Engineering Computational Ecosystems

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Danilo Pianini

An introduction to our research interests.

(Near) Future city scenario

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 2 / 34

(Near) Future city scenario

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 3 / 34

(Near) Future city scenario

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 4 / 34

(Near) Future city scenario

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 5 / 34

Pervasive Devices
Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz)
a

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 6 / 34

Pervasive Devices

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 9 / 34

Pervasive Displays

Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz)
a

→
Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 10 / 34

Pervasive Ecosystems

Miriads of interacting devices and services as individuals in an ecosystem
No central control is involved
Actions are driven by the context
The system heals itself

Nature does it since hundreds of millions years
Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 12 / 34

Self organisation in nature: ants

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 13 / 34

Self organisation in nature: termites

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 14 / 34

Self organisation in nature: birds

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 15 / 34

Self organisation in nature: humans

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 16 / 34

Self organisation in nature: biochemistry

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 17 / 34

Pervasive Ecosystems

Challenges for ICT engineers
Design the rules for the ecosystem in a way that:
Fruitful cooperation is promoted
New services are created by combining the existing
Unwanted interactions are limited
Overall collective behaviour can be (formally) predicted and controlled
The system smoothly evolves with time

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 18 / 34

The SAPERE Project

http://www.sapere-project.eu

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 19 / 34

Eco-laws and Live Semantic Annotations

Live Semantic Annotations (LSA)
A uniﬁed description for devices, data, services
Is about interface, status, and behaviour of a component
It provides semantic information, and it is dynamic

Eco-Laws
They resemble chemical reactions
They take some reagent LSA, and provide some product LSA
They can diﬀuse an LSA in the neighborhood
They can aggregate LSAs like in chemical bonding
They form a small & ﬁxed set of natural eco-laws

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 20 / 34

Pervasive Ecosystems

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 21 / 34

Pervasive displays: multiple view
Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz)
a

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 22 / 34

Pervasive displays: local sharing
Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz)
a

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 23 / 34

Pervasive displays: steering

Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz)
a

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 24 / 34

Pervasive displays: case studies
Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz)
a

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 25 / 34

Pervasive displays: crowd steering
Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz)
a

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 26 / 34

Computational ecosystems: functional guarantees

Houston, we’ve got a problem.
Prediction diﬃculties
Thousands-devices scale system
Autonomous devices
Interaction plays a huge role

Formal proof
Mathematical guarantee
Only tackles simple cases

Model checking
Space state explosion for non-trivial cases

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 27 / 34

Computational ecosystems: simulation

How to simulate a (bio)chemical inspired computational ecosystem?
Classic Agent Based simulators
High expressiveness
Sub optimal level of abstraction
Non optimized

Classic chemical Kinetic Monte Carlo simulators
Extremely fast
No mobility
Extremely low-level

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 28 / 34

Computational ecosystems: Alchemist

Alchemist
Kinetic Monte Carlo engine
Mobility support
Dynamic connectivity support
Complex data items
Reaction-like programming allowed
Classic (weak) agents supported (Java-written)
Built from scratch
Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 29 / 34

Crowd evacuation

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 30 / 34

Crowd steering

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 31 / 34

Morphogenesis

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 32 / 34

Morphogenesis

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 33 / 34

References

Engineering computational ecosystems

Ing. Dott. Danilo Pianini
danilo.pianini@unibo.it

Alma Mater Studiorum—Universit` di Bologna a Cesena
a

Vieni via con noi - Cesena 2012

Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 34 / 34

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SAPERE WP1 Alchemist status at 02/2013

Danilo Pianini

This tutorial will introduce the research field of pervasive computing, with particular focus on spatial computing and pervasive ecosystems. It will show the applicative domain with a focus on pervasive displays, analysing the main challenges such systems present to software engineers. It will also show how relevant is the role of the simulation and properties checking in this area, in which a complete system deployment prior to release is almost impossible.

Engineering computational ecosystems (2nd year PhD seminar)

Danilo Pianini

Recipes for Sabayon: cook your own Linux distro within two hours

Danilo Pianini

Pervasive context-aware computing networks call for designing algorithms for information propagation and reconfiguration that promote self-adaptation, namely, which can guarantee – at least to a probabilistic extent – certain reliability and robustness properties in spite of unpredicted changes and conditions. The possibility of formally analyzing their properties is obviously an essential engineering requirement, calling for general-purpose models and tools. As proposed in recent works, several such algorithms can be modeled by the notion of computational field: a dynamically evolving spatial data structure mapping every node of the network to a data value. Based on this idea, as a contribution toward formally verifying properties of pervasive computing systems, in this article we propose a specification language to model computational fields, and a framework based on PRISM stochastic model checker explicitly targeted at supporting temporal property verification. By a number of pervasive computing examples, we show that the proposed approach can be effectively used for quantitative analysis of systems running on networks composed of hundreds of nodes.

A Framework to Specify and Verify Computational Fields for Pervasive Computin...

Danilo Pianini

Digital technology and computer science are more and more widespread, and they are set to become a major player in the democratic process. Some valuable tools that allow for such decision process to happen already exist. However, several concerns typical of the engineering process remain apparently uncovered. For instance, in a classic software engineering process, one or more artifacts are produced in the analysis phase that represent a formal, possibly machine understandable, model of the domain. Looking at the most common e-democracy platforms, this step is seemingly missing, along with others that concur at building a solid engineering process. This talk arise questions (and provide no answers) about the current status of the e-democracy under a software engineering point of view: how can a democratic process get formally modeled? Is the democratic process shaping the tools we have, or viceversa? Is there a trade-off between transparency and security? And if so, how to determine which level of observability should the system allow?

Democratic process and electronic platforms: concerns of an engineer

Danilo Pianini

The notion of a computational field has been proposed as a unifying abstraction for developing distributed systems, focusing on the computations and coordination of aggregates of devices instead of individual behavior. Prior field-based languages, however, have suffered from a number of practical limitations that have posed barriers to adoption and use. We address these limitations by introduction of Protelis, a functional language based on computational fields and embedded in Java, thereby enabling the construction of widely reusable components of aggregate systems. We demonstrate the simplicity of Protelis integration and programming through two examples: simulation of a pervasive computing scenario in the Alchemist simulator, and coordinated management of a network of services.

Protelis: Practical Aggregate Programming - Symposium on Applied Computing (S...

Danilo Pianini

En vedette (6)

SAPERE WP1 Alchemist status at 02/2013

Engineering computational ecosystems (2nd year PhD seminar)

Recipes for Sabayon: cook your own Linux distro within two hours

A Framework to Specify and Verify Computational Fields for Pervasive Computin...

Democratic process and electronic platforms: concerns of an engineer

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Interaction, Complexity, Coordination

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Containing the Semantic Explosion

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Nature-inspired Models of Coordination

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Originating from closed parallel systems, coordination models and technologies gained in expressive power so to deal with open distributed systems. In particular, nature-inspired models of coordination emerged in the last decade as the most effective approaches to tackle the complexity of pervasive, intelligent, and self-* systems. In this talk we survey the most relevant nature-inspired coordination models, discuss the main open issues, and explore the potential for their future development. [Invited Talk @ IDC 2012, Calabria, Italy, 26/9/2012]

Nature-inspired Coordination for Complex Distributed Systems

Andrea Omicini

These slides have been presented at the VISIGRAPP 2013, February 21-24, 2013, Barcelona, Spain. Simplicial complexes are extensively used for discretizing digital shapes in several applications. A structural description of a non-manifold shape can be obtained by decomposing the input shape into a collection of meaningful components with a simpler topology. Here, we consider a unique and dimension-independent decomposition of a non-manifold shape into nearly manifold components, known as the Manifold-Connected (MC-) decomposition. We present the Compact Manifold-Connected (MC-) graph, an efficient graph-based representation for the MC-decomposition, which can be combined with any topological data structure for encoding the underlying components. We present the main properties of this representation as well as algorithms for its generation. We also show that this representation is more compact than several topological data structures, which do not explicitly describe the non-manifold structure of a shape.

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Plus de Danilo Pianini

Time fluid field-based Coordination

Danilo Pianini

A distributed system can be seen as a single computational machine rather than a collection of multiple communicating machines, as it is usually perceived. Reasoning on the aggregate of situated devices under this privileged point of view can lead to interesting engineering solutions that allow for abstracting away the networking protocols, and focusing on producing advanced, self-stabilizing coordination algorithms.

Engineering the Aggregate - Talk at Software Engineering for Intelligent and ...

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Versioning and License selection

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Continuous Integration

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Enforce reproducibility: dependency management and build automation

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Productive parallel teamwork: Decentralized Version Control Systems

Danilo Pianini

Recently, two different techniques emerged that are tailored to environments pervaded of computational devices. On the one hand, aggregate programming, and especially computational fields-based programming, is a promising abstraction for coordinating the activities of multiple situated devices. On the other hand, augmented reality is emerging as new means of interaction with both software and physical entities. We note that both computational fields and augmented reality are tightly bound to the physical world, and that they both enrich it, with collective computation and augmented information respectively. This work presents an initial analysis of possible future research directions that involve these techniques, discussing some possible ways of integrating them.

Computational Fields meet Augmented Reality: Perspectives and Challenges

Danilo Pianini

Collective adaptive systems are an emerging class of networked and situated computational systems with a wide range of applications, such as in the Internet of Things, wireless sensor networks, and smart cities. Engineering such systems poses a number of challenges, and in particular many approaches, based upon designing the machine-to-machine interaction directly, suffer from a local-to-global abstraction problem. In this tutorial, we introduce the aggregate computing approach, rooted in the field calculus and practically available through the Protelis programming language, as a means to build collective, situated adaptive systems. The approach focuses on programming the overall aggregate behaviour, making use of a ``resilience API,'' while leaving to these libraries and the language machinery the responsibility of mapping this to the behavior of individual devices. This tutorial was first presented at the 11th IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO 2017) in Tucson, AZ, USA.

Practical Aggregate Programming with Protelis @ SASO2017

Danilo Pianini

Engineering resilient distributed systems remains extremely challenging, particularly in mapping from collective specifications to individual device behavior. Aggregate programming aims to address this problem using a computational field abstraction to provide inherent guarantees of resilience, scalability, and safe composition. These capabilities are provided, however, by an expressive but terse set of operators too low-level for pragmatic use in complex systems development. We thus present an API to raise the level of abstraction, thereby providing an accessible and user-friendly interface for construction of complex resilient distributed systems. In particular, we capture and organize a large, heterogeneous collection of algorithms and use patterns into a unified framework, including methods for common tasks such as leader election, distance and state estimation, and gossip-based information dissemination. We demonstrate how the expressiveness of this library reduces the abstraction gap required to engineer scenarios of large-scale pervasive computing, while introducing the novel multiInstance pattern enabling an unanticipated composition of computational fields.

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Continuous integration and delivery

Engineering Computational Ecosystems

1. Engineering computational ecosystems Ing. Dott. Danilo Pianini danilo.pianini@unibo.it Alma Mater Studiorum—Universit` di Bologna a Cesena a Vieni via con noi - Cesena 2012 Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 1 / 34

2. (Near) Future city scenario Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 2 / 34

3. (Near) Future city scenario Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 3 / 34

4. (Near) Future city scenario Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 4 / 34

5. (Near) Future city scenario Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 5 / 34

6. Pervasive Devices Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 6 / 34

7. Pervasive Devices Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 7 / 34

8. Pervasive Devices Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 8 / 34

9. Pervasive Devices Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 9 / 34

10. Pervasive Displays Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a → Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 10 / 34

11. Pervasive Displays Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a . . . . . . . Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 11 / 34

12. Pervasive Ecosystems Miriads of interacting devices and services as individuals in an ecosystem No central control is involved Actions are driven by the context The system heals itself Nature does it since hundreds of millions years Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 12 / 34

13. Self organisation in nature: ants Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 13 / 34

14. Self organisation in nature: termites Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 14 / 34

15. Self organisation in nature: birds Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 15 / 34

16. Self organisation in nature: humans Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 16 / 34

17. Self organisation in nature: biochemistry Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 17 / 34

18. Pervasive Ecosystems Challenges for ICT engineers Design the rules for the ecosystem in a way that: Fruitful cooperation is promoted New services are created by combining the existing Unwanted interactions are limited Overall collective behaviour can be (formally) predicted and controlled The system smoothly evolves with time Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 18 / 34

19. The SAPERE Project http://www.sapere-project.eu Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 19 / 34

20. Eco-laws and Live Semantic Annotations Live Semantic Annotations (LSA) A unified description for devices, data, services Is about interface, status, and behaviour of a component It provides semantic information, and it is dynamic Eco-Laws They resemble chemical reactions They take some reagent LSA, and provide some product LSA They can diffuse an LSA in the neighborhood They can aggregate LSAs like in chemical bonding They form a small & fixed set of natural eco-laws Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 20 / 34

21. Pervasive Ecosystems Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 21 / 34

22. Pervasive displays: multiple view Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 22 / 34

23. Pervasive displays: local sharing Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 23 / 34

24. Pervasive displays: steering Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 24 / 34

25. Pervasive displays: case studies Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 25 / 34

26. Pervasive displays: crowd steering Image courtesy of Alois Ferscha (Pervasive Computing Group, Johannes Kepler Universit¨t Linz) a Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 26 / 34

27. Computational ecosystems: functional guarantees Houston, we’ve got a problem. Prediction diﬃculties Thousands-devices scale system Autonomous devices Interaction plays a huge role Formal proof Mathematical guarantee Only tackles simple cases Model checking Space state explosion for non-trivial cases Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 27 / 34

28. Computational ecosystems: simulation How to simulate a (bio)chemical inspired computational ecosystem? Classic Agent Based simulators High expressiveness Sub optimal level of abstraction Non optimized Classic chemical Kinetic Monte Carlo simulators Extremely fast No mobility Extremely low-level Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 28 / 34

29. Computational ecosystems: Alchemist Alchemist Kinetic Monte Carlo engine Mobility support Dynamic connectivity support Complex data items Reaction-like programming allowed Classic (weak) agents supported (Java-written) Built from scratch Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 29 / 34

30. Crowd evacuation Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 30 / 34

31. Crowd steering Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 31 / 34

32. Morphogenesis Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 32 / 34

33. Morphogenesis Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 33 / 34

34. References Engineering computational ecosystems Ing. Dott. Danilo Pianini danilo.pianini@unibo.it Alma Mater Studiorum—Universit` di Bologna a Cesena a Vieni via con noi - Cesena 2012 Danilo Pianini (UniBo / DISI) Computational ecosystems November 6, 2012 34 / 34

Engineering Computational Ecosystems

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