Hyperketonemia Treatment at the Individual Cow and Herd Level
•Télécharger en tant que PPTX, PDF•
7 j'aime•2,560 vues
Hyperketonemia, or elevated ketone bodies, is common in dairy cows during the transition period due to negative energy balance. Testing blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels can identify individual cows (>1.2 mmol/L) or herds (>15% prevalence) with hyperketonemia. For individual cows, propylene glycol and vitamin B12 are recommended treatments, while herds may warrant monitoring prevalence monthly and treating all cows if over 40%. Regular testing helps identify hyperketonemic cows and herds to improve health and productivity.
Recommandé
Recommandé
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Tendances (20)
En vedette
En vedette (18)
Similaire à Hyperketonemia Treatment at the Individual Cow and Herd Level
Similaire à Hyperketonemia Treatment at the Individual Cow and Herd Level (20)
Plus de DAIReXNET
Plus de DAIReXNET (20)
Dernier
Dernier (20)
Hyperketonemia Treatment at the Individual Cow and Herd Level
- 1. Hyperketonemia treatment at the individual cow and herd level Jessica McArt, DVM, PhD jmcart@cornell.edu
- 2. Overview ▪ Physiology ▪ BHB cut-points ▪ Individual animal treatment ▪ Herd-level testing and treatment
- 3. Negative Energy Balance (NEB) • Dairy cows enter a state of NEB during the transition period • Increased energy demand in early lactation
- 4. Energy (NEL) Requirements 2 days before versus 2 days after calving 1,600-lb Cow 1,250-lb Heifer Function Pre Post Pre Post Maintenance 11.2 10.1 9.3 8.5 Pregnancy 3.3 --- 2.8 --- Growth --- --- 1.9 1.7 Milk production --- 18.7 --- 14.9 Total (Mcal) 14.5 28.8 14.0 25.1 Calculated from NRC (2001). Assumes milk production of 55 lb/d for cow and 44 lb/d for heifer, each containing 4% fat. Courtesy of J. K. Drackley
- 6. Ospina et al., 2013, VCNA
- 7. Ketosis ▪ Ketosis is the elevation of ketone bodies: ▪ Acetone ▪ Acetoacetate ▪ β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ▪ Clinical manifestation: ▪ Decrease in appetite ▪ Weight loss ▪ Decrease in milk production Subclinical disease >80% of cases
- 8. Nomenclature ▪ Ketosis ▪ Subclinical ketosis ▪ Blood BHB 1.2 – 2.9 mmol/L ▪ Clinical ketosis ▪ Blood BHB ≥ 3.0 mmol/L ▪ Hyperketonemia (HYK) ▪ Blood BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L
- 9. Types of Hyperketonemia ▪ Type I andType II: human-based distinction ▪ Inability to adapt to early lactation NEB ▪ Early in lactation, 3-21 DIM ▪ Excessive NEB just before or after calving ▪ Energy intake limited ▪ 3 to 6 weeks in milk ▪ Lack of energy substrates for level of milk production
- 10. Periparturient Blood BHB Concentration 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 -21 -18 -15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 BHB,mmoL/L Day relative to calving Adapted from McCarthy et al., 2015, JDS
- 11. How much is “normal”? ▪ Incidence: ▪ Follow a group of animal through time ▪ Number of new cases/number of animals tested ▪ 25% - 85%, average ~ 45% ▪ Prevalence: ▪ Snapshot in time ▪ Number of new and existing cases/number of animals tested ▪ 0% - 70%, average ~ 20% Incidence ~2-2.2 x prevalence
- 12. Additional Info on Blood BHBTesting ▪ Time of sampling ▪ Not important in ad libTMR fed herds ▪ Otherwise highest ~ 4 to 5 hours after feeding ▪ Location of sampling ▪ Tail vessels = jugular vein ▪ Milk vein ~ 0.3 mmol/L lower
- 13. Blood BHB Cut-Points ▪ ≥ 1.2 to 1.4 mmol/L ▪ Based on health and production outcomes ▪ ≥ 3.0 mmol/L = more severe hyperketonemia ▪ Remember: ▪ If you your cut-point, sensitivity and specificity ▪ You correctly identify more ketotic cows but treat more non-ketotic cows
- 14. Applications of HyperketonemiaTesting ▪ Identifying individual hyperketonemic cows ▪ Cow-side test for treatment decisions ▪ How intensive should we be? ▪ Identifying herds with hyperketonemia problems ▪ Herd-level testing for management decisions
- 15. Individual Consequences of HYK ▪ Higher risk for adverse health events ▪ Metritis ▪ Displaced abomasum ▪ Mastitis ▪ Culling ▪ Decrease milk yield in early lactation ▪ Poorer reproduction
- 16. When do we test? 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 BloodBHB≥1.2mmol/L(%) Days in Milk Prevalence Adapted from McArt et al., 2012, JDS
- 17. ▪ Hyperketonemia ▪ BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L ▪ Severe hyperketonemia ▪ BHB ≥ 3.0 mmol/L Hyperketonemia Treatment
- 18. HYKTreatment (BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L) ▪ Propylene glycol ▪ Vitamin B12 ▪ Glucocorticoids - ? Gordon et al., 2013, VCNA
- 19. Propylene Glycol ▪ Two modes of action: ▪ Increased supply of propionate = glucogenic ▪ Reduced insulin sensitivity = decreased glucose demand by peripheral tissues ▪ Oral drenching preferred over mixing in feed ▪ No benefit with additional glycerol
- 20. Propylene Glycol ▪ Speeds resolution of ketosis ▪ Prevents progression to severe ketosis ▪ Increases early lactation milk yield ▪ Reduces risk of DA and culling ▪ 300 mL, orally once a day for 5 days ~$1/dose
- 21. Administration of Propylene Glycol ▪ The stuff tastes horrible … Dosing gun Homemade pump 20 oz. soda bottle & speculum
- 22. Vitamin B12 ▪ Synthesized in rumen ▪ Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase ▪ Coverts propionate to succinyl-CoA ▪ Vitamin B12 dependent ▪ Some supporting evidence ▪ 1 dose 25 mL Catosal (0.05 mg B12 and 100 mg butaphosphan/mL) Propionate Vitamin B12
- 23. Glucocorticoids ▪ Examples: ▪ Dexamethasone (Azium) ▪ Isoflupredone (Predef) ▪ Lack of efficacy ▪ Possible adverse side effects
- 24. HYKTreatment (BHB ≥3.0 mmol/L) ▪ Dextrose ▪ ½ - 1 bottle IV ▪ No randomized, controlled trials ever done on efficacy of dextrose! ▪ Propylene glycol ▪ Vitamin B12 ▪ Corticosteroids - ? ▪ Resent study shows 20mg dexamethasone may be detrimental to cows with BHB >2.0 mmol/L Gordon et al., 2013, VCNA
- 25. ▪ BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L ▪ Excellent ▪ BHB ≥3.0 mmol/L ▪ Fair to good ▪ Monitor for subsequent diseases ▪ Severe fatty liver ▪ Poor – intensive therapy and $$$ Prognosis of Hyperketonemia
- 26. Applications of HyperketonemiaTesting ▪ Identifying individual hyperketonemic cows ▪ Cow-side test for treatment decisions ▪ How intensive should we be? ▪ Identifying herds with hyperketonemia problems ▪ Herd-level testing for management decisions
- 27. Incidence vs. PrevalenceTesting ▪ Incidence = new cases ▪ Difficult to measure ▪ Prevalence = new and existing cases ▪ Easier to measure ▪ First take a prevalence sample ▪ Sample at least 20 cows between 3 to 14 DIM ▪ A larger sample size will result in a more precise estimate
- 28. Sample Size ▪ The more cows you test, the more precise the prevalence estimate. ▪ 35 animals between 3-14 DIM: ▪ Bleed 14 cows, 3 ketotic ▪ 75% confident the prevalence is between 11-31% ▪ Bleed 25 cows, 5 ketotic ▪ 75% confident the prevalence is between 15-25% ▪ Bleed 33 cows, 7 ketotic ▪ 95% confident the prevalence is between 15-25%
- 29. TestAccuracy ▪ Ketone tests with poor sensitivity falsely decrease prevalence estimate. ▪ Use cow-side blood BHB meters!
- 30. Which cows to sample? ▪ All cows in DIM range are eligible ▪ Most really sick cows will not be hyperketonemic ▪ Random sample ▪ Systematic sample – every kth animal
- 31. ≤ 15% (e.g. ≤ 3/20, + cows) Estimate Herd Level Prevalence: Sample ~20 cows that are 3 to 14 DIM Positive cows have BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L > 15% to 40% (e.g. 4 to 8/20, + cows) ≥ 40% (e.g. ≥ 9/20, + cows) ≤ 15% Monitor herd level prevalence monthly. Sample ~20 cows once monthly. More frequently when there are changes, e.g. diet formulation. Monitor ≥ 40% Give 300 mL of propylene glycol once daily for 5 days starting at 3 DIM to all cows. Recheck prevalence in one month. Treat all cows Monitoring and Action Recommendations Ospina et al., 2013, VCNA >15% to 40% Monitor incidence of SCK. Sample cows 3 to 9 DIM twice a week, e.g., Tuesday and Friday. Test and treat
- 32. Relevance? Adapted from Ospina et al., 2010, JDS Postpartum BHBA 40% of herds above herd alarm level
- 33. Summary ▪ High prevalence of HYK ▪ Use an accurate test ▪ Treatment is cost-effective ▪ Regular herd monitoring is important