It is a short review of diabetes. for more disease, visit https://www.doctorsmediainfo.com/

1. Definition
Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by an
increase in plasma blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
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2. Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
• Thirst, dry mouth
• Polyuria
• nocturia
• Tiredness, fatigue, lethargy
• Change in weight (usually weight loss)
• Blurring of vision
• Pruritus vulvae, balanitis (genital candidiasis)
• nausea
• headache

3. Diabetes is diagnosed by
Either plasma glucose in random sample or 2 hrs after a 75 g
glucose load ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) or
• fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dl) or
• HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol
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4. Causes of diabetes mellitus
❑ Type 1 diabetes
❑ type 2 diabetes
❑ genetic defects of β-cell function
❑ pancreatic disease :
pancreatitis,
Pancreatectomy,
Neoplastic disease,
Cystic fibrosis,
Haemochromatosis

5. Hormone antagonists to insulin,
Growth hormone – acromegaly
Glucocorticoids – Cushing's syndrome
Glucagon – glucagonoma
Catecholamines – pheochromocytoma
Thyroid hormones – thyrotoxicosis

6. Drug-induced :
Glucocorticoids
Thiazide diuretics,
Phenytoin
Associated with genetic syndromes
Down’s syndrome,
Klinefelter’s syndrome,
Turner’s syndrome,
wolfram’s syndrome
Friedreich’s ataxia,
Myotonic dystrophy)

7. Diabetes Treatment
Dietary constituents and recommended % of energy intake
• carbohydrate: 50%: sucrose: up to 10%
• fat (total): < 35%: n-6 polyunsaturated: < 10% n-3 polyunsaturated: eat
1 portion (140 g) oily fish once or twice weekly monounsaturated: 10–20%
saturated: < 10%
• Protein: 10–15% (do not exceed 1 g/kg body weight/day)
• Fruit/vegetables: 5 portions daily

8. Drug management
•Insulin
•Sulphonylureas
•Meglitinides
•Metformin
• thiazolidinediones (glitazones)
•DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins)
•GLP-1 receptor agonists
•SGLT2 inhibitors

9. Complications of diabetes
Microvascular
• Retinopathy, cataract
• Impaired vision nephropathy
• renal failure
• peripheral neuropathy
• Sensory loss
• Pain

10. Autonomic neuropathy
gastrointestinal problems (gastroparesis; altered bowel habit)
Foot disease
ulceration
motor weakness
postural hypotension
arthropathy

11. Macrovascular
•Coronary circulation
• myocardial ischaemia/infarction
cerebral circulation
• transient ischaemic attack stroke
peripheral circulation
claudication
ischaemia

12. For more information
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