Historical events connected in German History to the 9th of November, the history that connects them and the history of my family that connects me with those.
1. 9th of November
A date a German will not and
others should not forget
70 years of German History
A personal perspective
Cornelio Hopmann
9th of November 2000
Disclaimer: I’ve never done this before, less in foreign language. Hence apologies for
orthographic, grammatical and idiomatic errors. History is just not my field of expertise.
2. Historic events – a 9th of November
1918 - Republic
1923 – Hitler Putsch
1939 – Bomb
fails Hitler
1938 – Night of Broken Crystals
3. My Grand Family
My
Grandparents
Prof.
Dr. Josef & Dr. Maria Hopmann
– 1975, 1898 - 1980
Catholic, with family trees documented back to 1694 Rhineland
Astronomer, classical philology (Greek, Latin)
Great Grandfathers: Dr. jur. Hopmann, Dr. jur. Horster
1890
Bishop
Johannes & Lic. Charlotte Beermann
– 1958, 1888 – 1956
Lutheran, with family trees documented back to 1742 Estonia
MStheol, Graduated in Pedagogy
Great Grandfathers: G. Beermann (Architect), H. Scheel (Merchant)
1878
4. My Great Great Granduncles
Joseph Hopmann, City Lawyer & Emma Satorius ~ 1850
Emma a descendant of a French - most probably Jewish - family
6. Another German – Heinrich Himmler
1900 – 1945
Conservative, Academic Catholic Parents
High school-Principal G. Himmler
Godfather Heinrich Prince of BavArya
Candidate for Officer 1918
MSC Agriculture 1922
Excellent Administrator and Organizer
7. Another German - 1942
It is absolutely wrong to project our own harmless
soul with its deep feelings, our kindheartedness, our
idealism, upon alien peoples. This is true, beginning
with Herder, who must have been drunk when he
wrote the Voices Of The Peoples, thereby bringing
such immeasurable suffering and misery upon us
who came after him. This is true, beginning with the
Czechs and Slovenes, to whom we brought their
sense of nationhood. They themselves were
incapable of it, but we invented it for them.
8. Another German – 1942
One principle must be absolute for the SS
man: we must be honest, decent, loyal and
friendly to members of our blood and to no
one else. What happens to the
Russians, what happens to the Czechs, is a
matter of utter indifference to me. Such good
blood of our own kind as there may be
among the nations we shall acquire for
ourselves, if necessary by taking away the
children and bringing them up among us.
9. Another German - 1942
Whether the other races live in comfort or
perish of hunger interests me only in so far
as we need them as slaves for our culture;
apart from that it does not interest me.
Whether or not 10,000 Russian women
collapse from exhaustion while digging a
tank ditch interests me only in so far as the
tank ditch is completed for Germany.
10. Another German - 1942
We shall never be rough or heartless
where it is not necessary; that is clear.
We Germans, who are the only people
in the world who have a decent attitude
to animals, will also adopt a decent
attitude to these human animals, but it
is a crime against our own blood to
worry about them and to bring them
ideals.
11. Another German - 1942
I shall speak to you here with all
frankness of a very serious subject. We
shall now discuss it absolutely openly
among ourselves, nevertheless we
shall never speak of it in public. I mean
the evacuation of the Jews, the
extermination of the Jewish race.
12. Another German - 1942
Most of you know what it means to see a
hundred corpses lying together, five
hundred, or a thousand. To have gone
through this and yet - apart from a few
exceptions, examples of human weakness to have remained decent fellows, this is what
has made us hard. This is a glorious page in
our history that has never been written and
shall never be written.
13. Heinrich Himmler - Organizer
Joins Hitler 1923
Organizes
SS 1927
Gestapo 1933
KZ 1934
RSHA 1939
Taskforces 1941
Endlösung 1942
15. Structure of the presentation
Before
Holocaust
German
„Revolution‟
The golden twenties
Nazi
& Holocaust
After Holocaust
The
Nuremberg Trials
The long silence
The Auschwitz Trial
When
I got older
16. 11/09/1918 German „Revolution‟
Wilson
14 points for a Cease Fire (01/08)
German HQ declares internally war lost (08/14)
Germany asks for Cease Fire (10/04)
Revolt of Marines in Kiel (10/29)
Worker & Soldier Committees take over local powers (10/29-11/08
Phillip Scheidemann declares Germany Republic (11/09)
Cease Fire, accepting the Wilson Conditions (11/11)
German troops still outside, no foreign troops in Germany
Birth of the November-Treason legend
18. My grandparents at that time
J.
Beerman
Returns
from Petersburg, where he worked at private
noble high schools, earning personal nobility
Tries as „undercover‟ to rescue a German
princess, married to a cousin of the Czar
J.
Hopmann
Returns
as Colonel from WW I
Finishes his tenure - thesis in astronomy
M.
Horster
Earns
as first German women ever a doctorate classical
philology
19. 11/09/1923 Hitler Putsch
Munich
In
the beginning 20
Versailles
treaty quits parts of Germany
Very high War compensation
Coal & Iron Zone Ruhr occupied by French
Situations near to civil war in many parts of Germany (origins on
left and right)
Luddendorf
On
(Ex-Chief of Staff Army) & Hitler
occasion to recall the November-treason they try to install a
right populist government in Munich.
Attempt put down the next days
Hitler sentenced to 5 years
Serving 8 month he writes Mein Kampf
20. My grandparents at that time
J.
Hopmann marries M. Horster
Tenure
in astronomy at Bonn
Elected secretary general of the German/Austrian
Astronomical Society
Proposes an observation based alternative to Einstein‟s Math
based „Jewish‟ General Relativity
Nobel
Franck put „German‟ Matrix-QM against „Jewish‟ Wave-QM
Honored
1924
as an Asteroid is named Hopmann
– Birth of my father
21. My grandparents at that time
J.
Beerman marries Ch. Scheel
His
Father invented the current Estonia Flag
Organizes German Schools
Organizes German Chamber of Business
Is elected top representative and government
member for the German minority in Estonia
– Birth of my mother
1930 the family moves to East Prussia
1923
22. Hitler and his party grow
Hitlers
NSDAP obtains the greatest share
in a series of national elections
National
Socialist German Workers Party
Against
(Jewish)
Plutocrats
(Jewish) Communists
(Jewish) Foreign Intervention
For
a great, strong and unified Germany
24. 03/23/1933 Empowerment Act
02/27/33
Reichstag burns down
02/28/33 State of exception declared
03/23/33 Empowerment Act
Suspension
of legislation for 6 years
Legislative power to the Reichskanzler
Most members of parliament agree
Conservatives,
Catholic Party, Liberals
Except
Communist
Party (in prison or underground)
Social Democrat Party (some in prison)
3 others (left liberal)
25. My parents & grandparents
My
parents start their primary that year
J. Hopmann
Appointed
Director Observatory Leipzig
Elected Dean of Sci-Math Faculty Leipzig
J.
Beermann
Elected
Lutheran Bishop of Danzig
Free
City (independent state) by Versailles
Borders with German East Prussia (West Prussia Polish)
No land connection to Germany
German Majority
Principal port of Poland
Activist
They
for integration with Germany
vote (probably): Zentrum, NSDAP
26. Achievements
Cut
down of unemployment
National
Work Service
Autobahn Construction
Financial Support to
Agriculture
Arms
relevant industry
Ignores
Versailles Treaty
Stop
to compensation payments
Reestablishment of Navy, Air Force
Buildup of Army
„strong
and respected Germany‟
27. Terror
Autodafé
Books
40%
of Contemporary Literature
General Relativity Einstein
Campaign leaded by students and
faculty
Don‟t
buy at Jews
Jewish public servants are
removed (including universities)
About 35% of the intellectuals Jewish or other nonconforming –
leave Germany
28. Laws to protect the „Aryan‟ race
09/15/35
Nuremberg Rasse Gesetze
Jews
are no longer citizens
No marriage between Jews & Aryans
Nor
extra-martial relations
Female Aryan employees of Jews have to be older than 45
Jews
From
not permitted in „German‟ education
Kinder to Universities
Jews
not permitted as lawyers & physicians
Special Passport for Jews (Big J)
Partially
on request by GB, Switzerland, USA
Most countries deny entry to Jewish refugees
29. German Law: Who is a Jew ?
1.Who
once in his life professed Jewish religion
2.Whose parents were/are Jews
3.½ Jew = one parent is/was Jew or two grandparents
4.¼ Jew = one grandparent
5.1/8 Jew = one great grandparent
6.Persecution applies from ½ Jew onward
7.Professional inhibitions apply from ¼ Jew onward
8.Jews have to add Sara or Israel to their names
Notes: This is not a racial definition
About 30% of Germans were at least 1/8 Jew
33. An announcement - elsewhere
Washington
Holocaust
Museum
Olympics - 36
During the 1930s prejudice toward Jews was widespread in American culture
and everyday social life. Universities limited the admission of Jewish students
through informal quotas, and certain neighborhoods and social clubs
excluded Jews
35. Olympics – Berlin 1936
Despite
…..
49
nations participate in the Olympics
All use the German Greeting
Germany
appears
wealthier, stronger and more
respected than ever
36. Munich Treaty –1938
03/13
Austria annexed
Versailles
09/29
prohibited union
Munich Treaty
Czechoslovakia
divided
Sudeten annexed
Great
Britain, France, Italy, Germany sign
Czechoslovakia– not invited
37. 11/09/1938 Reichskristallnacht
11/07
Shooting of German delegate in Paris
11/09 Celebration of November Putsch
Hitler
calls for vengeance
11/09
– 11/10
Synagogues
vandalized and burned
Thousands of Jewish Business destroyed
Thousands put into custody (Police, KZ)
39. Reichskristallnacht
The Jewish community has
•To pay 1 Billion Marks as
compensation (250 Million US$)
•Assurances confiscated
•To sell out their businesses to
Germans at lowest prices
•Were no longer allowed to use
public transportation
42. 09/01/39 World War II begins
Westerplatte - Danzig
Germany
attacks Poland
SU advances west according
Hitler/Stalin Pact
France & GB declare war but
nothing happens
Poland surrenders after 20
days of war
War in west starts with Hitler
attacking 05/10/1940
Warschau – German Parade
44. Consequences – Germany wins
Czechoslovakia
divided
½
Satellite state with pro Nazi Government
1/3 annexed (mainly Germans)
Remainder as Protectorate under SS control
The above German-Austrian until 1919
Poland
1/3
- divided
annexed and germanized (Prussian until 1919)
Non
German inhabitants driven out
Germans from Estonia, Lithuania, Latonia occupy their houses etc
½
annexed to SU (border according Versailles)
Remainder as territory for the expelled under SS control
Generalgouvernement
Warschau
46. My parents & grandparents
J.
Hopmann joins the army reactivated as member of a
division command (Artillery commander)
J. Beermann
Celebrates
with a thanksgiving service at St. Mary Cathedral the
integration of Danzig to the Reich
Includes recovered West-Prussia to his bishop domain
Assumes control over former Polish catholic churches, assigning
Lutheran pastors for the resettled Germans from the Baltic
Beate
Helps
Sabine Beermann (my mother, 16 years)
as BDM president & „volunteer‟ to resettle
Germans, receiving them in Danzig Harbor
BDM Nazi Youth Organization for girls
48. 11/09/1939 Carpenter against Hitler
Georg
Elser
During
6 months preparation and
installation of the bomb
Completely alone
“To avoid more bloodshed”
Every
8 of November
Hitler
gives an
„Eve of 9 of November‟ speech
Bomb explodes at 21:24
Hitler had left at 21:05
Afterwards
caught
by border officer 11/10/39
Send to KZ Sachsenhausen without
trial or publicity
49. 06/21/41 – Attack on USSR
Germany
Most
opens war without declaration
Germans, including clergy, agree ..
It‟s against satanic (Jewish) Bolshevism
German
allies & satellites participate
Many in the territories occupied before by force by the
soviets initially collaborate (Baltic, Byelorussia, Ukraine)
Einsatzgruppen
7
(Task Forces) cleanup
Million civilians including 2 million Jews killed
5 Million Prisoners of War killed
2 Million partisan fighters or suspects killed
50. 01/20/1942 Wannsee Meeting
Meeting
of top officials
Office
of Chancellor (Head of Government)
Interior, Exterior, Economy, Justice
Police, Reichs-Security, Occupation-Forces
Topic:
Final solution to the Jewish Problem
in Europe
537.000
Jews forced to emigration until 10/31/41
How to eliminate the remaining more than
11.000.000
Most
efficiently and effectively
Involving local governments & allies & satellites
Respecting the needs and limits of war
Without affecting economy & war production
52. The Enterprise “Final solution”
Gathering
Ghettos
of Jews by country
(walled city – districts)
Construction
of special camps
Transport to special camps
Selection
Unqualified
for labor
Immediate
evacuation
Qualified
for labor
Forced
labor
appropriate final treatment for survivors
53. Top Executives “Final solution”
Heinrich Himmler
Reichsführer SS
Supreme Executive
Suicide 1945
Reinhardt Heydrich
Chief RSHA
Organizer until 1942
(killed in assault)
Adolf Eichmann Chief
Jewish Section RSHA
Organizer since 1942
Hanged (1961! Israel)
56. The only non-collaborating
country
In all countries local police & volunteers help to identify and gather
Jews, transport & railway -officials & -workers help in transportation
In Denmark
King & ordinary
citizens wear in
public the Star of
David
Local authorities
and civilians hide
Jews
Together they
organize rescue in
fisher boats
58. Extermination Camp Operation
Mass Grave
Undressing
Room
Gas
Chamber
Mortuary
Crematory
Ramp
Selection
Registration
Recycling
Personal
Values
Slave
Labor
Death by
Exhaustion, Disease
Beaten, Hanged or Shot
‘Medical’ Experiments
Gas Chamber
59. Central Feature
Within
those crematories, all stations of the extermination
process were geographically centralized and mechanized.
Each station had undress rooms, gas chambers and ovens to
incinerate the bodies.
60. Core Installations
Bunker
I
Two
gas chamber for 800 people, undress rooms, mass
graves
Since 1941
Bunker
II
Four
gas chambers for 1.200 people, undress rooms
1942; reconstructed spring 1944 and used as reserve
during daytime
Crematorium
Subterranean
II
gas chamber for up to 3.000
people, surface five ovens for daily 1.440 bodies
March 1943 till November 1944
61. Core Installations
Crematorium
III
Subterranean
gas chamber for up to 3.000 people, surface five
ovens for daily 1.440 bodies
June 1943 till November 1944
Crematorium
IV
4
gas chambers surface for some 3.000 people, two ovens for
768 bodies daily
since March 1943, destroyed by inmates on Oct. 7, 1944
Crematorium
4
V
gas chambers surface for some 3.000 people, two ovens for
768 bodies daily
April 1943 till November 1944
62. Capacity
According
to technical
calculations, 4.756 bodies could be
burnt in the crematories. But this
was just a theoretical factor, which
included the time for maintenance
and purge of the fire-places.
Practically, up to 5.000 bodies
were burnt in the crematories II and
III every day, 3.000 in crematorium
IV and V.
63. Capacity
The
capacities of the funeral piles at the bunkers was
unlimited. In summer of 1944, during the deportation of
Hungarian Jews, the SS put bunker II into operation again. At
this time, up to 24.000 people could be killed and burnt.
The ashes of the dead were used as fertilizer on the
surrounding fields, to dry swamps or they were just scattered
out into rivers and lakes around the camp.
64. Camp Executives
Rudolf Höß
Commander Auschwitz
Hanged Auschwitz 1946
{Bach Lover}
Dr. Josef Mengele
Chief physician Selections
Chief ‘Medical Experiments’ (Twins)
Died in late 70’s in Argentina
78. My parents at that time
My
Mother (18 – 21)
1941
mother finished High school
1942 Enrolled for Medicine – Marburg
1943 Assigned as DRK medical „fieldpractise‟ during 2
summer month to KZ-Buchenwald (SS Guards-Hospital )
Dec 1944 Assigned as DRK support to German „Last-Call‟
Troops (under 16/over 65) in Poland
Feb 1945 Evacuation with the remainders of KZ-Stutthof to
Lower Saxiona
DRK – German Red Cross
79. High School Bachelors - 1942
Unofficial and illegal Photo, the official was in BDM Uniform
80. My parents at that time
My
father (18 – 22)
1942
Finished High school
1942 Enters Military Academy Dresden
1943 Assigned as Radio specialist to fieldtroops in Ukraine
1944 Participates in ending of Warszawa
uprising with later complete destruction of
the center (Operation Carthago)
1945 stays with German troops in
Czechoslovakia
81. 08/05/1945 German Surrender
04/15/45
Soviet troops circle Berlin
04/21/45 Hitler commits suicide
05/08/45 Unconditional surrender of Germany
Most
Germans think that Germany suffered more but
enough
Many Germans and some US – GN. Patton – express
that it had been the wrong war:
together they should have fought against Bolshevism
83. Germany 1945 – Dresden
Destroyed by British and US Bombers
02/13/45 35,000 - 135,000 Dead
84. 11/21/1945 The Nuremberg Trials
International
Court to „state an example‟
British,
French & Soviet preferred summary
justice, US prevail with their point
Crimes of war and against peace
Den
Haag Conventions
Crimes
No
against humanity
applicable positive law or treaty
Judges
from all 4 nations
German and other lawyers as defense
The majority – not all – sentenced to death
After first trial against Top – Nazi only US judges
continue trials against
Industrials,
Scientists & Physicians, Judges & Lawyers
85. The long silence 1947 - 1965
Cold
War supersedes Holocaust
Most
sentenced in Nuremberg freed 1952
1952 London agreements inhibit individual judicial actions
New Bundeswehr with old officers (1955), Gehlen (BND)
OSS special commands against SU with SS-volunteers
Cases
Belarus, Hungary, Lithuania, Rumania
„Racism‟
Most
anywhere (Blacks, Goks, Indians, Japs, Jews … )
West-German Society leaders continue
Judges
& Higher public servants (no Judge lost office)
Globke,
chief advisor of Adenauer, first West-German head of
government, wrote the official explanations of the Rasse Gesetze
Industrial
Leaders (Abs, Krupp, Thyssen, Siemens …)
Technical specialists continue in the US and SU
Rocket
& Space Programs (v. Braun – NASA)
University
Faculty & School Teachers
86. My parents at that time
– Released from custody
1947 – both start to study in Gotinga (Göttingen)
1949 – Married
03/13/1950 – my birth date
1946
From
a text (1994) of my father about that time
Most of us – returned from war and sitting in university
classrooms hungry and freezing – were only interested in
starting a new civil live, away from what ever type of politics
They
in
graduate
1954 (MSc – Parts of 1st German Electronic Computer)
1956
(Dr. med, Child disorders caused by mistreatment)
At that time I had already 2 brothers & 1 sister
88. My Grandparents at that time
J.
Beermann & his wife Charlotte
01/21/45
Leave Danzig, refugees in Gotinga
1946 Formal Retirement
1956 Death of my Grandmother
1958 Death of my Grandfather
I
was too young then for serious conversation
But he left some 80 pages of memories
90. My grandparents at that time
J.
Hopmann & his wife Maria
1946
Reach Göttingen as refugees from Leipzig
1952 Appointed Director of Observatory – Wien
Recovers his “damaged” reputation rapidly
Specializing
on Double Star Systems & Moon Observation
1965
Retired and returned to Bonn
1975 Dies of Cancer
1980 Lunar Crater is named Hopmann As Austrian Astronomer
1985 – Death of My Grandmother
(1)They
lost their eldest son, missing in Action, 03/45
(2)The
youngest son, affected by Encephalitis, had to be protected against
the Nazi Euthanasia Program
had talks with him about 19 – 45 only during his last weeks, when he
knew that he was dying. He began himself, accepted the criminal, but still
insisted that Germany was forced into that situation.
(3)I
92. The Auschwitz Trial 1962-1965
Until
1959 (west-) allies regulations do not permit that
German Law-system investigates and judges NaziCrimes. Most Germans agree with that regulation.
1962 First Trial at a German Court
20 SS lower officials
& service-men
from Auschwitz
1965
6
The Sentences
life-term sentences for personally committed and by witness
testimony documented first degree murder in individual cases
11 sentences with 3 to 14 years for second degree murder in an
undefined number of cases but „under military obedience‟
All sentences based on German Criminal Code as of 1941
93. At home at that time
When the trial started I was 12, when it ended 15
At home
My
mother
collected
all press information related to Auschwitz
asked us (me and my brother) to read
and to ask questions
My
parents started talking
about
their experiences without getting specific
why it could happen
why it can happen again
about those „above‟ and others not on trial
94. At school at that time
– 49 Not a topic before 1965 in education at all
Not a topic now for you
1933
we‟re
talking about Egypt, Athens, Sparta, Rom .....
When
it got a topic in 1965
it
is about the equally bad red and brown totalitarians
where the really bad nazi-leaders are already dead
And
Germany is now a good democracy
are good friends with all good ones – even Israel
And we fight –even if not military- all bad ones
Together with our strong and good ally, the United States
We
95. 1968 – my turning year
The
wrong history told
Universities
started expulsing Jews before Hitler
Not a single reference to Jews in cities and public places
Nazi White Collar Criminals living among us without a problem –
the „good‟ allies helped some to escape
Can
it happen again ?
Rights Movement: Martin Luther King – shot
German Student leader – nearly killed after Press-Campaign
East-German troops help to end Political Spring of Prague
War in Vietnam: Each evening in TV – Napalm, Agent
Orange, Mylai ...
Civil
It
will happen again unless we stand up now !
I was elected part of SG of Georgia Augusta – University
Göttingen
1969
students interest & in humanity interest – politics to Campus now !
Together with the today German Chancellor Schröder
In
97. Rediscovery of my history
Not
Hitler, a few leading Nazi & some criminals +
betrayed majority, but
overwhelming support of most Germans until 1942
No resistance, public declaration or private action of
official Churches (Catholic & Protestant) against
Holocaust itself.
Almost all German Industry, Banks & Assurance
Corporations earned Billions by Holocaust
Before Jews were the most important part of our
cultural and scientific wealth
98. From 1969 to 1989
1969
Brandt Chancellor
During
campaign attacked as Traitor
Was
as German part of the Norwegian resistance
against German Occupation
Establishment
of new relations with
eastern Europe
Recognizing
the past
Without compromising the present
But accepting the new borders and states
Communication instead of Confrontation
init that – quitting fear –
eventually led to 11/09/89
An
Brandt – Ghetto Memorial
Warschau
99. 11/09/2000 –News from Germany
BERLIN, Germany (CNN) -- Tens of thousands of
Germans, headed by political and religious
leaders, have staged a rally in Berlin to condemn neoNazi violence.
Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder and leaders of all the
other major political parties joined trade
unionists, bishops and Jewish leaders in a march against
intolerance through the center of the capital.
Chancellor Schroeder called the rally against the rising
number of racial attacks in his country as a "revolt of
the decent."
Celebrities joined politicians in the march, including
tennis greats Steffi Graf and Boris Becker, as well as
Nobel prize winning writer Guenter Grass.
Thousands marched from one of Berlin's most historic
synagogues in the former eastern half of the city, to the
rally at the Brandenburg Gate.
CNN's Chris Burns described the rally as "a
demonstration of collective anger at the rising number
of racist and anti-Semitic attacks this year." .
100. 2000 – Why now and again
Almost all active politicians & leaders
They are not even involved in the operation „silence‟
are born after
Significant
exception Pope John Paul II
Civil & Human Rights movement
Revisionists & New Right
Reunified
Germany and collapsed USSR
No
„friend – enemy‟ pressure & No „good – evil‟ bias
Personal claims possible (since 1990)
Mass
killings & Ethnic cleansing
Cambodia,
Uganda, Yugoslavia
UNO admits to have failed in prevention
International Courts for humanity crimes
Nuremberg
rulings as model and example (50 years later!)
Torture, Unjustified killing by public power, Genocide
Treaty not signed by some states (US) arguing national sovereignty
101. What I learnt as person
I learnt
To
say „No‟
Arms
aren‟t toys and killing is no game
Never,
even as joke, equal a person to an animal
We‟re
not called to be Lords of Life
Deciding is a gift and an obligation
Silence may imply approval
Objectives never justify means
Personal responsibility can not be assumed by someone else, nor
delegated nor taken away
that‟s what I try to transmit to next generations
103. A Sidebar on Nicaragua
– The German Club Managua still had a
Jewish Vicepresident
1941 – Somoza G. declares war on Germany
1936
Most
„Germans‟ & male descendants up to the 3rd
generation put in custody and transferred to the US.
„German‟ property confiscated (most end up as
Somoza)
Jewish Germans not affected
Today
Both
communities disappeared as cultural-religious
communities
104. What I learnt as political person
The German constitution (1949, Art. 1)
Human dignity is untouchable,
her protection is the first obligation of all public power.
The Declaration of Independence (1776)
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that
among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving
their just powers from the consent of the governed.
That whenever any form of government becomes destructive to these
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety
and happiness.
Take these basic principles literally, always, anywhere !
105. My „Men of the XX century‟
Responsibility for consequences
Non Violence
Civil Rights