co-modal solutions and to bundle cargo, also on short distances. Synergies between ports in the Delta can also be further enhanced by improving inter- port linkages. PUTTING PORT COOPERATION IN PERSPECTIVE 29. Cooperation between the Delta ports already exists in some areas where there are clear mutual interests and even on commercially sensitive issues. Still, there is scope for more (cross-border) cooperation in bundling cargo to the hinterland and in improving the functional exchanges between the different port areas. Such cooperation initiatives should be market-based (i.e. following a strong business case) and initiated by market players with facilitation by port authorities and other relevant (semi-)public bodies. 30. A major point of attention is the spatial scale needed for cooperation in the Delta. Government policies in the Netherlands and Flanders are too much focused on the own territorial borders without fully acknowledging the possibilities for more intense cross-border cooperation. This is illustrated by the Dutch Mainport Network policy, the Flemish Extended Gateways, the ‘Dutch only’ connotation of Portbase and the rather limited cross-border interaction that is taking place in the area of creating knowledge relationships between Flemish and Dutch ports and logistics regions. Restricting the focus of port cooperation to national or regional administrative borders creates blind spots and ignores the logistics dynamics in the wider Rhine-Scheldt Delta. 31. The modalities and governance structures for cooperation are less important than the objectives to be achieved. Informal forms of cooperation are easier to set up and often lead to desired results without having the burden of a heavy bureaucracy linked to a complex governance structure. Mergers between port authorities should not be an aim as such. Allowing another port authority to hold a minority shareholding in a specific port authority might enhance the sense for a common mission without completely erasing much needed competition between the ports to keep the Delta alert and efficient. Alternatively, cooperation between ports on a project basis (e.g. to establish a joint multimodal service to a hinterland region) helps to keep focused and might also yield good results. 32. It is important that any government initiative to facilitate/encourage cooperation between ports is not imposed on ports. Forcing ports to go for specialisation can harm diversification in individual ports, thus increasing commercial risks for the ports concerned (due to more eggs in one basket) and making the choice to customers less rich (lower flexibility). Actions towards any form of port cooperation, particularly in the commercial area, should mainly come from the ports themselves. The government only needs to step in when there is market failure, for example when there is abuse of market power or when external costs are too high or not optimally distributed. The road of institutional entrepreneurship might be the best approach to port cooperation: the government is responsible for regulation and for developing general policy lines, but leaves the actual strategy development more to a more decentralized level (i.e. the port authority and individual market players).
  • 13. xi SAMENVATTING 1. Dit rapport geeft de resultaten weer van een economische analyse van de havens gelegen in de Rijn-Schelde Delta. De Delta omvat havens van verschillende omvang en grootte, waarbij elke individuele haven specifieke kenmerken vertoont op het vlak van achterlandbereik, goederenmix en ligging. De unieke combinatie van verschillende haventypes en –groottes, gecombineerd met een uitgestrekt Europees achterland, ligt aan de basis van de dynamiek in deze havenregio. HET GROTE BELANG VAN DE HAVENS IN DE RIJN-SCHELDE DELTA 2. Nederland en België leggen op een mondiaal vlak goede prestaties en cijfers voor op het vlak van concurrentiekracht. De havens waarover zij beschikken vormen belangrijke speerpunten in de logistieke infrastructuur van de Lage Landen en zijn onmisbaar voor de goede economische prestaties en concurrentiële positie van de betrokken regio’s. 3. De economische impact van de havens in de Delta is niet langer beperkt tot het lokale niveau. Ze deinen uit over een groot geografisch gebied en over een groot aantal internationale bedrijven en marktspelers. Op basis van recente gegevens van de Nationale Bank van België bedraagt de directe en indirecte toegevoegde waarde van de Vlaamse havens ongeveer 27,1 miljard euro in 2009 of 8,2% van het BBP van België. De directe toegevoegde waarde bedroeg 13 miljard euro in 2009 of 4,3% van het Belgische BBP. De directe tewerkstelling bedroeg 105.000 voltijdse betrekkingen in 2009 of 2,7% van de totale Belgische werkgelegenheid. Wanneer ook de indirecte werkgelegenheid wordt meegeteld zorgen de havens voor 236.307 banen of 10,4% van de Vlaamse en 6% van de Belgische werkgelegenheid. Volgens de ‘Havenmonitor’ genereerden de Nederlandse havens een directe toegevoegde waarde van 20,5 miljard euro of 3,6% van het Nederlandse BBP in 2009. De indirecte toegevoegde waarde wordt geschat op 11,9 miljard euro in 2009. De Nederlandse havens stelden 163.386 personen direct te werk, wat overeenkomt met 1,9% van de totale Nederlandse tewerkstelling. De indirecte werkgelegenheid bedroeg 108.617 voltijdse banen in 2009. Er bestaat echter geen standaardmethodologie in de Rijn-Schelde Delta voor de meting van de economische impact van de havens. De cijfers van de Vlaamse en Nederlandse havens kunnen dus niet op eenzelfde basis vergeleken worden. 4. Steeds vaker worden een goede infrastructuur en een hoge toegankelijkheid basisvereisten voor de concurrentiekracht van landen en regio’s. Innovatie en geavanceerde productiefactoren worden essentieel om competitief te blijven. Bedrijven en havenautoriteiten zijn belangrijk als initiators van innovatie in de Delta. Naast de zuivere economische argumenten zijn ook deze meer strategische aspecten belangrijk wanneer men havenontwikkelingsplannen en de havenimpact evalueert. DE STERKE TRAFIEKPOSITIE VAN DE RIJN-SCHELDE DELTA 5. De totale goederenoverslag in de Rijn-Schelde Delta bedroeg 812 miljoen ton in 2010 of ongeveer 65% van de totale maritieme trafiek in de Hamburg-Le Havre range en 20% van de totale trafiek in het Europese havensysteem. 6. De Rijn-Schelde Delta regio speelt een sleutelrol in de behandeling van vloeibare massagoederen in Noordwest-Europa. In totaal bereikte de overslag van vloeibare massagoederen ongeveer 311 miljoen ton in 2010, wat neerkomt op 73% van de totale vloeibare bulktrafiek in de range. De sterke groei in de overslag van vloeibare massagoederen in de range sinds 1990 is bijna volledig
  • 14. xii Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 toe te schrijven aan de Delta. Naast olie en chemische producten is er een groeiende markt voor biobrandstoffen, oliën, industriële gassen en grondstoffen voor energiecentrales. De Delta beschikt over een uitgebreid netwerk van pijpleidingen en een substantiële capaciteit aan tankopslag. De (petro-)chemische en industriële complexen in de Deltahavens hechten een grote waarde aan duurzaamheid en ‘ecologische schaalvoordelen’. De toekomstige stromen in vloeibare massagoederen zullen voornamelijk beïnvloed worden door (a) de verschuiving van fossiele naar niet-fossiele brandstoffen, (b) de toegenomen verwerking van ruwe aardolie aan de bron (bvb. in de olierijke landen), en (c) het gevoerde energiebeleid op nationaal en internationaal vlak. De Deltahavens trachten aan deze uitdagingen tegemoet te komen door in te zetten op differentiatie in meer geavanceerde chemische processen, welke meer gespecialiseerde werknemers en knowhow vereisen. 7. De markt van de droge massagoederen, en dan vooral de ‘major bulks’, vertoont een laag groeipotentieel. Deze sector wordt sterk gedreven door de vraag naar grondstoffen voor staalproductie en energie. Een sterkere groei is waar te nemen in de ‘minor bulks’ zoals mineralen, non-ferro concentraten en meststoffen. De totale overslag van droge massagoederen in de Hamburg-Le Havre range bereikte ongeveer 250 miljoen ton in 2010. Het marktaandeel van de Delta in de range varieert tussen 70% en 75%. Kolen en ijzererts zijn bestemd voor de belangrijke industriële centra in het Europese achterland en voor staalfabrieken en energiebedrijven in of nabij de havens. Een groot aantal Deltahavens mikt op een verbeterde nautische toegang, gedeeltelijk om grotere bulkschepen te kunnen accommoderen. 8. Wijzigingen in de positie van de Delta met betrekking tot de trafieken van droge en vloeibare massagoederen zijn voor een groot deel gekoppeld aan: (1) economische cycli (vraag), (2) het aanbod aan terminals en achterlandvervoer in de Delta, rekening houdende met de beschikbare milieugebruiksruimte (carbon footprint), (3) het energiebeleid in de Benelux en Duitsland en (4) de locatiebeslissingen van verschillende chemische en staalgerelateerde bedrijven, waarvoor de concurrentie zich op een mondiale schaal afspeelt. 9. De markt van het conventioneel stukgoed kent een terugval door de opmars van containers. De voornaamste groeimogelijkheden in dit marktsegment bevinden zich op het vlak van de gespecialiseerde ladingen. De Delta is redelijk sterk vertegenwoordigd in dit ladingsegment. De diversiteit van ladingtypes in de markt van het conventioneel stukgoed beperkt de relevantie van een algemene marktpositionering van de havens. 10. De Deltahavens vertegenwoordigen ongeveer 42% van de totale roro trafiek in de range. In de jaren tachtig was dit 60%. De voornaamste markt voor de Delta op het vlak van het onbegeleid roro transport is de Noordzee, met sterke trafiekrelaties tussen Zeebrugge en Rotterdam en het centrale en noordelijke deel van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. De Rijn-Schelde Delta ontvangt ook aanzienlijke volumes papier- en houtproducten vanuit Scandinavië. De overslag van nieuwe wagens evolueert langzaam naar een mature markt, aangezien de vraag naar nieuwe wagens in West-Europa stilaan het verzadigingspunt bereikt heeft. De grote autohavens in de Delta kunnen voordeel halen uit een stijgende vraag vanuit Oost- en Centraal-Europa, Rusland en Turkije door hun positie in hub-feeder netwerken te verstevigen. De autorecyclage industrie en de opmars van hybride en elektrische wagens bieden nieuwe ontwikkelingskansen voor de Delta. De export van tweedehands wagens naar Afrika blijft ook een belangrijke deelmarkt. 11. In de containermarkt stijgt het aandeel van de Rijn-Schelde Delta op Europees vlak sinds 2001. In 2010 ging het om 22.3 miljoen TEU of 25.9% van de totale Europese containeroverslag. In volumetermen is de Delta de vijfde meest belangrijke containerregio in de wereld en de grootste ‘multi-port gateway region’ in Europa. De containermarkt is het enige overslagsegment dat de laatste decennia aanzienlijk is gegroeid. Ook de komende jaren wordt een toename
  • 15. xiii verwacht. Het locale en directe achterland van de Deltahavens blijft zeer belangrijk. Het hoge aandeel van relatief lokaal verkeer is gedeeltelijk te verklaren door de belangrijke positie van de Lage Landen in Europese distributiecentra (EDCs) en ‘re-export’ activiteiten. De Deltahavens hebben een dominante positie in de containerstromen in relatie met België, Nederland en Nord Pas-de-Calais in Noord-Frankrijk. De containerhavens in de Delta hebben een sterke trafiekpositie in bepaalde Duitse deelstaten en Franse regio’s nabij het Rijnbekken. De concurrentiële positie is veel zwakker in het oostelijk deel van Duitsland, in Oost en Centraal Europa en in het westen van Frankrijk. 12. De containerhavens in de Delta komen steeds meer in directe concurrentie te staan met havens in andere Europese ranges (Baltische Zee, Adriatische Zee en Middellandse Zee), aangezien een groter aantal havens toegang krijgen tot de ‘blauwe banaan’ regio. Deze achterlandregio’s worden steeds vaker bediend door meerdere ‘multi-port gateway regions’. Vanuit theoretisch oogpunt hebben de zuidelijke havens een voordeel t.o.v. de Noord-Europese havens als het gaat om de reistijden vanuit Azië naar achterlandregio’s in zuidelijk en Centraal Europa. In de praktijk lijken de zuidelijke havens problemen te hebben om hun achterland aanzienlijk uit te breiden. De grote concentratie aan ladingstromen in de Delta verklaart waarom het achterlandbereik en het aanbod aan intermodale diensten van deze havenregio nog steeds veel groter is dan in het Middellandse Zeegebied. DE RIJN-SCHELDE DELTA: STERK, MAAR EEN TOENEMENDE CONCURRENTIËLE DRUK 13. De overslag in de Delta is sterk afhankelijk van massagoederen verbonden aan energieproductie en de (petro-)chemische industrie. De verschuiving van fossiele naar niet-fossiele brandstoffen is één van de grootste uitdagingen maar tevens één van de grootste kansen. De Deltaregio moet een voortrekkersrol spelen in deze transitie, als ze haar positie wenst te behouden als één van de voornaamste energie- en petrochemische clusters in de wereld. De versterking van de wisselwerking tussen de (petro)chemische complexen in de verschillende havens is hier belangrijk, net als de inzet op innovatie op het vlak van duurzame productiemethodes en het verder versterken van ecologische schaalvoordelen. Het is van groot belang dat deze ecologische schaalvoordelen niet enkel op individueel havenniveau worden bekeken (bvb. via co-siting), maar ook op een grensoverschrijdend niveau (bvb. Rotterdam, Antwerpen, Moerdijk en Terneuzen). Het belang van deze ecologische schaalvoordelen zou volwaardig deel moeten uitmaken van het gevoerde milieubeleid. 14. Containers winnen aan belang in de trafieksamenstelling van de Deltaregio. De positie van de Delta in dit segment blijft kwetsbaar door de afhankelijkheid van EDC en ‘re-export’ activiteiten. Ook het bestaan van overlappende achterlanden, corridorontwikkeling in Europa en het ‘footloose’ karakter van zee-zee overslag dragen hiertoe bij. Om de concurrentie succesvol aan te gaan dient de Delta zich sterker te profileren als een geïntegreerde Europese ‘gateway’ regio, die schaalgrootte combineert met flexibiliteit op het vlak van routemogelijkheden. 15. Aan zeezijde worden Azië en andere opkomende economieën steeds belangrijker. In het hinterland zal de groei van de Deltahavens meer en meer afhangen van regio’s buiten de traditionele ‘blauwe banaan’. De combinatie van beide ontwikkelingen leidt tot een toegenomen concurrentie met havens buiten de Hamburg-Le Havre range. Dit wordt versterkt door havenhervormingen in Frankrijk, Italië en Spanje. De Deltahavens moeten overwegen om hun achterlandbereik verder uit te breiden zonder de noden en het belang van het huidige kernachterland uit het oog te verliezen.
  • 16. xiv Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 16. De opkomst van economische centra in Oost en Centraal Europa creëert mogelijkheden voor de Deltahavens op vlak van kustvaart en hub-feeder netwerken over land en zee. De groei van de Europese markt kan echter leiden tot wijzigingen in de configuratie van Europese distributienetwerken (bvb. door een verschuiving van EDCs naar andere regio’s, een alternatief netwerk met RDCs of meer DC bypass) met een potentieel negatief effect op de containertrafieken van de Deltahavens. 17. De Delta havenregio en de Noord-Duitse regio zijn pioniers in intermodale oplossingen. Deze ‘early mover’ voordelen zijn echter niet voldoende om toekomstig succes te garanderen. Een doorlopende innovatie in processen en technologieën is vereist, niet enkel om de Delta competitief te houden, maar ook om beleidsmakers duidelijk te maken dat de Deltaregio haar Europese leidersrol op een verantwoorde en innovatieve manier waar maakt, daarmee rekening houdend met de noden van de markt en duurzaamheid. 18. Hoewel de Deltahavens zich over het algemeen kunnen vinden in de principes van het Witboek van de Europese Commissie, is het belangrijk te benadrukken dat de huidige trafiekdistributie in het Europese havensysteem niet enkel kan verklaard worden door te kijken naar kosten. Co- modale bundelingeffecten, connectiviteit en de integrale kwaliteit van de dienstverlening hebben tot gevolg dat de “natuurlijke” gateway vaak niet de dichtstbijzijnde gateway is. Een niet consistente implementatie van heffingen in de EU kan leiden tot een ladingsverschuiving weg van de Delta. De Deltaregio dient beleidsmakers de boodschap te brengen dat de huidige trafiekdistributie in Europa en de sterke positie van de Delta een weerspiegeling zijn van marktconforme beslissingen van logistieke spelers. 19. De discussie rond het ‘core network’ binnen het TEN-T beleid kan de havens in de regio beïnvloeden indien dit zou resulteren in een toename van maritieme toegangspunten in Europa en in een beleid gericht op de verspreiding van lading over een groot aantal Europese havens. De Deltahavens moeten blijven inzetten op hun kracht in het bundelen van lading op de grote corridors binnen het TEN-T netwerk. OOG VOOR DE KERNZAKEN TENEINDE COMPETITIEF TE BLIJVEN 20. Ruimte, toegankelijkheid, de efficiëntie in het accommoderen van supply chains en duurzaamheid blijven de kernthema’s voor een verdere havenontwikkeling binnen de Delta. De Deltahavens kunnen beschouwd worden als koplopers in veel van deze gebieden door middel van de ontwikkeling van innovatieve business cases, nieuwe bestuursstructuren en originele manieren om met stakeholders om te gaan. De verzelfstandiging van de havenautoriteiten zou moeten helpen om meer partnerships in de commerciële sfeer te kunnen aangaan en om de prestaties van de havens te verbeteren met het oog op een toenemende internationale concurrentiedruk. 21. Het ‘Mainport Netwerk’ beleid in Nederland en de ‘Extended Gateway’ strategie in Vlaanderen helpen gedeeltelijk het mogelijk tekort aan havengronden op te vangen. Dit leidt echter niet noodzakelijk tot een netto afname in de ruimtenoden binnen de Deltaregio. Het is belangrijk dat deze noden op het niveau van de gehele Delta worden onderzocht zodat toekomstige havenontwikkelingen kunnen worden geëvalueerd op het vlak van hun ruimtelijke impact op de gehele logistieke en transportinfrastructuur in de Lage Landen. 22. De toegankelijkheid, vooral in relatie tot het achterland, blijft een hoofdbekommernis voor de Delta. Havenautoriteiten moeten een prominente rol spelen in het bevorderen van netwerkvorming in relatie tot het achterland en in de coördinatie en samenwerking tussen de
  • 17. xv betrokken partners (bvb. met betrekking tot ladingbundeling). De uitbouw van het autowegennetwerk moet gelijke tred houden met de aanhoudende groei van het transport over de weg. Op het vlak van dienstverlening worden informatiestromen even belangrijk als de fysieke goederenstromen. Dit betekent dat de havens moeten beschikken over de juiste infrastructuur en de geschikte software en expertise om een afdoend antwoord te vinden op de steeds hogere eisen die de mondiale informatiestromen stellen. Een haven kan deze uitdaging niet als een aparte schakel aangaan, temeer aangezien de marktspelers een sterke focus op netwerken hebben ontwikkeld. 23. Op het vlak van duurzaamheid moeten havenbesturen en havengerelateerde bedrijven goede resultaten kunnen voorleggen om zich te verzekeren van de steun van de gemeenschap en om klanten en investeerders aan te trekken. De Delta moet inspanningen leveren om het ruimtegebruik verder te optimaliseren en de uitstoot van huidige en toekomstige activiteiten in het havengebied te beperken. 24. Een laatste kernzaak betreft de efficiëntie in het accommoderen van supply chains. De economische sterkte van Nederland en België is in grote mate verweven met import- en exportactiviteiten en productieprocessen. Deze activiteiten vormen de basis voor de aanwezige logistiek en aanverwante dienstverlening. Een verminderde aandacht voor het aantrekken van fysieke goederenstromen en industriële activiteiten zou de economische basis van de Delta op termijn kwetsbaarder maken. De strategische ligging van de Delta nabij de ‘blauwe banaan’ is een troef die internationaal voortdurend moet uitgespeeld worden. INZETTEN OP SYNERGIE IN DE DELTA 25. Een haven dient steeds meer vanuit een netwerkperspectief benaderd worden, zeker wanneer het gaat over haven-achterland relaties. De gezamenlijke troeven van de Delta havenregio in relatie tot het achterland zijn belangrijk, net als de troeven van elk van de individuele havens in de regio. Het vermogen van de havengemeenschappen om synergie met andere knooppunten en marktspelers te bewerkstelligen draagt in belangrijke mate bij tot een succesvolle ontplooiing van de havens. De noden op het vlak van coördinatie en samenwerking met andere knooppunten en logistieke spelers buiten het havengebied worden daardoor steeds belangrijker. 26. De havens in de Rijn-Schelde Delta zijn zich bewust van het belang van binnenhavens. Meer aandacht dient te gaan naar investeringen en deelnames in de activiteiten van buitenlandse binnenhavens (meer bepaald in de zones van de ‘blauwe banaan’ buiten de Benelux) ondermeer via joint ventures. 27. De geboden flexibiliteit in de keuze van transporttrajecten vormt een belangrijke factor voor de logistieke attractiviteit van een regio. Productielocaties en logistieke sites (bijvoorbeeld EDC) prijzen de geboden flexibiliteit binnen de Delta om inkomende en uitgaande goederenstromen te accommoderen. De aanwezigheid van een groot aantal havens maakt de gehele regio aantrekkelijk op het vlak van de geboden flexibiliteit voor de klanten. De synergie tussen de verschillende havens speelt ook op het vlak van het achterland. In dit opzicht is het belangrijk om de Delta als een ‘multi-port gateway region’ te beschouwen. 28. In vergelijking tot andere havenregio’s in Europa biedt de Delta niet enkel flexibiliteit op het vlak van trajectkeuze, maar ook een ongeëvenaarde schaalgrootte in termen van volumes, connectiviteit en geboden frequentie in de achterlandverbindingen. De bundeling van lading laat de Delta toe een kritische massa te verkrijgen om gebieden in het verdere achterland te
  • 18. xvi Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 bedienen. Coördinatie en collectieve acties tussen havens en marktspelers zijn nodig om lading te bundelen en om het aandeel van intermodaal vervoer verder op te drijven (ook op kortere afstanden). De synergie tussen de Deltahavens kan ook verder versterkt worden door de verbindingen tussen de havens onderling verder te verbeteren. HAVENSAMENWERKING IN PERSPECTIEF 29. Er wordt reeds samengewerkt tussen de Deltahavens in zaken die de wederzijdse belangen dienen en zelfs op het vlak van meer commercieel gevoelige thema’s. Toch is er ruimte voor meer (grensoverschrijdende) samenwerking op het vlak van de bundeling van lading en de versterking van de functionele wisselwerking tussen de verschillende havengebieden. Samenwerkingsinitiatieven dienen marktconform te zijn (d.i. gebaseerd op een sterke business case) en geïnitieerd te worden door marktpartijen, daarbij gefaciliteerd door havenautoriteiten en andere relevante (semi-)publieke entiteiten. 30. Een belangrijk aandachtspunt blijft de geografische schaal die het meest opportuun is voor een goede samenwerking in de Delta. Het beleid van zowel de Nederlandse als Vlaamse overheid gaat te sterk uit van de eigen administratieve grenzen zonder de voordelen van een meer intensieve grensoverschrijdende samenwerking voldoende te belichten. Dit is duidelijk binnen het Nederlandse ‘Mainport Netwerk’ beleid en het Vlaamse ‘Extended Gateway’ concept. Bij het Portbase project werd enkel uitgegaan van Nederlandse havens. Ook op het vlak van logistieke kennisontwikkeling blijft de samenwerking tussen Nederlandse en Vlaamse havens en logistieke regio’s beperkt. Door het beperken van havensamenwerking tot nationale of regionale grenzen worden blinde vlekken gecreëerd en wordt de dynamiek binnen de gehele Rijn-Schelde Delta niet ten volle benut. 31. De modaliteiten en beleidsstructuren voor samenwerking zijn minder belangrijk dan het uiteindelijke doel. Informeel overleg en samenwerking zijn sneller en makkelijker op te starten; vaak leiden ze tot goede resultaten zonder de bureaucratische lasten die een complexe organisatiestructuur met zich kan meebrengen. Het samenvoegen of de fusie van havenautoriteiten mag geen doel op zich zijn. Het kan interessanter zijn om havens toe te laten een minderheidsaandeel in één of meerdere andere havens te verwerven: gemeenschappelijke doelen kunnen worden nagestreefd zonder de broodnodige havenconcurrentie volledig te elimineren. Het is ook mogelijk om samenwerking tussen verschillende havens op projectbasis te regelen. Hierbij worden doelstellingen (bijvoorbeeld het opzetten van een gemeenschappelijke intermodale achterlandverbinding) scherp afgebakend. 32. Samenwerking tussen havens mag niet opgelegd worden door hogere overheden. Een haven dwingen te specialiseren in een bepaald goederensegment kan aanzienlijke gevolgen hebben voor de mogelijkheden tot diversificatie en uiteindelijk de commerciële levensvatbaarheid. Het kan ook het aanbod en de flexibiliteit voor klanten van de Delta beperken. Initiatieven tot samenwerking moeten, zeker als het gaat om commerciële zaken, door de havens zelf worden ontwikkeld. De overheid dient enkel in te grijpen wanneer er marktfaling optreedt, bijvoorbeeld door misbruik van (markt)macht of het bestaan van aanzienlijke externe kosten. ‘Institutioneel ondernemerschap’ lijkt de beste aanpak met het oog op havensamenwerking: de overheid blijft verantwoordelijk voor regelgeving en voor het uitstippelen van de algemene beleidslijnen, maar laat de eigenlijke strategiebepaling over aan een meer decentraal niveau (d.i. havenautoriteiten).
  • 19. xvii SYNTHÈSE 1. Ce rapport propose une analyse économique des ports à travers le Delta du Rhin-Escaut. Le Delta est caractérisé par des ports assez grands et plusieurs ports de taille moyenne ou petite. Chacun a des caractéristiques spécifiques concernant l’accès de l’arrière-pays, les marchandises traitées et les qualités vis-à-vis la location. Ce mélange unique de types et tailles de ports, en combinaison avec un arrière-pays substantiel, forme la dynamique de cette région. LA GRANDE IMPORTANCE DES PORTS DANS LE RHIN-ESCAUT DELTA 2. Les Pays-Bas et la Belgique montrent une grande performance et compétitivité économique en comparaison avec autres régions/pays au niveau mondial. Leurs ports, étant des points de support pour l’infrastructure logistique des pays, sont des initiateurs pour la performance et compétitivité des deux pays. 3. Les effets économiques des activités des ports ne sont plus limités aux environnements locaux. Ils sont dispersés sur une région géographique beaucoup plus vaste et à travers une grande quantité de joueurs internationaux. Selon la Banque Nationale de la Belgique, le montant des quatre ports Flamands a généré une valeur ajoutée directe et indirecte de 27,1 billion d’euro en 2009 ou 8,2% du PIB total de Belgique. La valeur ajoutée directe a atteint 13 billion d’euro en 2009 ou 4,3% du PIB Belge. L’emploi généré directement par les ports a atteint 105.000 emploies à plein temps en 2009 ou 2,7% de l’emploi total de la Belgique. L’ensemble d’emplois direct et indirect est bon pour 236.307 employés ou 10,4% d’emploi total dans la Flandre et 6% de la Belgique. Selon le ‘Port Monitor’, les ports localisés dans les Pays-Bas ont généré une valeur ajoutée directe de 20,5 billion d’euro ou 3,6% du PIB Hollandais en 2009. La valeur ajoutée indirecte a atteint 11,9 billions d’euro en 2009. Les ports des Pays-Bas étaient capables d’employer 163.386 personnes en 2009 ce qui correspond avec 1,9% de l’emploie total des Pays- Bas. L’ensemble des emploies indirectes élevait à 108.617 personnes en 2009. Il n’existe aucune méthodologie uniforme dans le Delta concernant la définition des types d’impacts, ce qui rend les comparaisons entre les ports Flamands et Néerlandais très difficile. Les chiffres des ports Flamands et Hollandais ne peuvent pas être comparés selon les mêmes valeurs essentielles. 4. Une infrastructure adéquate et une grande accessibilité sont de plus en plus des conditions minimales pour la compétitivité des pays et régions. L’innovation et les facteurs de production avancée deviennent essentiels si on veut rester compétitif. Entreprises et autorités portuaires dans le Delta doivent continuer à pousser l’innovation vers des nouveaux sommets. A coté d’arguments économiques, ces aspects stratégiques doivent être considérés quand on estime l’importance du développement des ports. UNE POSITION SOLIDE DU DELTA EN MATIERE DE TRAFICS 5. Le trafic total dans les ports du Delta a atteint 812 millions de tonnes en 2010 ou 65% du trafic total de la rangée nord de l'Europe et 20% du trafic maritime en Europe. 6. Le Rhin-Escaut Delta joue un rôle décisif dans les transports de liquides en vrac dans la partie Nord-Ouest de L’Europe. Le trafic total de ce type de cargo a atteint 311 million de tonnes en 2010 ou 73% du trafic des vracs liquides dans la rangée nord de l'Europe. La courbe de croissance qui démarre en 1990 dans ce secteur est presque complètement attribuable au Delta. Appart des produits pétroliers et chimiques il y a une activité grimpante dans la production du bio fuel, huiles comestibles, gazes industriels et usine d’eau, vapeur et électricité. Le Delta est équipé d’un
  • 20. xviii Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 réseau de pipes et d’une capacité de stockage de liquides substantiels. Les complexes (petro-) chimiques et industriels dans les ports de la Delta prennent les développements durables et les ‘écologies d’échelles’ très sérieux. Les trafics de vracs liquides seront affectés par (a) l’évolution de combustibles fossiles aux combustibles bio, (b) une augmentation de traitement de pétrole à la source et (c) les directives d’énergie nationaux et internationaux. Les ports du Delta sont déjà en train de faire face à ces défis par différentier leur processus nécessitant des employés spécialisés et un savoir faire extensif. 7. Le transport du vrac solide, en particulier les commodités majeurs, est un marché mature avec une potentielle d’expansion lente. Tout ceci est stimulé pour la plupart par la demande des matériaux de construction et de sources d’énergie. Une croissance plus intense est observée dans la catégorie des produits vrac mineurs comme les minéraux, concentrâtes non-ferreux et les engrais. Le trafic total des vracs solides dans la rangée nord de l'Europe a atteint environ 250 million de tonnes en 2010. Le segment du marché du Delta dans l’étendue, oscille entre 70% et 75%. Le charbon et le minerai de fer ont comme destination des clients dans les secteurs d’industrie d’Europe, étant des aciéries ou des centrales électriques, des fois localisés près des ports. Quelques ports dans le Delta essaient d’améliorer leur accès nautique partiellement pour accommoder des navires vrac solide. 8. Le changement dans la position du Delta dans le marché en vrac (liquide et solide) est pour une grande partie lié à (1) les cycles économiques (2) l’offre de terminaux et le transport d’arrière- pays (sans oublier les directives concernant l’environnent) (3) les directives d’énergie dans le Benelux et l’Allemagne et (4) les décisions de location prises par les aciéries et industries chimiques qui sont sujet a une forte compétition globale. 9. Le marché de marchandises conventionnelles est en train de dégrader : l’augmentation d’utilisation de containers a capturé une partie importante du marché. Les plus grandes opportunités se trouvent dans la section spécialisée (comme le ‘heavy lift’). Le Delta est relativement fort pour ce type de cargo. La diversité de types de cargo conventionnel limite la valeur d’un positionnement général des ports. 10. Les ports du Rhin-Escaut Delta ont traité 42% du volume total de RoRo dans la rangée Hambourg – Le Havre, en comparaison, vers 1980 ce pourcentage atteignait 60%. Le marché principal pour le RoRo dans le Delta est la Mer du Nord, avec des relations particulièrement fortes entre Zeebrugge et Rotterdam et la partie centrale et le Nord de l’Angleterre. Le Delta reçoit également des quantités de produits forestiers substantiels provenant de la Scandinavie. Le transport de voitures nouvelles est lentement en train d’évoluer vers un marché plus ou mois mature causé par la maximation de la demande de nouvelles voitures dans l’Europe de l’ouest. Les ports qui traitent la plupart du trafic RoRo peuvent prendre avantage de l’augmentation de la demande dans l’Europe de l’est, la Russie et la Turquie en améliorant leur position dans les réseaux hub-feeder. L’exportation de voitures d’occasion pour l’Afrique reste un marché viable pour le Delta. 11. Dans le trafic de conteneurs, le segment de marché occupé par le Delta Rhin-Escaut a fait face à une tendance grimpante depuis 2001 pour atteindre 22,3 million TEU ou 25,9% du marché Européen en 2010. En termes de volume le Delta est la région placée cinquième mondial pour trafic de conteneurs. Ce marché est le seul qui a augmenté et qui devrait augmenter fortement dans le futur. L’arrière-pays local du Delta reste très important. Une grande partie du trafic local est partiellement lié au rôle des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique dans les EDC et les activités de ‘re- export’. La Belgique, les Pays Bas et le Nord Pas-de-Calais dans le Nord de la France sont des arrière-pays virtuellement captif pour la région du Delta. Les environs ou le Delta est fort sont les
  • 21. xix états Allemands et les régions Françaises dans le bassin du Rhin. Le Delta est mois présente dans les parties est de L’Allemagne, l’Europe de l’est et la partie ouest de la France. 12. Les ports de conteneurs dans le Delta doivent de plus en plus faire face a la compétition provenant d’autres parts de l’Europe (Baltique, Adriatique, Méditerranée) depuis qu’un nombre de ports a réussi à servir avec succès le ‘blue banana’. Ces régions ne sont plus servi par un seul ‘multi-port gateway region’ mais par plusieurs de ces régions ensemble. En théorie les ports localisés vers la Méditerranée sont plus près de l’arrière-pays pour les trafics provenant de l’Asie destiné pour central/sud Europe. Mais ils semblent avoir des problèmes avec l’extension de leurs trafics ferroviaires. La concentration de trafic dans la région du Delta explique pour une grande partie pourquoi la portée et diversité des services intermodaux offerts ici sont plus grandes et plus développées que dans la région Méditerranée. UN DELTA FORT POSITIONNE MAIS DISPUTE 13. La région du Rhin-Escaut Delta est fort dépendent des vracs liquides et solides pour la production d’énergie et pour la (petro) chimie. Le mouvement de combustible fossiles aux non-fossiles est un défi mais aussi une opportunité. La région devrait adopter un rôle dirigeant dans cette transition si elle veut rester compétitive en étant une des plus importants clusters dans le monde. Ceci peut être accompli par améliorer les liens entre les différents ports du Delta, et par montrer le chemin en innovation concernant la production des produits durables et l’implémentation des ‘écologies d’échelle’. 14. Le trafic de conteneurs devient de plus en plus important dans la composition du trafic dans la région. La position du Delta est particulièrement vulnérable à cause de notre rôle dans les EDC et les activités de ‘re-export’. En plus l’existence d’arrière pays non-captif, de corridors en développent à travers l’Europe et la conduite capricieuse du ‘sea-sea transhipment’ ne fait qu’empirer les choses. Rester compétitif dans ce marché ne nécessite pas seulement des réactions de ports et parties concernés mais aussi un positionnement du Delta comme ‘gateway’ Européen intégré qui combine l’ampleur avec la flexibilité. 15. L’Asie et les autres économies émergentes deviennent de plus en plus d’importants joueurs dans les trafics. Dans l’arrière-pays la croissance doit venir des régions en dehors du ‘blue banana’ traditionnel à cause de la maturité des régions habituelles. Ces deux développements ont comme conséquence une compétition d’avantage provenant des ports en dehors de la rangée nord de l'Europe. Cette tendance est fortifiée par les réformes portuaires dans des pays comme la France, l’Italie et l’Espagne. Les ports dans le Delta devraient considérer d’agrandir leur portée d’arrière-pays sans oublier les besoins de leur arrière-pays de base. 16. L’apparition de centres économiques dans l’est de l’Europe et la partie centrale d’Europe crée des opportunités pour les ports du Delta si ils développent des services ‘short sea’ et des ‘hub- feeder’ liens destinés pour ces régions. En même temps l’expansion de l’Europe crée un risque vis-à-vis la dépendance de la Belgique et les Pays-Bas sur les EDC en risque. Chaque changement dans la conception du réseau de distribution (par exemple la transition des EDC, plus de RDCs ou des ‘DC by-pass’) crée un impact sur les trafics entre les ports Européens. Cet impact peut être négatif pour le Delta. 17. La région Rhin-Escaut et le nord de l’Allemagne ont compris asses tôt que l’intermodalité a ces avantages. Mais le Delta ne peut pas relier uniquement sur son avantage d’avant-coureur. Une innovation permanente est nécessaire, pas seulement pour sauvegarder la compétitivité mais aussi pour montrer aux organisations qui conçoivent les directives que le Delta prend son rôle de
  • 22. xx Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 dirigeant Européen sérieux et se rend compte des dynamiques du marché et de la nécessité de durabilité. 18. Même si les ports du Delta ont accepté les principes décrits dans le Livre Blanc de la Commission Européenne, c’est important de stresser que les couts payé ne sont pas suffisent pour comprendre les routes prises par les conteneurs. Les effets de la co-modalité, une certaine connectivité et les services rendus par des gateways spécifiques peuvent provoquer une situation dans laquelle le gateway le plus près n’est pas le ‘natural gateway’ pour cette région. Une fixation non-uniforme des prix routiers peut résulter dans des diminutions de trafic dans le Delta. La région est responsable de transmettre le message que la position établi du Delta est basé sur des décisions imposé par le marché. 19. La discussion concernant le ‘core network’ de la politique TEN-T peut impacter les ports dans cette région. Ceci peut créer des nouveaux points d’accès à travers la côte et une politique visée sur la dispersion de cargo. Les ports du Delta doivent continuer à capitaliser leur pouvoir de consolider du trafic sur les grands corridors du réseau TEN-T. SE CONCENTRER SUR LES FONDAMENTAUX AFIN DE RESTER COMPETITIF 20. L’espace, l’accessibilité, l’efficacité vers les chaînes logistiques et la durabilité restent des points essentiels pour le développement des ports du Delta. Les ports dans la région peuvent être considérés come des pionniers dans beaucoup d’aspects concernant ces évolutions: les études d’investissement, les nouvelles structures de gouvernance et des façons révolutionnaires d’intégrer les stakeholders dans les développements. La réforme des autorités portuaires devrait aider à entretenir plus de partnerships dans le secteur logistique et commercial et d’améliorer leur performance vis-à-vis la compétition internationale. 21. La politique ‘Mainport Network’ dans les Pays Bas et le concept ‘Extended Gateway’ dans les Flandres aident partiellement à gérer le manque d’espace libre. Mais ces stratégies ne mènent pas nécessairement à une situation dans laquelle les espaces requises dans la Delta s’améliorent. C’est important que les conditions d’espace sont étudiés sur la totalité du Delta, dans ce cas les futures implications des développements des ports peuvent être évalue correctement. 22. L’accessibilité, particulièrement face à l’arrière-pays, est un autre thème principal. Les autorités portuaires doivent renforcer leur rôle dans la formation des réseaux et améliorer la coordination et coopération entre les partis impliqués. Ils peuvent être des facilateurs dans ces processus. L’expansion de la capacité des autoroutes à travers le Delta doit marcher au même pas que la croissance de la circulation routière. Les qualités vis-à-vis les informations transmises sont en train de devenir aussi importantes que les services physiques. Ceci implique que les ports doivent avoir l’infrastructure correcte, un logiciel adéquat et les employés ayant des amples capacités pour répondre aux exigences de plus en plus extrêmes imposées par le marché. Les ports ne peuvent pas opérer comme entités isolées pour résoudre ce problème, ils doivent former une union pour consolider leurs forces. 23. Concernant la durabilité, les autorités portuaires doivent montrer une grande performance environnementale s’ils veulent captiver le support de la communauté ou attirer des investisseurs et des partenaires commerciaux. Le Delta est censé d’améliorer l’utilisation d’espace et de diminuer les émissions des activités dans les ports et les environs.
  • 23. xxi 24. Le dernier facteur formulé est l’efficacité concernant les supply chains. La position économique des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique est pour une grande partie liée à trafiquer des transactions physiques et des activités de productions. Ces activités créent la base pour l’industrie logistique et pour les services associés. Limitant la portée du service à une structure basée uniquement sur le contrôle/orchestration de services peut rendre la position du Delta plus vulnérable. La location du Delta sur le plan géographique reste un avantage dont on doit tirer du profit. LES SYNERGIES DANS LE DELTA 25. Les ‘stratégies du réseau’ implémenté par les joueurs du marché augmentent l’importance d’approcher les ports comme nœuds intégrés dans un réseau. Les qualités de tous les ports unis, comme dans la Delta, sont assez importants que ceux de chaque port individuel dans la région. Le succès est déterminé par l’habilité d’exploiter les synergies avec les autres nœuds qui font partie du réseau. Ces développements nécessitent des coopérations et coordinations plus intensives avec les nœuds et acteurs situés en dehors des ports. 26. Les ports dans le Delta comprennent que les ports intérieurs peuvent les aider à faire face à une grande diversité de contraints local. La participation dans des ports intérieurs étrangers mérite plus d’attention. Ceci nécessite une approche prudente, par exemple en considérant des ‘joint ventures’ sur le développement des nouveaux sites. 27. La flexibilité est une des sujets importants pour l’attractivité de la région. Les unités de productions et les sites logistiques (comme des EDC) dans l’arrière-pays apprécient la flexibilité offerte par le Delta en guise d’options offertes pour relier leurs imports et exports. A part de se focaliser sur l’arrière-pays, les ports doivent payer une plus grande attention aux bénéfices offerts par la présence de multiples ports dans les environs. Plusieurs ‘gateways’ ensemble offrent des synergies et peuvent garantir les meilleurs possibilités de connectivité. Dans ce cadre c’est très important d’adresser le Delta comme un ‘multi-port gateway region’. 28. Comparé à d’autres régions en Europe, le Rhin-Escaut Delta n’offre pas seulement la flexibilité mais peut aussi capitaliser sur une étendue sans égal en guise de volume, connectivité et fréquences en services terrestres. La consolidation de cargo vers l’arrière-pays permet aux ports du Delta de générer la masse critique pour l’accès des régions les plus profondes. Une coordination et des actions collectives entres ports et clients sont essentiels si ils veulent atteindre l’objective d’agrandir les trafics intermodales et la consolidation du cargo. Des synergies entre ports dans le Delta peuvent gagner en valeur s’ils améliorent les connections entre les ports. METTRE LA COOPERATION EN PERSPECTIVE 29. La coopération entre ports dans le Delta existe déjà sur des sujets ou il y a des intérêts mutuels et même sur des issues commercialement sensitives. Néanmoins il y a une marge pour plus de coopération en consolidant du cargo destiné pour l’arrière pays et d’améliorer les échanges fonctionnels entre les ports. 30. Un point essentiel est la portée des actions de coopération au Delta. Les politiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique sont trop souvent limitées entre leurs propres frontières sans se rendre compte du potentiel de coopération internationale. Par limiter le point focal aux frontières nationales on crée des angles morts et on néglige des dynamiques logistiques importantes dans le Delta Rhin-Escaut.
  • 24. xxii Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 31. Les modalités concernant la coopération ne sont pas aussi importantes que les objectifs qui doivent être réalisé. Des liens de coopération décontractés sont plus facile à créer et sont souvent asses efficace pour accomplir les résultats sans se charger d’une bureaucratie extensive. Des fusions entre des autorités portuaires n’est pas un objectif en lui même. Accorder la possibilité à une autorité de devenir actionnaire minimal dans une autre autorité peut améliorer la perception d’une mission commune sans effacer la compétition nécessaire pour garder le Delta alerte et efficace. Une alternative est la coopération entre ports sur une base de projets. Ceci peut générer les résultats souhaités. 32. C’est essentiel qu’aucune politique gouvernementale pour faciliter/encourager la coopération entre ports soit imposée sur les ports. En forçant des ports de se spécialiser, la diversification de ports individuels peut être nuit. En même temps ça agrandit les risques commerciaux pour les ports affecté et réduit le choix pour les clients, diminuant la flexibilité. Des actions vers la coopération entre ports, particulièrement dans le secteur commercial, doivent être démarrées par les ports eux-mêmes. Le gouvernement doit quand même s’imposer quand le marché entre en défaille, par exemple quand il y a un usage excessif du pouvoir ou quand les coûts externes ne sont pas distribués de façon optimale. La route prise par ‘institutional entrepreneurship’ est probablement la meilleure solution pour la coopération des ports. Le gouvernement est responsable pour les directives générales, mail laisse le développement de la stratégie pour les nivéaux plus décentralisés (comme l’autorité portuaire et les entreprises logistiques).
  • 25. 1 Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 INTRODUCTION This report provides an economic analysis of the ports in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta. The Delta features established large ports, such as Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam, as well as a whole series of medium-sized to smaller ports each with specific characteristics in terms of hinterland markets served, commodities handled and location qualities. The unique blend of different port types and sizes combined with a vast economic hinterland shapes port dynamics in the region. While Figure 1 features all seaports in the Delta region, we will mainly focus on the ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Zeeland Seaports, Zeebrugge and Ghent. Figure 1. The ports under study in this report This report is structured as follows. The first part analyzes the function and economic and strategic importance of the Delta port region. The second part discusses the impact of changes in the global economy and logistics and distribution patterns on the seaports in the Delta. We adopt a top-down approach: an analysis of the patterns in global economic development is followed by sections on changes in logistics. Next, the report elaborates on the role of corridors, intermodality and inland ports, and on relevant regulation and government policies. Part three contains the results of an extensive analysis of the past, present and future competitive position of the Rhine- Scheldt Delta in different cargo segments (i.e. liquid bulk, dry bulk, conventional general cargo, roro cargo and containers). Special attention is given to the traffic position of the Delta in the hinterland and associated patterns in European-wide port competition. The last part of this report presents the main challenges and policies for the Rhine-Scheldt Delta port region. Key challenges are identified in relation to a changing European market, the strategies of logistics market players, national and supranational policies and cargo flows through the Delta ports. Part four concludes with a plea for a stronger focus on the existing and potential synergies between the ports of the Delta. 0 50 100 150 20025 Kilometers France Belgium Lux Germany Netherlands Brussels Lille Liège Duisburg Duesseldorf Cologne Bonn Dortmund North Sea Canal/Amsterdam The Hague Utrecht Koblenz Seaport in Rhine-Scheldt Delta Rotterdam Zeeland Seaports (Flushing/Terneuzen) Zeebrugge Ostend Antwerp Ghent Dordrecht Moerdijk The Delta offers a unique blend of seaports. Structure of the report.
  • 26. 2 Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 1 I THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PORTS IN THE RHINE-SCHELDT DELTA 1.1 The changing role and function of seaports Seaport functions are diverse in scope and nature and evolve over time. Port roles and functions can be identified through political, geographical (urban and spatial), economic and social perspectives. From a macro-analytical and public policy perspective ports are viewed as economic catalysts for the regions they serve where the aggregation of services and activities generates benefits and socio-economic wealth. Ports create direct and indirect value- added and employment. Often, port macro-economic impacts focus a lot on national or regional competitiveness, thereby ignoring port impacts on the wider economic space and on international trade and logistics. Ports are often approached as clusters (De Langen, 2002) and maritime industrial development areas (MIDAs). Consequently, they receive a lot of attention as part of national or supranational maritime cluster policy and industrial policy. Other issues of interest to the public policy maker at a macro-level include urban planning and expansion, safety, security and environmental sustainability. Port development is often associated with urban planning. The emphasis here lies on the port-city interface and on waterfront redevelopment and other initiatives to re-establish the link between port area and city. From an environmental perspective, port planning and management should ensure sustainable development. Environmental sustainability of port projects has become as important as economic and financial viability. Ports often form an integral part of coastal management policies. As such ports have adopted a real environmental role and function. Another perspective is to look at ports from a micro-perspective approach. Port operations are usually oriented towards the two traditional components of ships and cargo. Services to ships include those performed at the sea or waterways side (dredging, pilotage, mooring/unmooring, etc.) and at the ship/shore interface (berthing, repair and maintenance, supply and bunkering, etc.). Services to cargo can be divided into those performed at the ship/shore interface (stowing, loading, discharging, etc.) and those entirely performed in land-side areas such as consolidation, storage and distribution. Key in the micro-perspective approach are the concepts of efficiency/performance and sustainability at the operational level (i.e. a company or terminal). A third approach consists of a hybrid perspective on port roles and functions combining both macro- and micro-elements. The widely cited port-type generations of UNCTAD (1994) and later port generation models (Van Den Berg and Van Klink, 1995; Flynn et al., 2011) look at port roles and functions, but also institutional structuring and operational and management practices. An evolving new approach perceives ports as business ventures regardless of their institutional, operational or functional status. The wave of corporatisation of port authorities, also in the Rhine- Scheldt Delta, reflects this increasing business and market-oriented approach to port management. Ports are part of a wider logistics and production system and increasingly performing teleport functions. Port functions are extended to trade, A macro perspective on the role and functions of seaports. A micro perspective: services to ships and cargo. A hybrid approach: seaports as business ventures and part of global supply chains.
  • 27. 3 Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 logistics and production centres with an extensive portfolio of operations spanning across production, trade and service industries. More than ever, a seaport is not an end in itself: port activities in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta contribute to the industrial and logistics development in the port areas and the hinterland. 1.2 The economic significance of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta ports Nowadays, ports are viewed as independent commercial undertakings aiming at full cost recovery and a rapid response to the customer. The economic effects of seaport activities are no longer limited to the local environment, but are spread over a much wider geographical area and among a large number of international players (Notteboom and Winkelmans, 2001). In other words, the economic benefits of port activities are expanding from the local port system towards a much larger economic system (Benacchio and Musso, 2001). Measuring the impacts of ports is not an easy task. The identification of activities that are dependent on the port, their degree of dependency and the associated multiplier effects lead to methodological discussions. Measuring direct, indirect, induced and related jobs is often difficult due to a lack of data. There exists no unique standard methodology in Europe or even within the Rhine-Scheldt Delta on the definition of the types of impacts, which makes port comparisons difficult. Detailed studies on port impacts are however available for Dutch ports and Belgian ports separately. The figures for Flemish and Dutch ports can therefore not be compared on an equal basis. 1.2.1. The Flemish ports The National Bank of Belgium provides detailed data on the economic impact of the ports within the region of Flanders. The reports assess the economic situation within ports based on three criteria: employment, added value and investments. While the studies of the National Bank of Belgium also consider other ports like Liège and Brussels, we will only consider the figures for Antwerp, Gent, Zeebrugge and Ostend. Antwerp and Zeebrugge will be analyzed in more detail (NBB, 2011). In assessing the added value of a port, a division is made between the maritime and non-maritime cluster. The non-maritime cluster is further subdivided in trade, industry, land transport and other logistics services. In this way, one gets a rather complete picture of the economic impact of the port sector. The four Flemish ports combined generated a direct and indirect value added of 27.1 billion euro or 8.2% of total GDP of Belgium in crisis year 2009. This is almost a 19% increase compared to 2002. The direct added value reached 13 billion euro in 2009 or 4.3% of total Belgian GDP, mostly created by industry (52%). The maritime cluster creates over a quarter of this direct added value. A closer look at the total added value figures reveals the impact of the 2008-2009 crisis: the biggest drop since the minor decline in 2002-2003 is occurring in this period. A seaport is not an end in itself. Economic benefits of ports are expanding. Measurement of economic impacts remains difficult. National Bank of Belgium provides data on impacts Flemish ports. 27.1 billion euro in direct and indirect value added.
  • 28. 4 Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 Table 1. Direct and indirect value-added created in the Flemish ports (in million euro) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth 2009/2002 Direct added value Antwerp 7056 7334 8257 9352 9091 9826 10087 8591 17.9 Direct added value Gent 2729 2785 3252 3383 3457 3745 3258 3094 11.8 Direct added value Ostend 323 334 355 394 409 436 477 457 29.4 Direct added value Zeebrugge 732 753 795 794 840 895 948 879 16.7 Total direct added value Flemish ports 10840 11206 12659 13923 13797 14902 14770 13020 16.7 Indirectadded value Antwerp 7478 6673 7345 7970 8424 8849 9262 9120 18.0 Indirect added value Gent 3444 3140 3494 3431 3465 3744 3720 3785 9.0 Indirect added value Ostend 296 304 339 357 388 398 446 434 31.7 Indirect added value Zeebrugge 890 701 674 713 750 820 800 776 -14.7 Total indirect added value Flemish ports 12108 10819 11852 12471 13026 13811 14228 14114 14.2 Source: based on data of the National Bank of Belgium Figure 2. Value-added created in the Flemish ports 0,0 2.000,0 4.000,0 6.000,0 8.000,0 10.000,0 12.000,0 14.000,0 0,0 2.000,0 4.000,0 6.000,0 8.000,0 10.000,0 12.000,0 14.000,0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Direct and indirect added value:Flemish ports Non maritime Maritime Indirectadded value Source: based on data of the National Bank of Belgium The direct and indirect value-added created by the port of Antwerp reached 17.7 billion euro in 2009, an increase of 22% compared to 2002. The port of Antwerp is responsible for 68.6% of the total for the Flemish ports. Over 50% of the non- maritime added value is created by industry, rendering Antwerp as an industry-based port. The port of Zeebrugge reached an added value of 1.6 billion euro in 2009 around 6% of the Flemish ports. Since 2002 we see only very little change in the total figures. The 2008-2009 crisis brought the port back to its 2002 level. The direct added value of the port of Zeebrugge is for over 40% created by the maritime cluster, the highest share in any Flemish port. Direct employment reached 105,000 fulltime jobs in 2009. Direct and indirect employment combined amounted to 236,307 jobs. In 2009, the workers employed in the Flemish ports represented 2.7% of Belgian domestic employment. Altogether (including indirect employment), the Flemish ports accounted for 10.4% of employment in Flanders, and some 6% of employment in Belgium. These last two figures are down against 2008. A more detailed look at direct employment shows that 34% is created in the maritime cluster itself. In the non-maritime cluster 45% is generated by industry, making it the most dominant sector for employment. Compared to 2002 we see a minor decrease of less that 2%. This is mainly due to the crisis in 2008-2009, where 5% of the total created employment was lost. Antwerp largest creator of value added in Flemish port system. Direct and indirect employment of 236,307 jobs.
  • 29. 5 Economic Analysis Rhine-Scheldt Delta September 2011 Antwerp remains the biggest employer of all Flemish ports with a direct and indirect employment of around 150,000 FTE representing 63% of all jobs created by the four Flemish ports. The direct employment is comprised for 43% of maritime cluster employment. The non-maritime cluster is mostly impacted by the industrial sector. Zeebrugge is responsible for 10% of employment in the Flemish ports: 24,552 jobs in 2009 of which 10,500 where direct employment. Almost 50% of the direct employment was created in the maritime cluster. Figure 3. Employment impact of the four Flemish ports Source: based on data National Bank of Belgium and Flemish Ports Commission Table 2. Direct and indirect employment in Flemish ports (in number of jobs) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth 2009/2002 Direct employment Antwerp 61955 60937 61930 62550 63274 64156 64054 62577 1.0 Direct employmen Gent 26642 27067 27038 27203 27109 27385 27643 26733 0.3 Direct employment Ostend 4123 4274 4441 4445 4643 4839 5025 5079 18.8 Direct employment Zeebrugge 10151 10221 10390 10162 10491 10483 10889 10480 3.1 Total direct employment Flemish ports 102871 102499 103799 104360 105517 106863 107611 104869 1.9 Indirect employment Antwerp 90430 79927 81113 84524 86819 90164 92968 86749 -4.2 Indirect employmen Gent 40014 37523 38723 36629 37334 39278 41184 38537 -3.8 Indirect employment Ostend 4428 4231 4337 4499 4623 4587 5295 4893 9.5 Indirect employment Zeebrugge 13150 11489 11227 11503 12783 13477 14475 14073 6.6 Total indirect employment Flemish ports 148022 133170 135400 137155 141559 147506 153922 144252 -2.6 Source: based on data of the National Bank of Belgium 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Flemish ports (Antwerp, Zeebrugge,Ghent and Ostend) Cargothroughputinmilliontons NumberofemployeesinFTE Directemployment in port (in FTE) Directemployment in maritime cluster (in FTE) Directemployment in non-maritime cluster (in FTE) Indirectemployment (in FTE) Total throughput (in million tons) - right axis Antwerp largest employer.