I.S.I.S.S. della Piana di Lucca - La risorsa acqua tra passato, presente e futuro 1

A. S. 20014/15
I.S.I.S.S. Piana di Lucca
Istituto Tecnico Economico e Tecnologico “A. Benedetti” Porcari
Liceo Scientifico, Scienze Applicate e Linguistico ”E. Majorana” Capannori
Classi N° 33 - Docenti N° 85 Dirigente: Prof. Luigi Lippi
Classi coinvolte: 3 A-B-C-D-E e 4 A-B-C-del Liceo Scientifico
Docenti: Albarosa Cagnoni (Lingua Inglese)
Loretta Santori (Disegno e Storia dell’Arte)
Leana Quilici (Storia e Filosofia)
Lorenzo Cesana (I.R.C.)
PROGETTO
La risorsa acqua tra passato, presente e
futuro

WATER ON THE EARTH
SALTY
WATER
ICE WATER
"GOOD
WATER"
Our planet is called Earth, but in
fact it is a planet made of water,
covering as much as 71% of the
globe. 97% of this water is salty,
and the remaining 3% is divided
between a 2% of ice water and
only a small part is available to
man, to drink, to produce energy,
to survive and for agriculture.

Nowaday a responsible use that avoids waste is increasingly important, whereas the
lifestyle of most developed countries requires more and more water at a rate that
seems to be increasingly unattainable. Fresh water is a precious resource, and we all
need to do as much as possible to preserve it. Here we have learned about why water
should be saved, how you can do so at home and at work, and the potential that
reclaimed water has to improve the condition of our environment.

Why save water?
Learning how to save water is not difficult, and it can begin with teaching
good habits to children. All you have to do is think about how easy it is
to waste water in everyday activities; Remember, children learn fast and
change quickly as they grow and develop. The risks faced by infants and
toddlers are often very different from those of school-age children and
teens. But no matter how old your children are: here are some tips to
prevent wasting water.

2. The damp areas and the
hydrological resources of
our territory
1. Hydrogeological history
of the municipality of
Capannori and of the
Plain of Lucca
4. The use of
drinking water,
yesterday and today.5. The use of
underground and
superficial waters by
the paper industry.
6 . Identification of “good
habits” that citizens and
public administrations
can apply to improve the
use of water.
3. The hydrological risk
and the activities of the
“Consorzio 1 Toscana
Nord”
water

With the collaboration of
- Dott.ssaa Mara Dell’Aringa, Geologo
- Il Consorzio di Bonifica del Bientina
- l’Associazione di guide ambientaliste“Tuffetto”
- Le classi 3A-B-C-D-E del Liceo Scientifico “E. Majorana”
- La prof.ssa Albarosa Cagnoni,
- La prof.ssa Loretta Santori
Bibliografia
- Autorità di Bacino, QUADRO GENERALE DELLA SUBSIDENZA NELLA PIANA DI LUCCA
- Autorità di Bacino, Distretto del Fiume Serchio, DESCRIZIONE DEL DISTRETTO IDROGRAFICO
DEL FIUME SERCHIO, 25 settembre 2009 D
- Bottari P. All’ombra della grande ciminiera – La Cucirini Cantoni Coats e la crescita economico
sociale lucchese, Maria Pacini Fazzi editore
- Brugioni M., Menduni G., Montini G. Autorità di Bacino del fiume Arno, Analisi dei fenomeni
di subsidenza nel bacino del fiume Arno tramite l’utilizzo della tecnica di interferometria satellitare
PSI in SARTM
- Caciagli G. Il lagodi Bientina. Vicende storiche e idrogeologiche, Bandecchi e Vivaldi 1984.
- Cardella R. Un’azienda, il suo territorio, il suo sviluppo – 1946-1996 – Cinquant’anni della “Cartiera
Modesto Cardella, Maria Pacini Fazzi editore.
- DichiarazioneAmbientale EMAS-Distretto Cartario di Capannori, Emissione 2014 (Dati 2012)
- Morosi A. Sereni U. La città industriosa – Lucca alla fine dell’Ottocento
- Ordine degli Ingegneri, Prov. Di Foggia, L’uso della modellistica idraulica nella difesa del suolo. Ing.
Tricoli D. 21/11/2006
- Provincia di Lucca Convegno Ambiente , 29 marzo 2001, Riduzione del consumo idrico, attraverso
l’applicazione del documento BREF per l’industria della carta e della asta carta, in cartiere campione–
Fattibilità, misure ed implicazioni locali.
- University of Pisa, Earth Sciences Department, M. Dell’Aringa M.-Giannecchini R. Puccinelli A.
Geologist, external collaborator, Small sinkhole-like features in alluvial plains: the example
of Paganico

Siti consultati:
www.isprambiente.gov.it//Cartario/CartaeAmbiente.pdf
www.isprambiente.gov.it//sinkhole.pdf.
www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/atti/sessione4-sinkhole.www.museodellacarta.org
www.comune.porcari.it
www.comune.capannori.lu.it www.capannorieventi.it www.iltuffetto.it
www.lifepioneer.info/riservato/doc_pubblico/Dichiarazione%20Ambientale%20di%20Distretto%202014.
Autorità di Bacino del fiume Serchiowww.autorita.bacinoserchio.it –
Pianodigestione Cartografie Bacino pilota fiume Serchio
Carte e strati informativi relativi al rischio idraulico
Piano di Assetto Idrogeologico 1° Aggiornamento approvato
L'impatto ambientale dalle attività cartarie in Provincia di Lucca — ARPAT - Agenzia regionale per la
protezioneambientale della Toscana
www.arpat.toscana.it
www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/41/2014/
www.lucartgroup.com
www.dssmith.com
www.cartierapieretti.it
www.molinomenicone.it
Trattamento Acque Reflue – Lenntech www.lenntech.it
www.zoneumidetoscane.it
www.scapackaging.it
www.luccavirtuale.it
www.edison.it
Provincia di Lucca - Ambientewww.provincia.lucca.it
www.arpat.toscana.it › Notizie › ARPATnews ›
www.clubdistretti.it

Lower
Pleistocene
from
1.700.000
To
700.000
Years ago
The hydrogeological history of the Territory

Late 120.000/10.000 years ago
An uplifting movement progressively
gave origin to the ridges of the Cerbaie,
a series of hills which divide the original
big lake in two smaller ones: Lucca-
Montecarlo-Vinci and Firenze-Prato-
Pistoia.

Water withdraws and
two lakes form: Lake
Bientina and Lake
Fucecchio

N
S
W
E
Bientina
Montuolo
In the Middle age due to the formation of the flatlands the river Auser (Serchio)
divides in two branches in San Pietro a Vico.
Lunata
Cartina della piana di Lucca (Natali, 1997)
The Auser ( the bigger ): Marlia,
Lunata, Antraccoli, Pieve San Paolo
where it went through a new
ramification.
The Auserculus (small Auser) touched
Lucca from the North and from Borgo
Giannotti it reached Montuolo, than
it flowed into the Arno near Pisa.
A branch, went to the sout-
west of Lucca to reach and
flow into the Auserculus
near Montuolo.
Another branch continued its
course to the east towards
Bientina and flowed (when it
could) into the river Arno near
Calcinaia.
Lucca
Pisa

In 1905 some expansion cases of the Bottaccio di
Massa Pisana were made, into which even today the
southern streams of the city flow.
Can.Ozzeri
An important figure for the regimentation of waters was
the Bishop of Lucca Frediano (561- 589) who, because of the continuous floods, had
the waters of the main river deviated into the main Northern branch (Auserculus).
The river was also redirected to Ripafratta, to the west of the «Monti Pisani», and
made to flow directly into the sea close to Pisa instead of flowing into the river Arno.
Floods: an ancient problem
In 1800 the Ozzeri canal was built as an irrigating
and reclaiming canal of the lower Plain of Lucca
(Nottolini) merging into the River Serchio at
Cerasomma.
Carta da acque e strade, 1563 n. 10

R e c l a i m i n g in the river-bed of the
ancient lake Bientina
The lake was drained in 1859 «using the
barrel»: this important work by Alessandro
Manetti consisted in digging an outflowing
stream with a very clever underground
gallery system, which is still under the river
Arno today.

In 1852 “The barrel” is built: it is a canal which gathers the waters of the Basin which flow under the
river Arno and continue to Livorno

The water ducts
The water shed “The Barrel”
The Barrel

The terrace marks
the bottom of the
river Arno; the roof
of the water ducts is
protected by a
waterproof layer of
clay which stops
water from the river
Arno to penetrate.
The two water ducts

Doors that close at 120 degrees because of
the hydraulic pressure of the main water
stream. Automatism invented by Leonardo
da Vinci.
Vincian doors and cataracts
Vincian Doors: Invented by Leonardo Da
Vinci to prevent water from flowing back in
case of flooding. In this case they close with
opposing pressure.
Fosso Zero, Padule Bientina

The damp areas and the
hydrological resources of
the territory

Da “Manon Lescaut” Intermezzo del III atto
Water
has fascinated many artists.
The composer Giacomo Puccini inspired by the waters of
Lake Massaciuccoli,
composed some of his best and most famous operas

Environmental resources of the Plain of Lucca
Forest areas in the North and South
of the Plain, on the Mountains of Pisa
and on the Pizzorne
The river Serchio
Hills cultivated with grape vines and
olive trees.
Abundant underground layer water and
surface water
The network of tributaries coming
from the hills and flow down from the
Pizzorne mountain into the Bientina
marshlands.
Natural Oasis of
Bottaccio

The Plain
The marshlands The river
The Bottaccio

What we have studied
Fountains of the
aqueduct
The Nottolini
aqueduct
The Bottaccio Oasis
The river
Serchio and the
public channel
The river bed
of Lake
Bientina
Public
fountains in
Capannori
Ozzeri

IN RED THE PUBLIC CHANNEL
The Public conduct built in
1380 has always been
important. Today it still takes
its water from the River San
Gemignano di Moriano and
after a course of 13 Km. it
crosses Lucca from the Norh
West to the South-East.
It generates the irrigation
network of the Plain whose
main canals, nearly all,
.
merge into the Rogio Canal
which also collects waters
from the area of Bientina.
The public conduct and some of
its canals flow into the Ozzeri

The river Serchio
It has an annual flow rate of (46 m³/s);
the rate is maintained high due to the
rainfalls of the mountain areas it goes
through and also because of the
permeability of the basin.
The hydroelectric
plant covers about
12% of the local
annual needs.
It is responsible of hydrological disasters such as the 1812 and 2012 floods.
The richest annual period is Autumn, in particular the month of November.

Lake Bientina
27
Lake Bientana was the vastest of
the Tuscan lakes and was also
known to the inhabitants of Lucca
with the name Sesto. It had as
main tributary the Auser and as
outflowing streams the Cirecchio
canal and the Serezza
The area is believed to have always been swampy as it is lower than the the river
The lake had an area of permanent water called «clear waters» and a swamp area which
dried in the Summer and even today continues to be swampy.

Aerial view of former Lake Bientina after abundant rainfalls

Lakes at “Isola Bassa” of Lammari
The area offers to the
citizens new forms of
aggregation thanks to
sports and entertaining
facilities which are
didactically useful and
help people become
environmentally aware by
coming in contact with
recycled material while
relaxing.
Today the area is threatened by the construction of an intense traffic road system from the North to
the South which runs close to these lakes.

In Lucca Expansion frames are often called “Barrel” and
the Bottaccio Wood is in fact situated inside the expansion
frame of the Stream Visona of Castelvecchio di Compito.

31
Natural Oasis of Bottaccio
The municipality of Capannori, with city council By-laws ·N° 82 18.07.96 has instituted The
protected Natural Area of local interest (ANPIL) “The Bottaccio” which extends for 16.6 hectares.

The Italian WWF with the acquisition of government concessions, has been taking care of the Bottaccio
since 1991 and since then has inserted it in the National system of the Italian WWF Oasis.
The Municipality of
Bientina (Prov.
Pisa) With by-law
n.50/14.05.98
added to ANPLIN «The
Tanali Wood» on the
Northern side so as to
unite it with Bottaccio.
In this way the two
adjacent Protected areas
are inside the Marshlands
of Bientina.

33
The waters which flow from the Mountains of Pisa, without polluted elements, closed in by banks, remain
in the Bottaccio and so create watery and semi-watery environments in the wood .
The Bottaccio
completely
relies on the
expansion of the
Stream, Visona
of Castelvecchio,
which ends here.
The Environment

The hydrological risk and the problems and
activities of the
“Consorzio 1 Toscana
Nord”

Limited availability for water:
Meteorological phenomena
Irregular distribution
Pollution increase
Meteorological changes
Demographic growth
Changes in habits, customs and uses
Advent of different needs
Economical expansion
Excessive pumping and use
Subsidence
shrinkingl-swelling
 sinkholes
Floods
Environmental problems of the
Territory , particularly of the Eastern
part of the Plain

Subsidence
This phenomenon is generally caused by
geological features, but in the last
decade it has been locally increased by
the work of man.
Subsidence consists in a slow sinking
process of a layer of soil, this can
involve areas of different sizes.
The phenomenon affects the locality of Pollino (Porcari and of the Cerbaie (Bientina.
The sinking of the water layer is progressive and gradual in time but irreversible because the annual
rain water is not enough to compensate the water loss. In this way the alluvial areas which before
were reached by the water layer during the year, always remain dry. They become compacted and
make the ground drop irreversibly, with damages to buildings that are no longer adequate to the
new context.

Evolution of the sinking of the
land in the Padule of Bientina
(Lucca) in the years 1992-2007.
Taken from the PS data and
elaborated according to the APSA
technique
Autorità di Bacino del fiume Arno
Pollino (Porcari) e Cerbaie (Bientina

The shrinkingl-swelling which takes place between summer and autumn has natural causes, but
sometimes it can be increased if water is pumped out.
This phenomenon is typical of clays (vertiche) comes out when the water layer seasonally sways
internally, the layers of clay get wet and increase in volume like “sponges”. In summer the
opposite takes place, so the clays shrink. This shrinking-swelling of the clays follows a seasonal
swaying of the water layer.
The ground goes through reversible seasonal sinkings which can damage inadequate building.
These damages expand and retreat in a cyclic way in the course of the seasons.
shrinking-swelling
Variations in the percentage of water can provoke
swelling or shrinking of the ground.
The houses affected by this instability often present
flaws in the foundations or design.

The shrinking-swelling has been taking place in the fractions of Paganico, Pieve San
Paolo, Santa Margherita (Capannori ) and Rughi (Porcari) since the ‘80s.
The existence of a water table
and/or of underground circulation
of water.
The shrinking-swelling is different form
subsidence because the permanent layer
does not undergo water loss, so even if it
undergoes pumping, it is able to increase
seasonally , sometimes even to ground
level.

Sinkholes
The sinkholes originate in complex hydrogeological contexts of the territory and come about for
various reasons: earthquake, draught-rain, the pumping of great quantities of water and the
flooding of canals. The causes can be a lot and complementary. They are holes in the ground
which form because of drainage phenomena between layers that are one on top of the other
and superficial layers and irrigating canals. It is a matter of water streams mixed between
elements with different water levels, The waters, by moving, erode the ground following an
evolutionary sequence which ends up in a hole.
The holes
concern the
fraction of
Paganico
(Capannori).
M. Dell’Aringa et al.: Small sinkhole-like
features in alluvial plains

The digging of
wells for the
municipal
acqueduct
MORE MAIN
CAUSES
An absolute decrease
in rainfall
A particular
structure of the
ground
Birth of one of the vastest
national industrial groups for the
Production of Paper
A lot of private
wells
Drought and rainfalls
determine a lack of
balance between the
water table and the
restrained one.
Demographic
expansion
From recent studies it has emerged that the paper industries should
take care of the sinkholes in Paganico so that:
• The depression cones don’t reach the residential area.
• The cones, deformed by the deep flow of the water layer are
deviated to the south.
• The paper factories should be set in geological areas different
from that of Paganico. (areas without loam sands where these
holes originate) . Because of this around the paper factories
there can be local sinking or shrinking-swelling but not holes.

Ground cavities
EFFECTS
Strong lowering of the
piezometric surface
Damages to buildings
Disapperance of
numerous springs
Devaluation of estates and
of building areas
An increase in the building
costs in ugrading and
re-utilisation of old
buildings
Migration to other
parts of the territory
Fear among the
residents

1. The firm Acque Spa will have to decrease by
15% the drainage from the aqueduct of
Paganico
2. It is forbidden to take local water either
from the aqueduct or from superficial water
or pumped from the underground water
tables and transport it outside the municipal
territory.
3. The inhabitants are invited to adopt useful
measures to rationalise water, by applying
specific reductions on taps so as to use less
water in everyday household activities.
- 15%

5. Within 120 days the productive activity will
have to be decreased by 30%.
4. The filling of private swimming
pools, fountains and pools with water
from the aqueduct or with water
pumped directly from the water table
are prohibited.
6. The Provincial administration is asked to
suspend permits to pump water from
underground on the whole territory, with the
exception of those for domestic use and to check
on the permits already issued
The Provincial administration and the firm
Consorzio di Bonifica Auser-Bientina are asked to
restore superficial water circulation in canals and
water ways so as to restore the underground
water table.
- 30%

Interventions on the waterways
with the function of:
Prevention activites
Safekeeping and maintenance of the public
works of reclaiming
Supervision of private activities in the area.
Hydraulic security (water pumps, reclaiming canals),
the management of irrigation waters.
Participation in town planning
Safeguard of the agricultural and
environmental assets
The Consorzio di Bonifica Auser–Bientina now Consorzio 1 Tuscany North

Water ways of the
hydrogrphic Basin under
the jurisdiction of the ex
Consorzio di Bonifica

And extra-ordinary
Some of the ordinary
maintenance activities

Wooden or cement harnesses are
positioned across the water bed to
retain the coarse material transported
by water (trunks, wood and rocks)
Torrente Picigiana, Massa Carrara
Monitoring the water ways. Maintenance of ditches and waterways
Rio Sanetta

Deviation of the river: Fossa Nuova in the
Padule (marshlands) of Porcari
Expansion frame in case of floods

Very expensive for the flow of the Rio
The bridge on Rio Casale
Strongly opposed and contested
by residents
Dangerous for the lack of visibility
An impossible architectural barrier for those with
special walkig needs, because of the steep slope and the
stairs which are the only walking access
why

Some of the activities of the Consorsio not approved by the
residents and by the environmental associations:
 Cementing the stream beds which increases the water flow in case of floods-.
 The indiscriminate cutting of all the trees on the river banks which increases the
risk of landslide
 The indiscriminate cutting of the vegetation on the banks, in particular of
swamp grasses , which help to maintain an environmental balance.
 Omitting to gather the mowed grass on the road sides thus the blockage of the
irrigation ditches which during the rainy seasons overflow.
 Omitting to reactivate and take care of water and the environmental and the
insufficient maintenance of the minor water network so as to guarantee the
original output.
 The lack of control on the maintenance of the minor ditches which makes
irrigation of the land impossible with superficial water.
 The lack of sensibility for all that is tradition and culture of the territory (people,
cultivations, actions) which would contribute to a better environmental balance.

In the Northern part of Tuscany the
Reclaiming Consorzi along with those of
Versilia Massaciuccoli and Auser
Bientina were fused with the new authority
called «Toscana Nord 1».
New reclaiming projects
With the Consorzio Toscana Nord, the agricultural firms became the protagonists of the prevention
activities due to hydraulic risks.
The guardian farmers can make their experience, competence and means available for everyone, in
particular they can be a daily and constant presence in many areas of the district.
With the l.r. 79/2012 the Regional Government
of Tuscany has started a reform for the field of
reclamation and defence of ground, it
authorised the creation of 6 ReclamationConsorzi
unite structures and competences of the existing
13 Consorzi and of the 13 Municipal unions.

Acque SpA
Is the organ that controls the integrated public water service for the citizens and
the economic activities
The duties of this organ are to guarantee a qualitative standard of the aqueduct
service and to extend in all the serviced area the drainage and purification system
which safeguards the environment and the citizens.
It controls the quality of the waters along the whole hydric cycle: aqueduct,
drainage and purification.

The use of drinking water yesterday and today.
The Nottolini aqueduct and «The via dell’acqua»

In 1822, Maria Luisa di Borbone, Duchess
of Lucca, for hygienical motivations,
approved the construction of an aqueduct
and appointed a local engeneer, Lorenzo
Nottolini, to build it.

Between 1822 and
1832 the engineer
Lorenzo Nottolini
constructed the
aqueduct to bring
drinking and luxury
water from the
springs in Guamo to
the city of Lucca.
Luxury water was so
called because it had
different uses from
drinking water.

Route of the aqueduct from Guamo to Lucca

The ducts developed for 3.2 km in a structure 12 meters
high sustained by buttresses and by 460 brick arches
which hold, on the top, two water canals

According to Nottolini’s project the waters collected from
about 18 springs of the «Serra Vespaiata» of Rio San
Quirico and Rio della Valle were routed to the Tempietto di
Guamo, a circular building in neoclassical Doric style.
From there the water was cleaned and made clear
by having it flow through rocks and gravel and
by having it go through further holes and
obstacles so that all the residual impurities would
deposit.

Water system from the filters to the arches
Buildings where the waters were checked
Vespaiata Dike: filter made of gravel and coal
to make the water drinkable
Spring

The two water ducts
Beginning of the arches:
The Temple of Guamo
End of the arches: the Temple of San Concordio
on the outskirts of Lucca.

The interred duct by the walls of
Lucca
The inside of the tunnel
The water from Guamo reaches Piazza
Antelminelli by the Cathedral of Lucca

Nottolini built two ducts: one, for spring waters that went to
the public and private fountains of Lucca. The second that
went to fountains destined to other uses.
Piazza Antelminelli
Nottolini’s will was not to waste any
drinking water
P.za della Misericordia
Via dei Fossi
The water from Guamo reaches Piazza Antelminelli
In front of the Cathedral of Lucca

Today many Important
aqueducts for drinking water
draw from the Plain: that of
Paganini and that of Lucca,
the subsidiary ones of Pisa and
Livorno, that of Capannori and
the so called “Pollino” which
serves Pescia and Montecatini
but also numerous other
municipalities of the
Valdinievole and that of the
Cerbaie for the area of
Bientina-Pontedera.

Water isa humanright
The link between water and
legality is very strong and
very little is known among
the public and especially
young people. The care of
the environment depends
directly on the behavior and
actions of the individual and
the political choices of the
community.
Citizens are first called to
the legality of water use by
observing the rules that
determine the proper use,
protection from pollution
and misuses.
Water and Legality
The consequences due to the abandoning of
the rules and regulation of superficial water

Referendum 2011
In June 2011, around 27 millions
of Italians voted in a referendum
with 95% of the voters agreeing
to the proposal they voted to
have water as a common good
denying the possibility of
privatization.

Chiattino-Guamo
La Pollina - Ruota
Thanks to the project “The flow of good water”, financed by
the Municipality of Capannori and the Regional Government
Safeguarded “a common wealth” water
Improved the best spring waters of our territory by
making them accessible to residents and tourists.
Used new technologies to disinfect which do not alter the aspects
of taste and quality of water
we have:

thanks to water, we have established,
new social relationships among citizens
and communities on the territory,
thus continuing with the best cultural
traditions of our people.
Ravano - Castelvecchio di
Compito
S. Pierino o S. Pietro –
Sant’Andrea di Compito
Architectural solutions environmentally friendly
and able to improve our territory have been used
on the fountains and the water locations,

Capo di Vico - Sant'Andrea di Compito
Polla del cane- Camigliano
Al Marzocco - Matraia
Perfido - San Colombano
The project “The flow
of good water” involves
15 fountains on the
territory of Capannori.
The fountains have been
upgraded and furnished
with an ultraviolet
disinfection system and
the quality of water is
also guaranteed by
periodical controls.

To save on waste, leaving less plastic water bottles around
The “flow” winds through 14 fractions and represents an opportunity:
To reflect on water as a precious good and inalienable right,,
To admire the vast richness of history and architecture of our
municipality
Finetti - Gragnano

5. How the paper industries use layer and
superficial water and the problems that derive
from this.

Water promotes and determines the economy of our territory.
• You could count at least 40, and they
were mills, textile and woollen industries.
• The most important were: the Textile
industry “Oliva” at Piaggione the
hessian jute factory “Balestrieri” in
Ponte a Moriano, the thread factory
Niemack (later Cucirini Cantoni &Coats)
at Acquacalda.
• In the 1910s the first paper mills and
factories were set up.
•
Jutificio «Balestrieri»
Cucirini Cantoni Coats
The bond between water and the
industries of Lucca has always been
decisive.
In the 1920s, along this course, there
were a lot of factories quite
important for the economy of the
city.

Today a lot of the ancient mills have become museums
( The Menicone Mill), some big industries have closed
(the hessian jute factory “Balestriere and the thread
factory Cucirini Cantoni &Coats) others have been
bought by international firms (Italcarta), very few are
still owned by the original families of Lucca (Pasquini of
the Paper factory Lucart and Stefani-Lazzereschi for
Sofidel)
Molino Menconi
Lucart
Cardella

Water can be considered
one of the main resources
used in the paper process

Environmental impact of the paper factories
Use of water
Water sewers
Use of Energy (electrical, fuels)
Visual impact
Emergencies (fires, loss of liquids)
Use of chemical products
Smells
Waste
Contamination and use of soil
Emissions in the atmosphere
Noise

How the water layer of the Plain of Lucca has dropped in time

Measures adopted by the paper industry in
relation to pumping water from the
underground water tables

The firms have now started to study and test how
to manage in an efficient way this resource,
through the recycling of water in the phases of the
working process so as to limit the pumping of
water from the wells.
Water use in the paper industry
Today the province of Lucca remains the seat of one of the most important Italian paper groups for the
production of packaging and tissue paper. In addition to the paper factories there are also numerous
factories for the transformation of paper into finished products.
This aspect, as we have already seen in the
previous section, is particularly important for the
Plain of Lucca, which presents a drop in the layer
level.
The use of water in great quantities has caused
serious environmental damages which are now
unsustainable.

To reduce further the pumping
from the water layer an
industrial aqueduct called
“tubone” was built, it takes
water from the river Serchio
through a pre-existing canal
(fossa Nuova) that originates in
Ponte a Moriano and reaches
Camigliano.
Afterwards, with an interred
pipe, from Camigliano it should
take the water of the industrial
area of Capannori Porcari to
the purifying plant Casa del
Lupo.
Acquedotto delle Cerbaie
Pozzi di Paganico
Fossa Nuova
TUBONE
The present system of the new canal “tubone” which is used to
deviate the water of the river Serchio.

The recycling of water in the paper industry
Purification plant
Water which flows
back from the
productive process
Rain water
Water which flows
back from sewers
Chemical-physical treatment
Anaerobic treatment
Biological treatment
To the
Purification
plant
ACQUAPUR
Re-used for the productive process
The
biological/
anaerobic
phase
produces
biogas which
is sent to the
section of
energetic re
cycling for the
production of
electrical
Energy.

Results reached
and
some problems

5,9
5,6
5,3
4,2
4,4
Tissue Packaging
Results reached
in “the environmental declaration EMAS – the Paper district of Capannori” is praised as excellent , it
reports that :
“the performances reached in the use of water make the paper factories of the Plain of Lucca an
international excellence. Results like those indicated by the graph are hardly ever reached elsewhere.”
This has also been confirmed by the average values reported in Bref (Best Reference Document of the
European
Commission) which reports
the best techniques available
in the field of application
according to the IPPC
indications
– which can be seen in
this graph.

… some problems. Using less water means:
A biological increase
A higher concentration of pollutants
In addition the unsuccessful cleansing system, and
the irregular water supply have not permitted a
definite stop in the use of layer water.
The output of strong smells
Purifying plant - Casa del Lupo
The good procedures that citizens and
public administrations
can adopt for a better use of water

Laws
about
water
in time
Code of health laws
(RD 27/07/1934)
DPR 03/07/1982
n.515 DPR
3/07/1982 n.515
DPR 24/05/1988
n.236
Innovations during
60 years
Chlorination

o It gave us a first definition of “drinking water”;
o But this definition was very questionable
because it evaluated characteristics in a very
coarse way

Dirty water in the aqueducts
We have to find a way to reduce the pollution in
the water

Surface
waters
were
divided
into three
categories
A1  simple physics
treatment and disinfection
A2  normal physics and
chemical treatment,
disinfection and refining
A3  pushed physics and
chemical treatment,
disinfection and refining

Saving water at home means huge
improvements
The most obvious place to start saving water is at home, here we have
some tips that will allow you to conserve fresh water by only changing
your habits slightly

In the kitchen…
1. Don't rinse your hands,
clothes or vegetables
under a running tap, do
so in a bowl or sink.
2. Only run washing
machines or
dishwashers with a full
load, and cut down the
rinse cycle if possible.
3. Water plants with the
same water used for
washing food.

In the bathroom…
1. Turn off the tap while
brushing teeth, soaping
hands or shaving;
2. Take short showers instead
of baths;
3. If you do have a bath, use
the water left over to wash
the floor;
4. Use water saving devices,
e.g. water efficient
showerhead, water tap,
dual flush cistern for the
toilet, and pay attention to
water efficiency labels;
5. Avoid flushing
unnecessarily.

And, at least…
1. Fix dripping taps and
water mains quickly;
2. Teach children that
water is not for games;
3. Control the flow from
the tap, do not always
turn it to the full.
4. Wash cars with a
bucket of water and
the towel instead of a
hose.

A well planned urban
and industrial growth
Measures to apply as prevention for a correct
management of the water resources are:
Use materials and architectural
solutions environmentally friendly able
to improve our territory, the fountains
and the water locations
Upgrade, respecting the environment,
industrial areas and buildings.

Collecting rain water
The use of new technologies to disinfect and not alter
the aspects of taste and quality of water
Thus avoiding to rely excessively on drainage
from the water tables and a strict organisation of
the pumping activities
Draining water from lakes and
rivers

Thanks to water, we have established, new social
relationships among citizens and communities on
the territory.
The separation of gray and black waters and the
decentralisation of the treatment techniques for
local re-use
Promote and incentivate the use of tap water in private
and public structures

The lack of interest for some types of plants
which favour the oxygen production of the
territory and remove polluting elements.
The lack of sensibility for all that is
traditional and the territorial cultural
heritage (people, farming, the elders)
who and which would contribute to
improve the territorial environmental
balance.
Water reeds
Hemp

Further operations in the area of the Plain at high hydrogeological risk
Make the new “wells field”
in the river bed of the
Serchio at San Pietro a Vico
more efficient.
Decrease the water
drainage of the paper
mills.
Monitor the levels of the
layer and the percentage
of territory under the
authority of the Bacino
dell’Arno
Increase the pressure in
the restrained table
during rainy periods.
Eliminate the
private wells
Experiment techniques
of artificial refilling of
the water layer at Casa
del Lupo

Joint Research Centre
The European Commission’s
in-house science service
JRC Mission
As the Commission’s in-house science service, the Joint Research
Centre’s mission is to provide EU policies with independent,
evidence-based scientific and technical support throughout the whole
policy cycle.
Working in close cooperation with policy Directorates-General, the
JRC addresses key societal challenges while stimulating innovation
through developing new methods, tools and standards, and sharing
its know-how with the Member States, the scientific community and
international partners.
Serving society
Stimulating innovation
Supporting legislation
Communication Unit
Brussels Tel.: +32 2 299 02 66
Fax: +32 2 299 63 22
Ispra Tel.: +39 0332 78 98 89
Fax: +39 0332 78 54 09
Web: ec.europa.eu/jrc
Programma
Liceo Scientifico E. Mayorana
Capannori (LU)
Visita al JRC
Seminario
PROGETTO ACQUA
JRCIspra
8 Maggio 2015

14.00-16.30: seminario "Progetto Acqua"
Unità Risorse idriche, Istituto per l'ambiente e la sostenibilità
Liceo Scientifico 'E. Mayorana'
14:00 Benvenuto e introduzione al seminario
Giovanni BIDOGLIO, Capo unità Risorse idriche
1°sessione: Water as resource and local development ⌘ L'acqua come risorsa e sviluppo
territoriale
Liceo E. Mayorana:
- The importance of water ⌘ L'importanza dell'acqua
Keywords: water – responsabilities – important save
Name SURNAME, Name SURNAME, Name SURNAME, Name SURNAME
- The use of drinking water,yesterday and today: the “Nottolini” aqueduct and the “Via dell’acqua” ⌘ L’utilizzo
dell’acqua potabile ieri ed oggi: l’acquedotto “Nottolini” e “La via dell’acqua”
Keywords: aqueduct – Nottolini – human rights - fountains
- The use of underground and superficial watersby the paper mills and industries and the problems deriving
from it (subsidence) ⌘ L’utilizzo dell’acqua di falda e di superficie da parte dell’industria cartaria ed i problemi
che ne derivano (subsidenza)
Keywords: Industries- paper – environment – impact – water layer - subsidence
- Identification of “good habits” that citizens and public administrations can apply to improve the use of water ⌘
Le” buone pratiche” che cittadini e Amministrazioni pubbliche possono attuare per un miglior utilizzo dell’acqua
Keywords: laws – saving – habits – measures
Unità Risorse idriche:
- Presentation title ⌘ Titolo presentazione
Bernd GAWLIK,unità Risorse idriche
2°sessione: Sites, activities and water resources of the territory ⌘ Siti e attività del territorio e
le sue risorse idriche
Liceo E. Mayorana:
- Hydrogeological history of the municipality of Capannori and of the Plain of Lucca ⌘ Storia idrogeologica del
territorio del comune di Capannori e della Piana di Lucca
Keywords: rivers - lakes - the plain - reclaiming - water ducts
- The damp areas and the hydrological resources of our territory ⌘ Le aree umide e le risorse idriche del nostro
territorio
Keywords: the environment – the river Serchio and lake Bientina - il Bottaccio – expansion frames
- The hydrological risk and the activities of the “Consorzio 1 Toscana Nord” ⌘ Il rischio idrogeologico e le attività
di bonifica del Consorzio 1 Toscana Nord
Keywords : risks – problems – floods – subsidence – laws – maintenance – reclaiming
Unità Risorse idriche:
- Presentation title ⌘ Titolo presentazione
Name SURNAME,unità Risorse idriche
16:30 Conclusioni
Giovanni BIDOGLIO, Capo unità Risorse idriche
JRC Ispra, 8 Maggio 2015Liceo scientifico E. Mayorana
9:30 Arrivo al JRCIspra,procedure di ingresso
10:00-12:15 Visita al JRC
Benvenuto con frutta fresca,Visitors' Centre
1° bus:
10:00-11:00 Tour in autobus del Sito di Ispra
11:00-12:15 Visita del Visitors' Centre e del Sylvia's Lab
2° bus:
10:00-11:15 Visita del Visitors' Centre e del Sylvia's Lab
11:15-12:15 Tour in autobus del Sito di Ispra
12:15-13:50 Trasferimento a sala Anfiteatro e pranzo
Ed. 36

Visita Liceo Scientifico E. Majorana
8 Maggio 2015
Risorse idriche:
rafforzare le conoscenze alla base
della presa di decisioni
Giovanni Bidoglio

Cosa pensano della loro acqua i cittadini europei?
FLASH
EUROBAROMETER
344 (2012)

• Protecting all waters, surface and
ground waters
• Covering all impacts on waters
• Water quality defined in terms of
biology, chemistry and
morphology
• Good ecological status to
be achieved with the first
RBMPs by 2015
• Second RBMPs end by 2021
HHIIGGHH
GGOOOODD
MMOODDEERRAATTEE
PPOOOORR
BBAADD
Ecological status
No or
minimal
{
Slight {
Moderate {
Major {
Severe {
No-deterioration
Restoration
Courtesy Peter Pollard
Direttiva Quadro sulle Acque:
dal controllo dell’inquinamento all’integrità degli ecosistemi
La risposta dell’Unione Europea

Un problema condiviso
• 11% della popolazione e 17% del territorio europeo
hanno sperimentato condizioni di scarsità d’acqua
• 2012: Condizioni di stress idrico in 26 bacini
idrografici tutto l’anno (43 durante l’estate)
• 2030: Condizioni di stress idrico in 47 bacini
idrografici tutto l’anno (63 durante l’estate)
• Non solo un problema per il sud Europa: le attuali
valutazioni parlano di 31 su 63 bacini idrografici nel
nord Europa
• Aumento della competizione per l’acqua tra diversi
settori economici e politiche
Piani di bacino della Direttiva Quadro sulle Acque e progetto
ClimWatAdapt

Riferimenti :
Il Prodotto Interno Lordo dei 10 più popolosi bacini idrografici al mondo
supererà quello delle economie combinate di USA, Giappone e Germania, ma
solo se verrà affrontato il problema della scarsità d’acqua
FrazionedelGDPglobale
2010
2050
June 2012
Acqua come opportunità di crescita
1013 miliardi €
4995 miliardi €
2313 miliardi €
232 miliardi €

Il Water Footprint della produzione agricola
Vanham et al. (JRC), 2014
Bacini esportatori
netti di acqua
virtuale
Bacini importatori
netti di acqua
virtuale
Analisi dell’impronta idrica del
consumo (WFcons) e della produzione
(WFprod) di prodotti agricoli e
risultante flusso virtuale d’acqua per
365 grandi bacini idrografici
nell’Unione Europea

Scenari per il 2020 di carico di azoto ai mari europei (1000 ton/anno)
Business As Usual Change in diet Manure management
18493 17906 (-3 %) 8170 (- 55 %)
Agriculture as main contributor of nitrogen
entering the European Seas
Agricoltura come principale responsabile del
carico di nutrienti ai mari europei

Cooperazione CNR –CCR nel Mar
Mediterraneo: 2007, 2008, 2012, 2014
BiOMaP Ships
AAOT
Monitoraggio di acque marine e costiere
tramite osservazioni satellitari
Clorofilla-a Materia
organica

109 10 July 2015
1
2
3
4 5
1. Battery 12 V
2. Flow-meter/Counter
3. Pump (Flow rate: 0.1-0.2 L/min)
4. Holder-SPE: adsorbent
5. Water Sampling line
6. Waste
6
Cost prototype: 1500 Euro
Expected cost in production: 600 Euro
Patent: pending
Target volume: max. 10-20 L  10 to 20 fold increase of LoQ
30 cm
The Mariani Box

Unrestricted irrigation
Farm applications
Restricted irrigation
Restricted irrigation
Reuse of industrial effluent
Unrestricted irrigation
Industrial reuse
Urban reuse
Urban reuse
Indirect potable reuse
Saline intrusion barrier
Saline intrusion barrier
Greenfield site

Alcune conclusioni
• Un approccio economico può
aiutare il processo politico di
policy:
• Valori economici possono
essere scambiati con altri
valori
• Le funzioni ambientali sono
da considerare
• Scelte di priorità
• L’acqua non è un bene
commerciale
• Il suo valore economico non
è il suo valore totale
• Problemi e opportunità sono
due facce della stessa
medaglia
• Qualsiasi soluzione deve
mirare al consenso
• Necessità di una continuità
politica oltre schemi
tradizionali
• È fondamentale coinvolgere
tutti i cittadini – anche
bambini ed anziani

• Dimmi e dimenticherò
• Fammi vedere e mi ricorderò
• Coinvolgimi e apprenderò
112 10 July 2015

Progetto Lago della
Gherardesca
Intervista: è stato chiesto alla popolazione di Colle di compito e
di Castelvecchio di Compito quale parere avessero riguardo
all'idea di poter far diventare la zona del lago un'area turistica.

La domanda posta:
<<Se venisse portato a termine il progetto di far diventare la zona del Lago
della Gherardesca, quello che è il nostro ''padule'', lei sarebbe a favore o
meno?>>
INTERVISTATO n°1
<< Secondo me sarebbe una bella cosa perché
almeno si creerebbe del movimento in paese, dato
che è un po' smorto. >>
INTERVISTATO n°2
<< Non sono a favore, quella è un'area da
preservare e non da rendere luogo pubblico in
modo '' eccessivo'' come potrebbe avvenire nel
caso fosse messo in atto questo progetto. Questo
luogo è perfetto per rilassarsi, trovare la bellezza
della flora e della fauna e non è corretto
distruggere l'equilibrio che vi si trova. >>

INTERVISTATO n°3
<< Il Palude è un luogo da conservare e non ci deve essere
costruito o altro perché verrebbe rovinato, è un luogo tranquillo,
in cui si sta bene. >>
INTERVISTATO n°4
<< Non sono favorevole perché lì si trova un
paesaggio naturale e deve essere protetto. >>
INTERVISTATO n°5
<< Ma siee, è bellissimo così com'è e un
dev'esse toccato da nimmo. >>
INTERVISTATO n°6
<< Son d'accordo col facci la zona turistica, per
guadagnà du sordi in questo paesin vi. >>

INTERVISTATO n°7
<< Va ben osì com'è, ma se un ci fossero le zanzare a datti noia.
D'inverno po si riempe d'acqua, ma in du voglian andà a fa il
posto turistico. >>
INTERVISTATO n°8
<< Io son d'accordo co sta '' iniziativa'' almeno
porterebbe un popò di turismo per in qua. >>

INTERVISTATO n°9
<< Son a favore perché potrebbe dà der lavoro a sti giovani vi, osì
il posto lo terrebbero un popò più pulito anche se un si deve sta a
stravolgge l'ambiente naturale. >>

Dalla sintesi delle posizioni riportate in questo stralcio di intervista, possiamo
ben capire che la comunità di Colle di Compito e di Castelvecchio di Compito è
nettamente divisa intorno a due posizioni prevalenti: chi risulta a favore della
realizzazione di un'area turistica nella zona del Lago della Gherardesca,
chiamato dagli abitanti ''Il Padule'', per motivi puramente economici, e chi
invece opta per una conservazione che garantisca la bellezza e l’unicità della
zona.
Ci siamo chiesti se e come sia possibile conciliare sviluppo economico e tutela
del paesaggio, aprendo un confronto con la proprietà e gli stakeholders.

I.S.I.S.S. della Piana di Lucca - La risorsa acqua tra passato, presente e futuro 1

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