Rural-Urban Disparity in India

1. RURAL -URBANDISPARITYIN INDIA

2. “India’s soul lives in villages”. Rural
development is the key to India’s overall social
development. The personality of India cannot be
enhanced without the raising personality of
rural India. He aptly said, ‘Unless we
reconstruct and improve the villages, India will
perish.
Mahatma Gandhi

3. • To understand the concept of Rural-Urban
disparity
• To find the Socio-economic indicators of
disparity
• To review the efforts to minimize the disparity
• To know the policy options for reducing the
disparity

4. Dictionary meaning: These are large and
isolated areas with low population
density and majority of people depends
on agriculture as a main occupation.
RURAL

5. It is an area where people live in large
numbers and the density of population is
high and large part of population
engaged in non agricultural activities.
(Philip A. Houser and Judah Metras)
URBAN

6. “Rural-Urban disparity is the gap
between the rural and urban areas in
getting the basic amenities like food,
education, health etc. to full fill their
desires”
(Balraj, 1997).
RURAL-URBAN disparity

7. DISPARITIES CAN BE BASED ON
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
(Choudhary, 1997)
Population
Income
Employment / unemployment
Education/ literacy
Consumption expenditure
Access to consumer assets and basic amenities
Poverty levels
Health facilities

9. It is the number of inhabitants of a given
sex and/or age group that actually live within
the border limits of the country, territory, or
geographic area at a specific point of time.
POPULATION

10. YEARS ALL INDIA GROWTH
RATE*
POPULATION (LAKHS)
RURAL URBAN TOTAL
1901 2125.4 258.5 2383.9 -
1911 2261.5 259.4 2520.9 5.75
1921 2232.3 281.9 2513.2 -0.31
1931 2455.2 334.6 2729.8 11.0
1941 2745.1 441.5 3186.6 14.22
1951 2986.5 624.4 3610.9 13.31
1961 3602.9 789.4 4392.3 21.64
1971 4390.5 1091.1 5481.6 24.8
1991 6286.9 2176.1 8463.0 23.86
2001 7416.6 2853.6 10270.2 21.34
Table 1: POPULATION AND ITS GROWTH FROM 1901 TO 2001
Census of India ,2001
Contd…

11. Contd…
Fig 1 : Trends in urbanisation in India

13. Contd…
Fig 2: Average Per Capita Income and GDP Growth Rate

14. Particulars 1970-71 1980-81 1993-94 1999-00
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
Share in
population
(%)
80.22 19.78 76.88 23.12 73.51 26.49 72.53 27.47
Per capita
income at
current prices
(Rs)
529 1294 1245 2888 5783 13525 10606 30217
Ratio of urban
income to
rural income
2.45 - 2.32 - 2.34 - 2.85 -
Table 2: TRENDS IN RURAL URBAN INCOME DISPARITY
IN INDIA
GOI, National Account Statistics,2007,CSO
Contd…

15. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1970-71 1980-81 1993-94 1999-00
year
income
gap
in
rupees
income gap in rupees
Fig 3: URBAN- RURAL PER CAPITA INCOME GAP IN
INDIA
Contd…
GOI, National Account Statistics,2007,CSO

17. Any type of work performed or
services rendered in exchange for
compensation. Compensation may include
money (cash) or the equivalent in tuition,
fees, books, supplies, room, or for any
other benefit.
Employment

18. Sl.
No.
Particulars
1983 to
1993-1994
1993-1994
to 1999-2000
1999-2000 to
2004-2005
A. Rural:
Male 1.91 0.78 2.17
Female 1.39 -0.11 3.58
Total 1.72 0.47 2.67
B. Urban:
Male 3.04 2.98 3.25
Female 3.36 1.65 4.82
Total 3.10 2.70 3.57
C. Combined :
Male 2.19 1.37 2.48
Female 1.64 0.15 3.78
Total 2.01 0.98 2.89
Table 3: ANNUAL GROWTH RATE IN USUAL STATUS
EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Source: Unni and Raveendran (2007), Economic and Political Weekly, p. 196.
Contd…

19. Annual rates of employment growth
for usual status workers (per cent)
1.36
2.77
2.03
3.39
0.66
2.27
1.97
3.22
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Rural Urban
1983 to 1987-88 1987-88 to 1993-94 1993-94 to 1999-2000 1999-2000 to 2004-05
Fig 4: India Employment growth
Contd…
Source: Unni and Raveendran (2007), Economic and Political Weekly, p. 196.

20. EDUCATION

21. Process of production of desirable
changes in human behavior.
EDUCATION

22. Fig 4: Rural – Urban Differences in Enrollment Rates
Contd…

23. Year Rural Urban Total
1951 12.10 34.59 18.33
1961 22.50 54.40 28.30
1971 27.90 60.20 34.45
1981 36.00 76.20 43.57
1991 44.70 73.10 52.21
2001 59.40 80.30 65.38
Table 5: Rural-Urban literacy rate 1951-2001
Source : census of India, 2001
Contd…

24. Head’s education
level
Rural Urban
Hhds Pop Income Hhds Pop Income
No formal education 50.81 50.06 42.34 15.69 17.06 9.72
Below primary 11.41 11.50 11.08 4.93 5.48 4.45
Below middle 14.39 14.81 15.64 12.15 12.28 8.34
Below secondary 8.50 8.74 9.99 10.40 10.74 7.53
Below higher
secondary
10.14 10.08 13.41 21.88 21.46 22.31
Undergraduate 2.43 2.44 3.61 9.22 8.84 9.13
Graduate and above 2.33 2.37 3.93 25.74 24.15 38.52
All levels 100 100 100 100 100 100
Table 6 : Percentage distribution of Households, Population and Income by
education of head
Contd…
Source : Census of India, 2001

25. CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

26. Table 7 :Percentage distribution of Consumption Expenditure by Items of
Expenditure
Items of expenditure Per Cent share
Rural Urban All
Cereals 22.95 12.80 18.87
Pulses 5.60 3.70 4.84
Other food items 31.95 30.96 31.55
Clothing 11.25 11.72 11.44
Fuel 4.02 7.45 5.40
Ceremonies 4.52 5.26 4.82
Health 2.79 2.91 2.84
Education 2.75 6.26 4.16
Total 100 100 100
Average consumption
expenditure (Rs.)
22327 44048 28272
Contd…
NSS 61st round report on “level and pattern of consumer expenditure”,2004-05

27. Table 8: Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure in Rural and Urban areas
NSS 61st round report on “level and pattern of consumer expenditure”,2004-05
Year Rural Urban Urban –
rural ratio
MPCE at
current
prices
MPCE at
current
prices
1973-74 44.17 63.33 1.43
1977-78 68.89 96.15 1.26
1983 112.31 165.8 1.3
1987-88 158.1 249.92 1.25
1993-94 286.1 464.3 1.37
1999-00 486.16 854.92 1.47
2004-05 558.78 1052.36 1.41
Contd…

29. It is a situation in which a person is unable to get
minimum basic necessities i.e. food, clothing and shelter
for his /her sustenance. The inability to attain a minimum
standard of living. The World Bank uses a poverty line of
consumption less than us$1.00 a day per person.
POVERTY

30. Year All India Rural Urban
1973-74 54.9 56.4 49
1977-78 51.3 53.1 45.2
1983 44.5 45.7 40.8
1987-88 38.9 39.1 38.2
1993-94 36.0 37.3 32.4
1999-2000 26.1 27.1 23.6
Table 9 : Estimates of Poverty (%)
Source : Economic Survey,2000-2001, Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India
Contd…

31. Fig 5: Poverty rates in India

32. ACCESS TO CONSUMER ASSETS AND
BASIC AMENITIES

33. 31.5
18.9
42.8
6.7
1.3 1.73
30.1
44.5
64.3
46
24.7
5.6
26.88
49.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
percentage
of
HHs
Assets
Fig 6: Access of rural and urban households to
some durable consumer Assets
rural
urban
Contd…
GOI,CSO,selected socioeconomic statistics India,2006

34. Amenity 1998 2004
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Pucca house (%) 19.0 66.0 25.5 74.1
Drinking water
through tap (%)
18.7 70.0 27.9 71.0
Toilet facility (%) 17.50 74.5 25.9 83.1
Electricity (%) 48.4 89.1 55.7 93.1
LPG cooking gas (%) - - 5.7 48.0
GOI,CSO,selected socioeconomic statistics India,2006
Table 10: Disparity in the access to Basic Amenities

36. SOME FACTS ON HEALTH SITUATION IN INDIA:
• Approximately 1 million people die every year due to
inadequate healthcare in India
• 700 million people : No access to specialist care
• Only 20 % of specialists live in rural areas
• India needs 6800 more hospitals in rural areas (Annual
Economic Survey, 2010)

37. Health
Facility
Urban areas Rural areas
Male % Female % Male % Female %
Private clinic 84.7 81.4 39.7 21.7
Tertiary
hospital
7.9 13.3 50.6 62.9
Government
dispensary
3.9 4 10.9 21
Homeopathic 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.7
Table 11 : Male and female (urban and rural) health seeking
behavior
Nagadev and Bharti , 2003, Urban and Rural differentials in maternal and
child health

38. Indicators NFHS-II (1998-99) NFHS-III (2002-03)
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Birth assisted by health
professionals (%)
33.5 73.3 39.1 75.2
Birth delivered in medical
institution (%)
24.6 65.1 31.1 69.4
Children 12-23 months fully
immunized (%)
29.3 51.9 38.6 57.5
Children age 6-35 months who
are anemic (%)
75.3 70.8 81.2 72.7
Infant death (per 1000 0f live
children)
73 68 62 57
Table 12 : Rural-Urban Disparity in Health Indicators
Nagadev and Bharti , 2003, Urban and Rural differentials in maternal and child
health

39. 1. Due attention in budget
2. Better delivery of health services in the rural area
3. Enhanced access to the benefits of government
resources
4. Check on rural unemployment
5. Better educational facilities
6. Development programmes
Efforts to minimize rural-urban divide
(Basanta et al, 2000)

40. Rural areas :
 Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
 Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
 Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY)
 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NRGES)
 Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES TO BRIDGE
THE RURAL - URBAN DIVIDE IN INDIA

41. It is a scheme first enunciated by the then
President of India Dr .A. B .J. Abdul Kalam
2005. Its concept is to make the rural areas as
attractive as the urban areas and stop the
migration of rural people to the urban areas.
PURA

42. PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL PROGRESS REPORT IN RESPECT OF
PURA (AS ON 29-02-2008)
1. Andhra Pradesh:
Name of cluster: Rayadurg, District: Anantpur
Year: 2005 – 06
Amount released : 195.20 in Rs.lakhs
Purpose : Road connectivity
Target : 3 work of new roads, one extension of road and three
work of repairing roads.

43. Amount
released
(in lakhs )
Purpose Target Expenditur
e reported
(in lakhs )
Physical
progress
reported
by State
30.00 Drinking
water
To provide protected
water supply (Rs.
30.00 Lakhs i.e. @ Rs
5.00 Lakhs per
village
30.00 The works
are reported
to be in
progress.
1.40 Market
Connectivity
To establish tailoring
centre in Udaegolam
village
Utilized for
road.
Tailoring
centre has
been taken
under CFC.
3.60 Construction
of Aganwadi
centre
Construction of
Anganwadi center (
Rs. 3.60 Lakhs i.e. @
Rs. 1.80 Lakhs per
village
3.60
Year :2005-06

44. Maharashtra
Name of cluster: Basmath District: Hingoli
Year: 2005 -06
Amount released :37.92 lakhs
Purpose : Drinking water
Target : i) One water supply project
ii) Repairing of exiting water supply scheme

45. ii )Amount released :78.88 lakhs
Purpose: Employment generation
Expenditure reported :28.26 lakhs
Physical progress reported by State :
21 groups have been selected and the activities like turmeric
processing unit, jaggary making unit, herbal medicine nursery,
Dal Mill etc. have been identified.

46. contd......
Amount released : 20 and 30 lakhs
Purpose: Education and Market connectivity
Target : Setting up a library

47. Policy options for reducing the disparity
1. Create a training infrastructure at block level
2. Efficient marketing-insurance –credit infrastructure
3. Inclusive development approach
4. Development of IT infrastructure in rural areas
5. Facilitate interactions between local administration
and local communities

49. Thus rural India remains far away from urban India
even after more than four and half decades of
planning. Though we have more or less achieve self-
sufficiency in food grains a huge section of rural
population still remains underfed and 80,000 children’s
are dying every year due to malnutrition. Moreover,
crop composition has gone against the interest of
poor.
Rural economy suffers from severe type of
unemployment. While large industries are absent, the
small scale sector could not flourish due to large scale
sickness. Hence there is no scope for gainful diversion
of the excess labour from agriculture

50. There is a vast scope of increasing agricultural productivity through
reclamation of land and mechanisation in technology of production.
Secondly the tremendous possibility of creating gainful employment
in the alien sectors of agriculture like dairy farming, poultry farming,
fishery, forestry, etc must be tapped.
Thirdly, the decaying small scale and village industries need be
revitalized and well managed, while agro-base economically viable
units should be established on large scale.
At the same time, the amenities which crowd to urban life should be
provided in the rural areas themselves as far as possible in order to
reduce the problems of town and cities.