1. INTRODUCTION
• Water scarcity is a major global challenge for human
beings in today’s modernised world.
• It actually involves water stress, water shortage, and water
crisis.
• Water crisis is a situation when available potable water
within a region is less than the region’s demand.
• Water stress is another type of situation when difficulty in
finding sufficient amount of sources of fresh water results
in depletion of available water resources.

2. NATURAL CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
• Natural reason behind this problem is uneven distribution of fresh water
on earth.
• Major source of fresh water on earth are perennial rivers generally
originating from glaciers.
• Only 30.5% of fresh water is available in Asian continental region.
• Nearly 60.5% of world population are resident of Asian continental
region.
• Similar type of uneven distribution had become cause of water scarcity
in African continental region.

3. HUMAN BEING AS REASON OF WATER CRISIS ITSELF
• Major reason behind water crisis is drastic rate of increasing
population.
• Naturally available resources of fresh water have been failed to fulfill
the demand of rising population.
• In a current report by united nation organisation current rate of
population growth in India is 1.2%.
• Beside the issue of drinking water, problem arises when people for
household purpose use fresh river water.

4. INDUSTRIAL REASON BEHIND WATER CRISIS
• With rising no. of industries continuously fresh water river have
become sources of garbage.
• Although industrial revolution had brought a industrial development
throughout the world but in its later stage it is directly affecting the
environment adversely.
• Rivers have been used as a place for discharge of waste products of
various industries.
• The problem is associated with developed and developing countries
both.

5. TYPES OF CAUSES OF WATER CRISIS
• Water scarcity can be a result of two different mechanisms
• Physical water scarcity: it is a result of inadequate natural water
resources to meet the region’s demand.
• Economic water scarcity: it is a result of poor management of
sufficient amount of available water resources.it means that a
country has sufficient water for industry, agriculture , drinking,
household purpose but lack of means to provide it in accessible
manner.
• According to united nations development programme the latter is
found to be the major cause for maximum no. of countries facing
water crisis.

6. WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSICAL
AND ECONOMICAL WATER SCARCITY

7. SOME PAST AND CURRENT AFFAIRS OF
WATER SCARCITY
• CALIFORNIA WATER WAR: it is a series of conflicts between Los
ANGELES and farmers of Owens Valley when rising of Los Angeles city
in late 1800 occurred. In order to fulfil its requirement for drinking
water Los Angeles started to take water from owns valley through an
aqueduct .This causes a reason of scarcity of water in Owens valley.
• Water supply in china is facing numerous challenges as its population
is growing drastically .In addition to this rapid urbanization ,widening
of gap between rich and poor people is playing a major role in the
favour of problem. Much has been achieved in past decades but
according to who and unicef still 100 million of Chinese population
lack access to improve drinking water.

8. IMPACTS OF WATER SCARCITY
NGO estimation says that till 2025 nearly 25 countries from African continental region will face severe water stress

9. DATA AND FIGURES ONWATER CRISIS

10. FUTURE THREATS OF WATER CRISIS
Since water crisis is a major issue
world is facing it today but
throughout the developing countries
pressure is continuously
intensifying on groundwater
resources. According to University
of Michigan in India, china and some
arid regions of united states
groundwater is being pumped out at
such a drastic rate that it cant be
replenished quickly naturally.
Global water supply is reducing
continuously. Health care and
environmental issues are rising. In
arid regions of Africa poverty
stricken families are forced to
drink water unfit for consumption.

11. SOME ADVERSE RESULTS ON WATER CRISIS
• Impure water is like heaven for hydro-transmitted disease. According
to UNICEF these water borne diseases kill an estimated of 10000 to
20000 children per day.
• In Indian sub continental region a much higher fraction of population
still uses arsenic polluted water for drinking purpose.
• Meanwhile environment is also feeling effects of water scarcity as in
order to fulfil the rising demand of drinking water enormous no. of
dams and reservoirs had been created which affects the ecosystem of
a river. Over 20% of freshwater fish species are now threatened or
endangered.

12. GENERAL SOLUTION OF WATER SCARCITY
• There can be several ways which would be effective in preserving and
conserving water. One possible solution is the use of desalinization
technology. This system is described as filtering salty water through
membranes and removing the salt through electrodialysis and reverse
osmosis.
• Another solution to the problem is to compose new multinational
treaties which tackles different aspects of water crisis. There are
currently significant no. of treatise in effect regarding water yet most
of them don’t properly distribute. Watersheds of 261 major rivers are
shared by two or more countries and overlapping claims would led to
dispute. Instead these new treatise can divide the river water
according to aridity of countries on its course.

13. IMPLEMENT OF SOLUTION FOR
WATER CRISIS
• Plainly, more than one solution is necessary in order to reduce or
solve the issue of water scarcity that the world faces today. Any action
either desalinization technology or new treatise for even share
naturally available water resources is important and must be taken
into consideration.
• Now a days desalinization technique is working properly in 130
countries of north Africa and the middle east. With help of this
technique these countries are producing 6 billion gallon of usable
water per day. In United States also 1200 desalinization plants are
working .

14. FURTHUR CHALLENGES IN WATER SCARCITY
• Although desalinization technique has become much more practical
for metropolitan areas and reverse osmosis have made significant
improvement. Despite these improvements only 2.3% of wastewater
that is generated by municipalities is currently being recycled and
reused . Globally implementing simple recycling and filtration systems
would be a relatively easy task that would reap outstanding benefits.

15. CONCLUSION
• Water crisis is going to be a worldwide problem in next 20 years. Till
now all the researches have shown that it is rising at a rate much
faster than its solutions are going to be implemented. Already
children are dying in large numbers due to waterborne illness. Also in
indirect manner it is destructing natural ecosystems leading to the
threat for variety of freshwater fish species. The problem can not be
controlled until a viable global solution is implemented.

16. REFERENCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity
• http://sitemaker.umich.edu/section9group6/solutions :UNIVERSITY
OF MICHIGAN PROJECT “WATER SCARCITY:TOMORROW’S PROBLEM”
• http://www.futurity.org/reduce-water-scarcity-2050-757742/
MACGILL UNIVERSITY-DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING