Chapter 3 the us intelligence community

2. The IC is a federation of executive branch agencies and
organizations that work separately and together to
conduct intelligence activities necessary for the conduct
of foreign relations and the protection of the national
security of the United States
The threat to the United States that the Intelligence
Community must mitigate takes several forms. In
addition to conventional military threats that have
challenged us in the past, new transnational problems
involve the possibilities of terrorism, proliferation,
chemical and biological warfare, information
infrastructure attack, and narcotics trafficking.

4. Seventeen separate organizations
united to form the Intelligence
Community (IC). Each member
agency operates under its own
directive, yet they are all dedicated
to the defense of our country and
national security.

7. (CIA) is responsible for providing national security
intelligence to senior U.S. policymakers. The CIA
director is nominated by the president and confirmed by
the Senate. The director manages the operations, personnel and
budget of the CIA and acts as the National Human Source
Intelligence manager. The CIA is separated into four basic
components: the National Clandestine Service, the Directorate
of Intelligence, the Directorate of Science & Technology, and
the Directorate of Support. They carry out “the intelligence
cycle,” the process of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating
intelligence information to top U.S. government officials.
John O. Brennan is the director of the CIA.

9. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Intelligence and
Counterintelligence is responsible for the intelligence and
counterintelligence activities throughout the DOE complex, including nearly 30
intelligence and counterintelligence offices nationwide. The mission is to
protect, enable, and represent the vast scientific brain trust resident in DOE's
laboratories and plants. The office protects vital national security information
and technologies, representing intellectual property of incalculable value, and
provides unmatched scientific and technical expertise to the U.S. government to
respond to foreign intelligence, terrorist and cyber threats, to solve the hardest
problems associated with U.S. energy security, and to address a wide range of
other national security issues.
Steven K. Black is the director of the Office of Intelligence and
Counterintelligence.

11. The Office of Intelligence and Analysis is responsible for
using information and intelligence from multiple sources
to identify and assess current and future threats to the U.S. DHS
Intelligence focuses on four strategic areas: Promote
understanding of threats through intelligence analysis; Collect
information and intelligence pertinent to homeland security;
Share information necessaryfor action; and Manage intelligence
for the homeland security enterprise.The Under Secretaryfor
I&A also serves as DHS’ chief intelligence officer and is
responsible to both the secretaryof Homeland Security and the
director of National Intelligence.
John D. Cohen, Principal Deputy Under Secretary for Intelligence
and Analysis / CT Coordinator.

13. The Bureau of Intelligence and Research provides the Secretary of
State with timely, objective analysis of global developments as well
as real-time insights from all-source intelligence. It serves as the focal point
within the Department of State for all policy issues and activities involving
the Intelligence Community. The INR Assistant Secretary reports directly
to the Secretary of State and serves as the Secretary's principaladviser on
all intelligence matters. INR's expert, independent foreign affairs analysts
draw on all-source intelligence, diplomatic reporting, INR's public opinion
polling, and interaction with U.S. and foreign scholars. Their strong
regional and functional backgrounds allow them to respond rapidly to
changing policy priorities and to provide early warning and in-depth
analysis of events and trends that affect U.S. foreign policy and national
security interests.
Philip Goldberg is the assistant secretary of the Bureau of Intelligence and
Research (INR).

15. The Office of Intelligence and Analysis was established by the
Intelligence Authorization Act for fiscal 2004. OIA is responsible
for the receipt, analysis, collation, and dissemination of foreign
intelligence and foreign counterintelligence information related to the
operation and responsibilities of the Department of the Treasury. OIA
is a component of the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of
Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI). TFI marshals the
Department’s intelligence and enforcement functions with the twin aims
of safeguarding the financial system against illicit use and combating
rogue nations, terrorist facilitators, weapons of mass destruction
proliferators, money launderers, drug kingpins, and other national
security threats.
Leslie Ireland is the Treasury's assistant secretary for intelligence and
analysis.

17. Department of Defense combat support agency.
With more than 16,500 military and civilian
employees worldwide, DIA is a major producer and
manager of foreign military intelligence and provides military
intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force
planners, in the DOD and the Intelligence Community, in
support of U.S. military planning and operations and weapon
systems acquisition. The DIA director serves as principal
adviser to the secretary of defense and to the chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters of military intelligence. The
director also chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which
coordinates activities of the defense intelligence community.
Lt. Gen. Michael T. Flynn, USA, is the director of the DIA

18. DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE IN DEFENSE
OF THE NATION

19. Responsible for enforcing the controlled substance laws and regulations
of the United States. DEA’s Office of National Security Intelligence
(ONSI) became a member of the IC in 2006. ONSI facilitates full and
appropriate intelligence coordination and information sharing with other
members of the U.S. Intelligence Community and homeland security elements.
Its goal is to enhance the U.S.’s efforts to reduce the supply of drugs, protect
national security, and combat global terrorism. DEA has 21 field divisions in the
U.S. and more than 80 offices in more than 60 countries worldwide.
Rodney G. Benson is the chief of intelligence for the DEA.

21. The FBI, as an intelligence and law enforcement agency, is
responsible for understanding threats to our national security
and penetrating national and transnational networks that have a desire
and capability to harm the U.S. The National Security Branch was established in
response to a presidential directive and Weapons of Mass Destruction
Commission recommendation to establish a National Security Service that
combines the missions, capabilities, and resources of the FBI’s
counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and intelligence elements under the
leadership of a senior FBI official. In July 2006, the NSB created the WMD
Directorate to integrate components previously distributed throughout the FBI.
The NSB also includes the Terrorist Screening Center, which provides crucial,
actionable intelligence to state and local law enforcement, and the High-Value
Detainee Interrogation Group, an interagency body that collects intelligence
from key terror suspects to prevent attacks against the U.S. and its allies.
Andrew G. McCabe is the executive assistant director of the NSB.

23. Provides timely, relevant, and accurate geospatial
intelligence in support of national security objectives.
Information collected and processed by NGA is tailored for
customer-specific solutions. By giving customers ready access to
geospatial intelligence, NGA provides support to civilian and
military leaders and contributes to the state of readiness of U.S.
military forces. NGA also contributes to humanitarian efforts such as
tracking floods and fires, and in peacekeeping. NGA is a Department
of Defense Combat Support Agency. Headquartered in Springfield,
Va., NGA operates major facilities in the St. Louis, Mo. and
Washington, D.C. areas. The agency also fields support teams
worldwide.
Letitia A. Long is the director of the NGA.

25. Designs, builds and operates the nation's
reconnaissance satellites. NRO products, provided
to an expanding list of customers like the Central
Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense, can
warn of potential trouble spots around the world, help
plan military operations, and monitor the environment. As
part of the Intelligence Community, the NRO plays a
primary role in achieving information superiority for the
U.S. Government and Armed Forces. A DOD agency, the
NRO is staffed by DOD and CIA personnel. It is funded
through the National Reconnaissance Program, part of
the National Foreign Intelligence Program.
Betty J. Sapp is the director of the NRO.

27. Central Security Service is the nation's cryptologic organization
that coordinates,directs, and performs highly specialized activities
to protect U.S. information systems and to produce foreign signals
intelligence information. A high-technology organization,NSA is at the
forefront of communicationsand information technology. NSA is also one
of the most important centers of foreign language analysis and research
within the U.S. governmentand is said to be the largest employer of
mathematicians in the United States and perhaps the world. Founded in
1952, NSA is part of the Department of Defense and a member of the U.S.
Intelligence Community. The Agency supports military customers, national
policymakers, and the counterterrorismand counterintelligence
communities, as well as key international allies. Its workforce represents an
unusual combination of specialties: analysts, engineers, physicists,
mathematicians, linguists, computer scientists, researchers, as well as
customer relations specialists, security officers, data flow experts,
managers, administrative officers and clerical assistants.
Gen. Keith B. Alexander, USA, is the director of NSA/CSS.

29. The Honorable James R. Clapper was sworn in as the
fourth Director of National Intelligence (DNI) on
August 9, 2010.
As DNI,
Mr. Clapper leads the United States Intelligence
Community and serves as the principal intelligence
advisor to the President.

30. Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (AF ISR) is the Air
Force’s IC component that provides policy, oversight,
and guidance to all Air Force intelligence
organizations. The Air Force ISR Agency organizes, trains,
equips, and presents forces to conduct intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance for combatant commanders
and the nation. Air Force ISR is also responsible for
implementing and overseeing policy and guidance, and
expanding AF ISR capabilities to meet current and future
challenges. The AF ISR Agency commander serves as the
Service Cryptologic Element under NSA, and oversees Air
Force Signals Intelligence activities. The AF ISR Agency has
more than 19,000 military and civilian members serving at 72
locations worldwide and commands several subcomponents,
including the 70th ISR Wing, the 480th ISR Wing, the 361st
ISR Group, the Air Force Technical Application Center, and the
National Air and Space Intelligence Center.
Lt. Gen. Larry D. James, USAF, is the deputy chief of staff for ISR.

31. (G-2) is responsible for policy formulation,
planning, programming, budgeting, management,
staff supervision, evaluation, and oversight for
intelligence activities for the Department of the
Army. The G-2 is responsible for the overall
coordination of the five major military intelligence
(MI) disciplines within the Army: Imagery
Intelligence, Signals Intelligence, Human
Intelligence, Measurement and Signature
Intelligence, and Counterintelligence and Security
Countermeasures.
Lt. Gen. Mary A. Legere, USA, is the deputy chief of staff, G-2.

32. The Coast Guard's broad responsibilities include protecting
citizens from the sea (maritime safety), protecting America
from threats delivered by the sea (maritime security), and
protecting the sea itself (maritime stewardship). The Coast Guard's
persistent presencein the maritime domain, due to its diverse mission sets
and broad legal authorities, allows it to fill a unique niche within the
Intelligence Community. Because of its unique access, emphasis, and
expertise in the maritime domain Coast Guard Intelligence can collect and
report intelligence that not only supports Coast Guard missions, but also
supports national objectives. Coast Guard Intelligence strives to create
decision advantage to advanceU.S. interests by providing timely, actionable,
and relevant intelligence to shape Coast Guard operations,planning, and
decision-making, and to support national and homeland security
intelligence requirements.
The Coast Guard became a member of the Intelligence Community Dec. 28, 2001.
Rear Adm. Christopher Tomney, USCG, is the Director of Coast Guard Intelligence.

33. Marine Corps Intelligence staff is responsible for intelligence,
counterintelligence, terrorism, classified information, security
review, and cryptologic activities.
Brig. Gen. Michael S. Groen USMC, is the director of intelligence.

34. Established in 1882, Naval Intelligence is America's
longest continuously operating intelligence service.
The mission of Naval Intelligence is to create a
decisive, warfighting advantage through accurate and timely
warning of enemy capability, location and intent. Naval
Intelligence professionals are deployed worldwide with
operational Navy forces and Department of Defense
elements, as well as at the Office of Naval Intelligence and
Navy headquarters in the Pentagon.
Vice Adm. Kendall Card, USN, is the director of Naval
Intelligence

36. ODNI Offices
•Acquisition, Technology& Facilities (AT&F)
•Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
•IC Chief Human Capital Officer (CHCO)
•Civil Liberties and Privacy Office (CLPO)
•IC Chief Information Officer(IC CIO)
•Chief Management Officer(CMO)
•Equal Employment Opportunity & Diversity(EEOD)
•Intelligence CommunityInspectorGeneral (IC IG)
•Intelligence Integration(DDII)
•Office of General Counsel (OGC)
•Legislative Affairs (OLA)
•Public Affairs (PAO)
•Partner Engagement (PE)
•Policyand Strategy (P&S)
•Systems & Resource Analyses (SRA)
ODNI Centers
•Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
(IARPA)
•InformationSharing Environment (ISE)
•National Counter proliferationCenter (NCPC)
•National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)
•National Intelligence Council (NIC)
•Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive
(ONCIX)

38. Terrorism: refers to premeditated, politically motivated
violence against state or civilian targets carried out by
subnational groups or clandestine agents intended as a
protest or coercive act.
Biological Warfare: is the deliberate use of pathogens or
toxins for military or terrorist purposes. Biological warfare
agents can be more toxic than chemical warfare nerve agents
on a weight-for-weight basis and can potentially provide
broader coverage per pound of payload. Biological warfare
attacks can also be masked as naturally occurring epidemics
due to the presence of a biological warfare agent such as
bacillus anthracic (anthrax) in the environment.
Chemical Warfare: canbe defined as the military use of
chemicals, other than explosives, as weapons whose use
results in incapacitation or death. It’s the impact of a
chemical's effect, instead of its physical effects, that
distinguishes chemical weapons from conventional weapons.
Proliferation: is the conveyanceof chemical,
biological, radiological or nuclear weaponsand/or
technologyby countriesthat possessthem to ones that
do not.
Information Infrastructure Attack: Political
activism on the Internet has generated a wide range of
activity, from using e-mail and web sites to organize, to web
page defacements and denial-of-service attacks. These
computer-based attacks are usually referred to as hacktivism,
a marriage of hacking and political activism.
Counterintelligence: Oneresponsibility of the IC is
to identify, understand,prioritize and counteractthe
intelligence threats from foreign powers directed
toward the United States. This activity is known as
counterintelligence.Counterintelligenceinvolvesmore
than simply catchingspies (counterespionage);it is
concernedwith understanding,andpossibly
neutralizing, all aspectsof the foreign intelligence
operations.
Narcotics Trafficking : Alongwith preventionand
treatment, law enforcementis essential for reducing
drug use. Illegal drug trafficking inflicts violence and
corruptionon our communities. Law enforcementis the
first line of defenseagainst such unacceptableactivity.
In addition to federal investigative and enforcement
efforts, IC member agenciesare committed to support
of local and state law enforcementin their efforts to
combat illegal drug trafficking

39. According to the type of activity involved, intelligence can be
divided into four parts, often referred to as the "elements of
Intelligence
1. Collection
2. Analysis
3. Covert Action
4. Counterintelligence

40. The Intelligence Community is
subject to external oversight
from the Executive and
Legislative branches. Within
the Executive, the IC works
closely with the National
Security Council (NSC).Other
Executive organizations
involved in oversight include
the following:

41. 2. The President's Intelligence Oversight Board (IOB):
Once a separate organization under the President, the IOB was made a standing
committee of the PFIAB in 1993.,
3. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB):
OMB is part of the Executive Office of the President. It reviews intelligence
budgets in light of presidential policies and priorities, clears proposed testimony,
and approves draft intelligence legislation for submission to Congress.
1. The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB):
The PFIAB is an entity within the Executive Office of the President, formed "to
assess the quality, quantity, and adequacy" of intelligence collection, analysis,
counterintelligence, and other activities of the IC. The PFIAB reports directly to the
President,

42. Principal Oversight--By law, the President must ensure that these two
committees are kept "fully and currently" informed of activity (IC)
1. The Senate Select Committeeon Intelligence(SSCI):
The membership of the SSCI has ranged from 13 to 17, with the majority party in Congress
having one more member than the minority. Members of the SSCI serve 8-year terms. In addition to its
role in annually authorizing appropriations for intelligence activities,the SSCI carries out oversight
investigations and inquiries as required.
2. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI):
The membership of the HPSCI is currently set at 19 members and is proportional to the
partisan makeup of the entire House of Representatives.Members may be appointed for terms up to
eight years.Like its Senate counterpart,the HPSCI conducts oversightinvestigationsand inquiries in
addition to processing the annual authorization of appropriationsfor intelligence.
3. OtherCommittees:
In addition to the intelligence committees,other congressional committees occasionally
become involved in oversightmatters by virtue of their overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities.The
armed services committees of each House, for example,exercise concurrentjurisdiction over DOD
intelligence activities, and the judiciary committees in each House exercise concurrentjurisdiction over
FBI intelligence activities.

43. The DNI is not connected to any
intelligence agency. The head of the
Central Intelligence Agency (DCI) is
now only the director of the CIA. In
addition to his staff, the DNI controls
the National Counterterrorism Center
(NCTC), a new National Counter
proliferation Center (NCPC), the
National Intelligence Council (NIC),
and the National Counterintelligence
Executive. Figure 1 offers a view of
the community.

45. Collection refers to the gathering of raw data, through
espionage, technical means, exploitation of "open
sources"
• Human-Source Intelligence (HUMINT)
• Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
• Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)
• Measurement and Signature Intelligence
(MASINT)
• Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)
• Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)

47. Analysis refers to the process of transformingthe pieces of information into
somethingthat is usable by policy makers and militarycommanders. The
result, or "intelligence product”
Cryptanalysis. Cryptanalysis is the analytic investigation of an
information system with the goal of illuminating hidden
aspects of that system.
Telemetry/SignalsAnalysis. Telemetry/Signals Analysis is a technical
discipline that seeks to recover, understand, and derive intelligence
from foreign signals.
Photo Interpretation. Despite the sophistication of the equipment that can
take pictures deep within otherwise inaccessible territory, no
substitute has been found for the human eye when it comes to
figuring out what those images show.

48. “TPED" is an acronym that stands for "tasking,
processing, exploitation and dissemination." There is
an emerging belief that the community would be
better served with a TPPU cycle that is Task, Post,
Process, and Use. Some have suggested that TPED
is the supply-chain management for the GEOINT
Community. Alternatively, you can think of TPED as
shorthand for the ensemble of people, systems, and
processes that add value to a geospatial intelligence
collection system. TPED is a cycle, developing raw
data into finished information for policymakers to use
in decision making and action. The below diagram
illustrates the cyclic nature of the process:

49. The analysisdescribed does not go directly to the policy maker or military
commander. Developingfinishedintelligenceinvolvesanalytical techniques
not different from those of the social sciences.
Scientific Intelligence. Understanding new weapon systems that the
enemy was developing thus became an important objective.
Military Intelligence. Military intelligence deals with information about
foreign militaries and preparing your own military forces for the time
of war. The basic military intelligence is the "order of battle,“
Political Intelligence. Political intelligence consists of information
concerning the political processes, ideas, and intentions of foreign
countries, factions, and leaders. The analysis that produces this
intelligence is similar to all academic and journalistic research on
both international and domestic politics.

51. Aside from instancesin which relevant information cannot be obtained at all,
intelligencefailurerefers to a disorder of the analyticalprocess that causes
data to be ignored or misinterpreted. looking first at institutionalfailuresand
then at those that relate more directly to the intellectual content of the
intelligencework.
• Subordination of Intelligence to Policy.
• Unavailability of Information When and Where Needed.
• Received Opinion.
• Mirror-Imaging.

58. This discussion provided an overall pictureof the U.S. IntelligenceCommunitytodayand how it
functions.
The organizationof the IC is governed by the National SecurityAct of 1947, as amended, and
ExecutiveOrder 12333. The statutory organizational relationshipswere revised with the Intelligence
Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Though the IntelligenceCommunitycharacterizesitself
as a "federation"of its memberelements, its overall structureis actuallya confederation, due to its
lack of a well-defined, unifiedleadership and governancestructure. Underthe law, the head of the
IntelligenceCommunityis the Directorof NationalIntelligence(DNI).

59. The DNI exerts leadership over the Intelligence
Community primarily through the statutory
authorities under which he:
• Controls the National Intelligence Program budget;
• Establishes objectives, priorities, and guidance for
the Intelligence Community; and
• Manages and directs the tasking of, collection,
analysis, production, and dissemination of national
intelligence by elements of the Intelligence
Community.

60. However, the DNI has no authority to direct and control any element of the
Community except his own staff, the Office of the DNI. The member elements in
the executive branch are directed and controlled by their respective department
heads, who are all cabinet-level officials who report to the President. Only the
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency reports to the DNI. The Intelligence
Community is overseen by a number of U.S. Congressional committees. Primary
jurisdiction over the Community is assigned to the U.S. House Permanent Select
Committee on Intelligence and the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
though the U.S. House Committee on Armed Services and U.S. Senate Committee
on Armed Services draft bills to annually authorize the budgets of Department of
Defense intelligence activities, and Appropriations Committees of both chambers
annually draft bills to appropriate the budgets of the Intelligence Community.

61. Mark M. Lowenthal
Assistant Directorof Central Intelligencefor
Analysis and Production
Vice-Chairman for Evaluation, National
Intelligence
Council
KEY TERMS
• Crosswalks
• Deputies Committee
• National Intelligence Priorities Framework
• Principals Committee Supplementals