Arrangement of Li-ion cells in a battery: series, parallel; parallel-first, series-first; issues with each arrangement and solutions. From the book "Li-ion Batteries and Applications" by Davide Andrea

1. Li-ion batteries
and applications
Baterías de iones de litio
y aplicaciones
Davide Andrea
Elithion Inc.
Volume 1: Batteries
Ch 4: Cell arrangement
Volúmen 1: Baterias
Cap. 4: Arreglo de celdas

2. Chapter 4.1
Cell arrangement - introduction
Arreglo de celdas - introducción
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction

3. Basic cell arrangements
Arreglos básicos de celdas
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction

4. Arrangement notation
Notación del arreglo
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction

5. Specifications for each arrangement
Especificaciones para cada arreglo
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction

6. Module arrangement
Arreglo de módulos
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction

7. Module and cell arrangement
Arreglo de módulos y celdas
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction

8. Weak cell
Celda débil
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction

Low capacity

High series resistance

High self-discharge current

Low Coulombic efficiency

9. Battery operating point
Punto de funcionamiento de una batería
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction
Energy, power
Batería de energía,
poder
Buffer battery
Amortiguador

10. Buffer battery operating range
Gama de operación por una batería amortiguadora
Ch 4.1: Cell arrangement - Introduction
AsymmetricalSymmetrical
SimétricoAsimétrico

11. Chapter 4.2
Cell arrangement - Series strings
Arreglo de celdas - Cadenas en serie
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

12. Current in a series string
Corriente en una cadena en serie
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

13. Current to individual cells
Corriente a celdas individuales
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

14. Protecting cells in a series string
Protección de las celdas en una una cadena en serie
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

15. Voltage sharing
Compartimiento de tensión
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

16. Mismatched cells in series
Celdas no coincidentes en serie
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

17. String capacity and SoC
Capacidad y SoC de cadenas
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

Discharge Availability

Charge Acceptance
string_capacity [Ah] = DA [Ah] + CA [Ah]
string_SoC [%] =
= 100 * DA [Ah] / string_capacity [Ah]

18. Balance of 6 cells in series
Balance de seis celdas en serie
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

19. 3-cell string, equal capacity,
balanced
Cadena de 3 celdas de igual capacidad, balanceada
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

20. 3-cell string, equal capacity, unbalanced
Cadena de 3 celdas de igual capacidad, desbalanceada
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

21. 3-cell string, unequal capacity, unbalanced
Cadena de 3 celdas, capacidad desigual, desbalanceada
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

22. Top-balanced string
Cadena balanceada en la cima
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

23. Mid-balanced string
Cadena balanceada en el centro
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

24. Buffer battery, balance point = ref SoC
Batería amortiguadora, punto de balance = Estado
de Carga de referencia
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string
Both at 50 %
Ambos al 50%
Both at 30 %
Ambos al 30%
Both at 30 %
Ambos al 30%

25. Buffer battery, balance point ≠ ref SoC
Batería amortiguadora, punto de balance ≠ Estado
de Carga de referencia
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

26. Imbalance detection
Detección de desbalance
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

27. Normal causes for imbalance
Causas normales de desbalance
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string
Self-discharge
Autodescarga
Cycling
Durante ciclos

28. Balancing
Balanceo
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

Required balancing current

Balancing methods and time

Cases where balancing is not required

29. Cell voltage reversal
Inversión de voltaje de una celda
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

30. Direct connection to capacitive load
Conexión directa a carga capacitiva
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string

31. Charging a series string
Carga de una cadena en serie
Ch 4.2: Cell arrangement - Series string
a) Top
balanced; b)
Imbalanced,
fixed charger;
c) Imbalanced,
remotely
configurable
charger.

32. Chapter 4.3
Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks
Arreglo de celdas - Bloques en paralelo
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks

33. Equal paths for all parallel cells
Rutas iguales por todas las celdas en paralelo
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks

34. Mismatched cells in parallel
Celdas no coincidentes en paralelo
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks

35. Many small cells in parallel vs 1 large cell
Muchas celdas pequeñas en paralelo vs una celda grande
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks

36. Maximum inrush current
Máxima irrupción de corriente
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks

37. Maximum inrush current
Máxima irrupción de corriente
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks

38. Worst case inrush current
Peor caso de irrupción de corriente
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel blocks

39. Worst case inrush current
Peor caso de irrupción de corriente
Ch 4.3: Cell arrangement - Parallel block

40. Chapter 4.4
Cell arrangement - Parallel-first
Arreglo de celdas - Paralelo-primero
Ch 4.4: Cell arrangement - Parallel-first

41. Parallel-first arrangement
Arreglo paralelo-primero
Ch 4.4: Cell arrangement - Parallel-first

42. Fuse per cell
Un fusible para cada celda
Ch 4.4: Cell arrangement - Parallel-first

43. Chapter 4.5
Cell arrangement - Series-first
Arreglo de celdas - Serie-primero
Ch 4.5: Cell arrangement - Series-first

44. Comparison: number of voltage taps
Comparación: número de grifos de voltaje
Ch 4.5: Cell arrangement - Series-first

45. Effect of low capacity cells
Efecto de celdas de baja capacidad
Ch 4.5: Cell arrangement - Series-first

46. Effect of high resistance cells
Efecto de celdas de alta resistencia
Ch 4.5: Cell arrangement - Series-first

47. High resistance cell under load
Celda de alta resistencia bajo carga
Ch 4.5: Cell arrangement - Series-first

48. Perceived advantages
Méritos percibidos
Ch 4.5: Cell arrangement - Series-first

49. Fuse per string
Un fusible para cada cadena
Ch 4.5: Cell arrangement - Series-first

50. Chapter 4.6
Cell arrangement - Other
Arreglo de celdas - Otros
Ch 4.6: Cell arrangement - Other

51. Complex arrangements
Arreglos complejos
Ch 4.6: Cell arrangement - Other
7S 7S5P2S (2S2P)(3S2P)(2S2P)