Environmental Engineering BSECE-LEP TUP-T

2. Water is perhaps
the most important
component of any
ecosystem. All
living organisms
need water to grow
and survive. In an
ecosystem, water
cycles through the
atmosphere, soil,
rivers, lakes, and
oceans.

5. EVAPORATION
- the process of
turning from liquid
into vapor.

6. CONDENSATION
- water that collects
as droplets on a cold
surface when humid air is
in contact with it.

7. PRECIPITATION
- The action or process of
precipitating a substance from a
solution.

8. *Rain-
moisture
condensed
from the
atmosphere
that falls
visibly in
separate
drops.
*Sleet-a form
of
precipitatio
n consisting
of ice
pellets,
often mixed
with rain or
snow.
*Hail-
pellets
of frozen
rain that
fall in
showers
from
cumulonim
bus
*Snow-
atmospheric
water vapor
frozen into
ice crystals
and falling
in light
white flakes
or lying on

9. TRANSPIRATION
- is the process
where plants absorb
water through the roots
and then give off water
vapor through pores in
their leaves.
An example
of transpiration is
when a plant absorbs
water in its roots.

11. *
WETLANDS VALUES

12. Water pollution can be defined
in many ways. Usually, it means one
or more substances have built up in
water to such an extent that they
cause problems for animals or
people. Oceans, lakes, rivers, and
other inland waters can naturally
clean up a certain amount of

13. MAIN TYPES OF
WATER POLLUTION
*POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
If pollution comes from a single
location, such as a discharge pipe
attached to a factory.
*NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
A great deal of water pollution
happens not from one single source
but from many different scattered

14. HOW DO WE KNOW WHEN
WATER IS POLLUTED?
If the chemicals are dangerous
or the concentrations are too
great, we can
regard the water as polluted.

15. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS
OF WATER POLLUTION?
*Pollution is an inescapable result of human
activity: they argue that if we want to have
factories, cities, ships, cars, oil, and
coastal resorts, some degree of pollution is
almost certain to result.
*Oil spills are a problem for everyone, not
just people who live by the coast and tanker
operates.
*Sewage is another good example of how
pollution can affect us all. Sewage
discharged into coastal waters can wash up
on beaches and cause a health hazard.
*Pollution matters because it harms the
environment on which people depend.

16. EDUCATION
Making people aware of the problem is
the first step to solving it. In the
early 1990s, when surfers in Britain grew
tired of catching illnesses from water
polluted with sewage, they formed a group
called Surfers Against Sewage to force
governments and water companies to clean
HOW CAN WE STOP
WATER POLLUTION?

17. *1. EDUCATION makes people
care about the water
environment.
*2. EDUCATION can reduce
vulnerability to climate
change.
*3. EDUCAION fosters
greener industries.

18. LAWS
One of the biggest problems with
water pollution is its transboundary
nature. Many rivers cross countries,
while seas span whole continents.
Pollution discharged by factories in
one country with poor environmental
standards can cause problems in
neighboring nations, even when they
have tougher laws and higher standards.

19. The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
(Republic Act No. 9275) aims to protect
the country’s water bodies from
pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial
establishments, agriculture and
community/household activities). It
provides for a comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and

20. ECONOMICS
Most environmental experts agree
that the best way to tackle pollution
is through something called
the polluter pays principle. This
means that whoever causes pollution
should have to pay to clean it up, one

21. Levi’s and PepsiCo
highlighted as two
examples of emerging
corporate leaders in
water conservation.
PepsiCo is saving $1.5
million annually and
using 24 percent less
water.

22. *Organic and Inorganic Water
Pollutants
*Pathogens Water Pollutants
*Macroscopic Water Pollutants
*Thermal Pollution

23. ORGANIC & INORGANIC
WATER POLLUTANTS
*OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTE:
The wastewaters such as,
domestic and municipal sewage,
wastewater from food processing
industries, canning industries,
slaughter houses, paper and pulp
mills, tanneries, breweries,
distilleries, etc. have
considerable concentration of

24. EUTROPHICATION
- is an enrichment of water by
nutrient salts that causes
structural changes to the ecosystem
such as: increased production of
algae and aquatic plants, depletion
of fish species, general
deterioration of water quality and
other effects that reduce and
preclude use.

25. *SYNTHETIC ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS: Synthetic organic
compounds are also likely to
enter the ecosystem through
various manmade activities such
as production of these
compounds, spillage during
transportation, and their uses
in different applications.

26. *OIL/PETROLEUM:
Oil is a natural product which
results from the plant remains
fossilized over millions of years,
under marine conditions.

27. These compounds are
non-biodegradable and
persist in the
environment. These
pollutants include
mineral acids,
inorganic salts, trace
elements, metals,
metals compounds,
complexes of metals
*INORGANIC WATER
POLLUTANTS:

28. Pathogens Water
pollutants
The pathogenic microorganisms
enter in to water body through
sewage discharge as a major
source or through the wastewater
from industries like
slaughterhouses.

29. Macroscopic
pollutants are
large, visible
items in
waterways or
bodies of
water.
The first
common
Macroscopic water
pollutants

30. Thermal Pollution
Considerable thermal
pollution results due
to discharge of hot
water from thermal
power plants, nuclear
power plants, and
industries where water
is used as coolant. As
a result of hot water

32. 1. Do not
dispose your
garbage in
rivers.
2. Clean up
rivers that
have a lot of
trash.

33. 3. Follow all
water laws and
regulations.
4. Always
dispose of
pesticides
and other
harsh

34. 5. Never
dispose of
cooking fats
and oils by
pouring them
down the sink.6. Refrain from
using bleach when
washing dishes
and laundry if at
all possible.

35. 7. Work to
educate your
friends,
family, and
the community
about water
safety and
water

36. Water quality
refers to the
chemical , physical,
biological and
characteristics of
water. It is a
measure of the
condition of water
relative to the
requirements of one

37. WHAT IS WATER QUALITY?
*Water quality is commonly
defined by its physical,
chemical, biological and
aesthetics (appearance and
smell) characteristics.
WHY IS WATER QUALITY IMPORTANT?
*Water quality is important not
only to protect public health:
water provides ecosystem
habitats is used for farming,

38. HOW THE WATER QUALITY
MEASURED?
- The presence of
contaminants and the
characteristics of water are
used to indicate the quality
of water. These water quality
indicators can be categorized
as:
BIOLOGICAL

39. Water Resources Management
is the activity planning,
developing, distributing
and managing the optimum
use of water resources.
It is a sub-set of water cycle
management.

40. OFFICE OF
ENVIRONMENT AND
HERITAGE (OEH)
*Has a lead role in developing
environmental objectives for water
quality and river flows for
government.
*Providing a framework for council
to develop storm water management
objectives.
*Developed a number of resources and
tools for water managers ,

41. (IWRM) Integrated
Water Resources
Management is an
empirical concept
which was built up
from
the on-the-ground
experience
of practitioners.

42. Water Supply Management
The water supply system in the
Philippines are organized by Water
District, except for the Metro Manila,
where water is supplied 24 hours a day by
two water concessionaries. In the other
urban areas covered by Water District’s
the water supply is supplied less than 24
hours a day.

43. Irrigation Management
The percentage of irrigated are
versus the total potential irrigable
area in the Philippines has
increased from 49% in 2010 to 55.59%
in 2013.

44. Stormwater Management
There is no National Policy on
Stormwater Management in the
Philippines. However, large
corporations and industries have
implemented rainwater and stormwater
harvesting systems to augment their
water supply.

45. Flood Management
The Philippines constitutions
suffers from floods annually due
to its location in the path of
the annual typhoons. Thus,
various measures and projects
have been implemented to mitigate
the annual damages cause by
floods

46. Water Pollution
Management
Water Pollution management in
the Philippines is regulated by the
Clean Water Act that was enacted in
2014. The Act covers water quality
management in all water bodies
Philippines and primarily apply to
the abatement and control of
pollution from land based sources.

47. Sanitation
Management
The water sanitation sector
in the Philippines remains a
highly fragmented sector
mainly due to weak regulatory
arrangements for sanitation
and waste water management.

48. In March 28, 1974 the
government created the National
Water Resources Board (NWRB) to
manage the water resources in
the country. The NWRB is
responsible for the national
coordination and regulation on
water resources management and

49. 3 NWRB’s Key Functions:
*Policy Formulation and Coordination –
water resources assessment, preservation
and conservation of country’s water
resources.
*Resource Regulation – allocation of
water rights, resolution of water use
conflicts.
*Economic Regulation – regulation and
supervision of Water Utilities Operation,

51. The climate change phenomenon refers
to seasonal changes over a long period
with respect to the growing accumulation
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Tackling this phenomenon is of utmost
importance given the pivotal role that
climate plays in the formation of natural
ecosystems and the human economies and
civilizations on which they are based.
CLIMATE CHANGE

52. HOW CAN WE
PREVENT CLIMATE
CHANGE?
MAKE YOUR HOME MORE ENERGY
EFFICIENT
Our homes contribute a large
proportion of the UK's overall carbon
emissions - and it's down to
individuals to make a change to
reduce their property's environmental
impact.

53. MAKE YOUR LIFESTYLE
GREENER
Everything we do in our
day to day lives emits CO2
into the atmosphere. That
means that even making small
changes in what we do, or how
we do it, can have a positive
impact in preventing the
onset of climate

54. CHANGE YOUR HABITS AT
WORK
Don't leave your good
environmental habits at home
- take them into the office
too.

55. EAT LESS MEAT
According to a report
published by the Worldwatch
Institute, 51 percent or
more of global greenhouse
gas emissions are caused by
animal agriculture.

56. EDUCATE FUTURE
GENERATIONS
Preventing climate change
in the future is down to the
actions and opinions of future
generations - meaning now is
the time to start educating
our children about climate
change and its effects.

57. GET INVOLVED IN THE FIGHT
AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
If you want to take your green
ambitions to the next level, find
out about climate change events,
at a local and a national stage,
which you're interested in.

58. A natural process in which
elements are continuously
cycled in various forms between
different compartments of the
environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL
CYCLES

59. THE CARBON CYCLE
includes the uptake of carbon
dioxide by plants through, its
ingestion by animals and its
release to the atmosphere through
respiration and decay of organic
materials.

60. THE NITROGEN CYCLE
involves the uptake of
nitrogen form the atmosphere by a
process called fixation which is
carried out by microbes or
industrial processes.

61. THE PHOSPHORUS
CYCLE
involves the uptake of
phosphorus by organisms.
Phosphorus in the environment
is mainly found in rocks, and
natural weathering processes
can make it available to
biological systems.

62. THE WATER CYCLE
is the process by which water
travels in a sequence from the
air (condensation) to the earth
(precipitation) and returns to
the atmosphere (evaporation).

63. WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS: RESOURCE
DEPLETION
As groundwater is pumped from water
wells, there usually is a localized drop
in the water table around the well
called a cone of depression. When there
are a large number of wells that have
been pumping water for a long time, the
regional water table can drop
significantly.

64. * This is called groundwater mining,
which can force the drilling of
deeper, more expensive wells that
commonly encounter more saline
groundwater.

65. The water
crisis refers to
a global
situation where
people in many
areas lack access
to sufficient
water, clean
water, or both.
This section
describes the

66. Reservoirs that form behind
dams in rivers can collect
water during wet times
and store it for use during dry
spells. They also can be used
for urban water supplies.
Sustainable Solutions to the
Water Supply Crisis?

67. Aqueducts can move water
from where it is plentiful to
where it is needed. Aqueducts
can be controversial and
politically difficult especially
if the water transfer distances
are large.

68. Ocean Acidification
* Ocean Acidification (OA) is a term used to
describe significant changes to the
chemistry of the ocean.

69. HOW DO WE STOP OCEAN
ACIDIFICATION?
* Eat less meat.
* Use less energy at home.
* Conserve water.
* Reduce your plastic addiction.
* Drive and fly less, carpool,
ride bikes and take public
transit.
* Buy less stuff.
* Reduce, reuse, recycle and
refuse!
* Assess your life, career and

70. Overfishing
Overfishing can be defined
in a number of ways. However,
everything comes down to one
simple point: Catching too
much fish for the system to
support leads to an overall
degradation to the system.

71. WHAT CAUSES
OVERFISHING?
Worldwide, fishing fleets are
two to three times as large as
needed to take present day
catches of fish and other marine
species and as what our oceans
can sustainably support.