This document summarizes Joseph S. Kuo's presentation on the retrospect and prospect of Java. It discusses the history and major features of Java versions from 1.0 to 11. Key developments include the addition of generics, lambdas, and modules. The presentation outlines new features in Java 9 like modularization and Java 10 like local variable type inference. It also previews upcoming features in Java 12 like switch expressions and raw string literals.

1. Retrospect and
Prospect of Java
Joseph S. Kuo (CyberJos)
Technical Lead (Principal Engineer)
Taiwan 2018
#JCConf

2. About Me
• 數學系出身。24年程式資歷，20年Java資歷
• 撰寫過Basic, C/C++, LPC, Java, JavaScript, Python, 族繁不
…及備載…
• 擔任過電腦資訊講師， 曾在簡訊服務商、 遊戲雲端平台、
全球電子商務網站、資訊安全防護、使用者行為管理等公司
中任職。JCConf 講者。
• 負責程式撰寫、軟體設計、架構規劃及技術教學，並參與各式
專案設計、架構、開發、實作與維護
• 希望能一輩子玩技術寫程式到老
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3. Agenda
• Overview
• Retrospect of Java
• Features in 9, 10, 11
• Prospect of Java
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4. Overview
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5. “A simple, object-oriented, distributed,
interpreted, robust, secure, architecture
neutral, portable, high-performance,
multi-threaded, and dynamic language.”
— Sun
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6. History
• 1991: Oak language is born
• 1994: Java 1.0a became available for download
• 1995-05-23: Java 1.0a2 released with HotJava browser.
• 1995: Sun renamed Oak to Java.
• 1996-01-23: Java 1.0 released
• 1996-05-29: 1st
JavaOne Conference, > 6k attendees
• 1997: > 400k developers, 2nd
JavaOne, > 10k attendees
• 1998: 3rd
JavaOne, >15k attendees (Java Ring)
• 1999: J2SE, J2EE, J2ME
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7. History
• 2000: Java is applied from servers to devices
• 2005: 10 years, 4.5M developers, 2.5B devices
• 2006: Java is open sourced
• 2007: first version of OpenJDK is released
• 2011-07-07: Java SE 7 released (OpenJDK)
• 2015: 20 years, > 12M developers, 15B devices
• 2017-09-21: Java SE 9 released
• 2018-03-20: Java SE 10 released
• 2018-09-25: Java SE 11 released
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8. #JCConfTaiwan 2018
Source: https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/
TIOBE Popularity Ranking

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TIOBE Popularity Trend
Source: https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/

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Source: https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/
TIOBE Popularity History

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Source: https://trendyskills.com/
Trendy Skills

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Source: https://trendyskills.com/
Trendy Skills

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Source: https://blog.newrelic.com/technology/popular-programming-languages-2017/
New Relic 2017

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Source: https://octoverse.github.com/
GitHub Pull Requests

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Source: https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2018
stackoverflow Survey

16. Retrospect of Java
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17. From 1.0 to 8
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18. JDK 1.0 (1996-01-23)
• First stable version, JDK 1.0.2, is called Java 1
• Syntax is similar with C/C++
• No pointer, no operator overloading, no multiple
inheritance
• Object class
• Interface
• Package system
• AWT
• Garbage Collection
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19. JDK 1.1 (1997-02-19)
• Inner class
• JavaBeans (java.beans package)
• JDBC
• RMI
• Reflection supported introspection
• I18n and Unicode
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20. J2SE 1.2 (1998-12-08)
• Codename: Playground
• Collections Framework
• Added keyword: strictfp
• Java plug-in
• Integration of Swing graphical API into core classes
• JIT compiler in Sun’s JVM for the first time
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21. J2SE 1.3 (2000-05-08)
• Codename: Kestrel
• HotSpot JVM (released in 1999-04)
• JNDI included in core libraries (was an extension)
• Java Platform Debugger Architecture
• JavaSound
• Synthetic Proxy classes
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22. J2SE 1.4 (2002-02-06)
• Codename: Merlin (JSR 59)
• First Java platform developed under JCP
• Added keyword: assert (JSR 41)
• Regular Expression
• Exception chaining allows to encapsulate exceptions
• IPv6
• Java NIO (JSR 51)
• Logging API (JSR 47)
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23. J2SE 1.4 (2002-02-06)
• Image I/O
• Java Web Start (JSR 56)
• Preferences API (java.util.prefs)
• JAXP: XML parser (JSR 5) and XSTL processor (JSR 63)
• Integrated security components: JCE, JSSE, JAAS
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24. J2SE 5.0 (2004-09-30)
• Codename: Tiger (JSR 176)
• Generic Types (JSR 14)
• Enumerations (JSR 201)
• Auto-boxing/unboxing (JSR 201)
• Enhanced foreach loop (JSR 201)
• Vararg
• Metadata (Annotation) (JSR 175)
• New Java memory model
• Static imports
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25. J2SE 5.0 (2004-09-30)
• Concurrency utilities (java.util.concurrent)
• Scanner and Formatter
• Unicode 4.0
• JConsole
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26. Java SE 6 (2006-12-11)
• Codename: Mustang (JSR 270)
• Scripting language support and Rhino engine(JSR 223)
• Core and Swing performance improvements
• JAX-WS (JSR 224)
• JDBC 4.0 (JSR 221)
• Java Compiler API (JSR 199)
• JAXB 2.0 including integration with StAX parser
• Java I/O Console
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27. Java SE 7 (2011-07-07)
• Codename: Dolphin (JSR 336)
• JVM supported for dynamic languages: invokedynamic
(JSR 292)
• Compressed 64-bit pointers
• Project Coin:
– String in switch
– try-with-resources
– Type inference for generic: diamond operator
– Binary integer literals
– Allowing underscores in numeric literals
– Catching multiple exception types and re-throwing
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28. Java SE 7 (2011-07-07)
• Concurrency utilities (JSR 166)
• New file I/O library (java.nio.file) (JSR 203)
• Elliptic Curve Cryptography support (ECDSA/ECDH)
• Support new network protocols (SCTP, SDP)
• Fork/Join framework
• Unicode 6.0
• G1GC
• JDBC 4.1
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29. Java 8 (2014-03-18)
• Defined by JSR 337
• Organized in terms of JDK Enhancement Proposals
• Lambda Expression (JSR 335, JEP 126)
• Method references (::) (JEP 126)
• Functional Interfaces
• Default methods
• Stream
• Nashorn JavaScript runtime (JSR 223, JEP 174)
• Date and Time API (JSR 310, JEP 150)
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30. Java 8 (2014-03-18)
• Annotations on Java Types (JSR 308, JEP 104)
• Removed Permanent Generation (JEP 122)
• Unicode 6.2 (JEP 133)
• JDBC 4.2 (JEP 170)
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31. Features in 9, 10, 11
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32. Java 9
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33. Java SE 9 (2017-09-21)
• Defined by JSR 379
• Jigsaw (JSR 376)
• Java REPL - jshell (JEP 222)
• XML Catalogs (JEP 268)
• Currency update (JEP 266)
• HTTP 2 Client (JEP 110)
• UTF-8 Property File (JEP 226)
• Unicode 7 (227), Unicode 8 (267)
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34. Java SE 9 (2017-09-21)
• Convenience Factory Methods for Collections (JEP 269)
• G1 is default GC (JEP 248)
• Applet API and Java plug-in deprecated (JEP 289)
• Ahead-of-Time Compilation (JEP 295)
• Java-Level JVM Compiler Interface (JEP 243)
• ...(others)
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JShell, Unicode 8, G1GC

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Private in interface

37. Java 10
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38. Java SE 10 (2018-03-20)
• Local-variable type inference (JEP 286)
• Parallel Full GC for G1 (JEP 307)
• Application Class-Data Sharing (JEP 310)
• Garbage-Collector Interface (JEP 304)
• Thread-Local Handshakes (JEP 312)
• Root Certificates (JEP 319)
• Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler (JEP 317)
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39. #JCConfTaiwan 2018
Local-variable type inference

40. Parallel Full GC for G1
• The G1 garbage collector is designed to avoid full
collections, but when the concurrent collections can't
reclaim memory fast enough a fall back full GC will occur.
• The current implementation of the full GC for G1 uses a
single threaded mark-sweep-compact algorithm. We
intend to parallelize the mark-sweep-compact algorithm
and use the same number of threads as the Young and
Mixed collections do.
• The number of threads can be controlled by the
-XX:ParallelGCThreads option, but this will also affect
the number of threads used for Young and Mixed
collections.
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41. Application Class-Data Sharing
• Currently CDS only allows the bootstrap class loader to
load archived classes. Application CDS ("AppCDS")
extends CDS to allow the built-in system class loader
(a.k.a., the "app class loader"), the built-in platform class
loader, and custom class loaders to load archived classes.
• By default, Class-Data Sharing is enabled only for the
JVM's bootstrap class loader. Specify the -XX:+UseAppCDS
command-line option to enable class data sharing for
other loaders.
• java -Xshare:off -XX:+UseAppCDS -XX:DumpLoadedClassList=x.lst -cp x.jar HelloWorld
java -Xshare:dump -XX:+UseAppCDS -XX:SharedClassListFile=x.lst
-XX:SharedArchiveFile=x.jsa -cp x.jar
java -Xshare:on -XX:+UseAppCDS -XX:SharedArchiveFile=x.jsa
-cp x.jar HelloWorld
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42. Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler
• Enable Graal to be used as an experimental JIT compiler,
starting with the Linux/x64 platform. Graal will use the
JVM compiler interface (JVMCI) introduced in JDK 9.
Graal is already in the JDK, so enabling it as an
experimental JIT will primarily be a testing and
debugging effort.
• To enable Graal as the JIT compiler, use the following
options on the java command line:
-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:
+UseJVMCICompiler
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43. Java 11
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44. Java SE 11 (2018-09-25)
• Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector (JEP 318)
• ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector
(Experimental) (JEP 333)
• Remove the Java EE and CORBA Modules (JEP 320)
• HTTP Client (Standard) (JEP 321)
• Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters (JEP 323)
• Low-Overhead Heap Profiling (JEP 331)
• Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 (JEP 332)
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45. Java SE 11 (2018-09-25)
• Nest-Based Access Control (JEP 181)
• Flight Recorder (JEP 328)
• Unicode 10 (JEP 327)
• Dynamic Class-File Constants (JEP 309)
• Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs (JEP 330)
• Deprecate the Nashorn JavaScript Engine (JEP 335)
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New APIs in String

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Local-Variable Syntax

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HTTP Client

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Launch Single File

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ZGC vs G1GC

51. Prospect of Java
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52. Java SE 12 (2019-03-19)
• Switch Expressions (Preview) (JEP 325)
• Raw String Literals (Preview) (JEP 326)
• One AArch64 Port, Not Two (JEP 340)
• Default CDS Archives (JEP 341)
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53. Switch Expression
int numLetters = switch (day) {
case MONDAY, FRIDAY, SUNDAY -> 6;
case TUESDAY -> 7;
case THURSDAY, SATURDAY -> 8;
case WEDNESDAY -> 9;
};
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54. Raw String Literals
String html = `
<html>
<body>
<p>Hello World.</p>
</body>
</html>
`.align().ident(4);
System.out.print(html);
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55. Thank you!
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