A brief about what and how of trends followed in Green waste management in businesses -2020

1. EMERGING TRENDS IN GREEN TECHNLOGY
Submitted By
Deepak Anilkumar Gupta
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr. Shailesh Mapuskar
A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF MMS TO
VIDYALANKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Wadala (East), Mumbai 400 037
July 2020

2. EMERGING TRENDS IN GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Submitted By
Deepak Anilkumar Gupta
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr. Shailesh Mapuskar
A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF MMS TO
VIDYALANKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Wadala (East), Mumbai 400 037
July 2020
Signature of Faculty Guide Head of Department

3. DECLARATION
This is to declare that the study presented by me to Vidyalankar Institute of Technology,
in partial completion of the Master in Management Studies (MMS) under the
“Emerging Trends in Green Technology” has been accomplished under the guidance
of Shailesh Mapuskar
Deepak Anilkumar Gupta

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My project on “Emerging Trends in Green Technology” has been a great learning
experience. I was exposed to the different areas of research in finance and gained
valuable experience, which I will always recall with a sense of satisfaction and pride.
This is to acknowledge Mr. Shailesh Mapuskar under whose guidance I have been able
to successfully complete this project and effectively come to a very successful
conclusion.
To all my colleagues who have helped me either directly or indirectly, I am grateful for
their valuable inputs. This project would not have been possible without their help.
Deepak Anilkumar Gupta

5. INDEX:
Sr.
No.
Table of Contents Page No.
1. Introduction
i. Scope of project
ii. Limitations
1-3
2. Literature Review 4-8
3. Research Methodology
i. Nature and source of data
ii. Data collection
iii. Data handling statistical used
iv. Data interpretation and findings
9-14
4. Recommendations 15
5. Conclusion 16
6. References 17

6. 1
I. INTRODUCTION
This study is primarily focused on the emerging trends in green technology on how it
benefits the organization, environment, and humanity. The study further reflects on
various outcomes as to what are the advantages and disadvantages which need to be
taken care of while implying green technology in workspaces. Green Waste
Management (GWM) is an organized process of storage, collection, transportation,
processing and disposal of solid refuse residuals in an engineered sanitary landfill. It is
an integrated process comprising several collection methods, varied transportation
equipment, storage, recovery mechanisms for recyclable material, reduction of waste
volume and quantity by methods such as composting, waste-to-power and disposal in a
designated engineered sanitary landfill. The selection of a suitable Green Waste
Management process is driven by the source and quality of waste produced.
1. Scope of study:
The scope of these changing trends in technology, which includes understanding the
need to switch from conventional non-green technology to new green technology and
how it benefits the organization over a longer period of time with tangible gains. Some
of the benefits of green technology implementation within the organization will be
studied not only theoretically but also with specific numbers that are; the monetary
benefits within the organization like the reduction of various energy bills, reduction in
the general office expense, tax benefits, and some of the intangible benefits such as the
improvement in the employee health, increased customer attraction towards the
company, market value and standing of the company. Although there are many such
benefits, knowing the what, why, and how to imply green technology is of utmost
importance because of the daily emerging new trends.
The subject green technology includes a wide range of areas and aspects such as
conservation and management of nature and natural resources which involve
conserving land, water, soil, plants, animals as well as ecology and ecosystem, the
impact of human activities on environment such as deforestation, environmental
pollution and how can we control it, also the social issues related to the environment
such as cleaning of beaches, planting more trees etc.

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The study further majorly focuses on green waste management on how and which
methods to be used for the collection of data regarding it and how to further reduce,
reuse, and recycle it. Green waste, also known as biological waste is any organic waste
that can be composted and it is mostly the refuse from gardens such as grass clippings
or leaves and domestic or industrial kitchen wastes which include dry as well as wet
waste wherein there are certain methods used which will be further discussed such as
biological reprocessing, dump in a sanitary landfill, waste to energy conversion, the
composting: which is creating rich humus for garden and lawn, bioremediation, thermal
treatment which includes the incineration and plasma gasification, etc.
Renewable energy resources being the most crucial form of energy and sustainability
becomes a core feature of every technology in the future and sustaining it requires an
understanding of how it can be used effectively on a day-to-day basis so that it becomes
an asset for the company. Green technology or environmental technology is used not
only to have a better environment for the future but also to repair the damages and
mistakes done in the past. Our study is thus being comprehensive and focused on
emerging trends and sub focused on green waste management which will help not only
to become a better manager for a company but also a better human for the environment.
2. Limitations: SWOT Analysis

8. 3
II. Literature review:
(Esmaeilion, 2004) An ever-growing population means an ever-growing requirement
for energy. It is essential in every walk of life. Energy sources can be broadly classified
as renewable and non-renewable. Knowing the dreadful fact that nonrenewable sources
will eventually deplete, the importance of renewable sources cannot be underestimated.
The most important aspect while utilizing them is their impact on the environment.
(Shahzad, 2017) Renewable sources of energy which include various kinds such as
solar energy, wind energy, hydropower energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, biogas
and biomass energy, The Indian renewable energy sector is the fourth most attractive1
renewable energy market in the world. India is ranked fourth in wind power, fifth in
solar power and fifth in renewable power installed capacity as of 2018.
As India looks to meet its energy demand on its own, which is expected to reach 15,820
TWh by 2040, renewable energy is set to play an important role. As a part of its Paris
Agreement commitments, the Government of India has set an ambitious target of
achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022. These include 100 GW of
solar capacity addition and 60 GW of wind power capacity. Government plans to
establish renewable energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030.
Picture 2.1: India’s progress in Renewable energy sector
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
1) Green Technology:
Green Technology is application of environmental science by conserving the planet and
using its natural resources. It is also useful to curb the bad impacts of human

9. 4
involvement on the nature. It is also called as Clean Technology.(Syed & Sultana, 2019)
Sustainable development is the key concept in this. This technology comprises of set of
methods and techniques for generating energy from renewable resources. Energy
generating techniques involve photo voltaic, turbines of wind, hydro-electricity
generators etc. Green Technology acts to reduce the toxicity present in the nature by
counteracting them or alter the conditions which produce them.
▪ There are 5 branches of Green Technology:
a. Green Electricity
(Iravani, 2018) Green electricity can be described as electricity generation from the
green energy resources like solar, wind, biomass etc It is reported by the IEA
(International Energy Agency) that a global switch to efficient lighting systems would
trim the world's electricity bill by nearly one-tenth.
Picture 2.2: Green electricity conventional and green sources
b. Green IT
(Park, 2014) Green Information technology and communication designs use products
which can reduce the negative effects of human activity on the environment. Many
corporate IT departments have green computing mechanisms to reduce the
environmental effect of their IT operations.

10. 5
Picture 2.3: Applications of Green IT
c. Green Nanotechnology
Green Nano-technology producing Nano-materials and products without harming the
environment or human health. These are used to make micro and nano products using
non-toxic ingredients at low temperatures using less energy and Renewable inputs.
d. Green Buildings
(Lai et al., 2016) Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable
building) refers to both a structure and the implementation of processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
Picture 2.4: Green Building

11. 6
e. Green Chemistry
(Syed & Sultana, 2019) Green chemistry, also called as sustainable chemistry, is an
approach of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products
and processes that minimize the use of chemicals and the generation of hazardous
substances.
Table 2.1: Emerging trends among different renewable energy sources
Sr.
No
Renewable Energy Sources Emerging trends
1. Solar energy a) Solar cell
b) Solar cooker
c) Solar water heater
d) Solar power plant
2. Wind energy a) Wind turbines
b) Wind mill
c) Anemometer
3. Hydropower energy a) Water turbines
b) Electric generator
4. Tidal energy Turbines
5. Geothermal energy Heat pumps
6. Biogas
7. Bio mass energy a) Energy plantation
b) Petro plants
c) Agriculture and
urban waste
d) Biomass

12. 7
2) Green waste management:
Significance of Green waste management:
(Ahmadi et al., 2019) Green waste left to decompose in a landfill produces higher
quantities of methane, which is released into the atmosphere. When this waste is
composted or recycled, this is avoided – making it much better for the environment.
The other significant advantage is the more we recycle green waste, the less space we
need for landfills. Indian landfills are already near capacity, so anything we can do to
avoid using them unnecessarily helps our environment. The eventual goal of zero waste
and zero-to-landfill in the waste management industry can only be achieved by making
sure all biodegradable materials are disposed of in the most responsible manner
possible. And that begins with you.
3) Green waste conversion methods used:
a) Biological reprocessing:
(Jin et al., 2015) Organic matter going through the biological decomposition process
forms mulch or compost, which later can be used for agricultural purpose. Biological
reprocessing helps to speed up the natural decomposition of organic matter. The
methane that comes as a gaseous waste can be used for producing heat and electricity.
Picture 2.5: Process of Biological reprocessing

13. 8
b) Dump in a sanitary landfill
(Mingaleva et al., n.d.) Sanitary landfill setup involves a well-designed engineering
method to ensure that the environment is protected. It is made with layers of different
levelling, with the bottom having the smallest volume which gets bigger as you move
towards the top. This volume difference is to make sure that land does not collapse.
Picture 2.6: Layers in a sanitary landfill
c) Waste to energy conversion
(Agarwal & Chaudhary, 2015) This disposal technique generates heat or electricity
from waste materials. It can come in handy when you need disposing of non-recyclable
items by converting them into heat, fuel or electricity. Reducing the need for fossil fuel
can help decrease carbon emission.
d) Composting:
(Argun et al., 2017) Composting is a natural process that breaks down organic waste
and turns it into rich manure that can be used to improve the quality of the soil in your
garden. Rather than throwing organic waste into the rubbish bin and having waste
disposal people deal with it, put it aside and mix it all over time.

14. 9
Picture 2.7: Process of composting
e) Thermal treatment: incineration
(Mingaleva et al., n.d.) This process converts waste material into gas, ash and heat.
Mass of waste reduces by 95 to 96% when processed through incineration
plants. Moreover, the energy produced can be used for other purposes. As there is no
decay, bad smell or methane does not form, and the heat destroys the harmful germs
and chemicals The modern incinerators have a computerized monitoring system that
allows them to use a computer to troubleshoot most of the problems.
Picture 2.8: Incineration process

15. 10
f) Plasma Gasification
(Mingaleva et al., n.d.) This process of waste management utilizes highly ionized or
electrically charged gases called plasma within a vessel to convert carbon-based
materials into fuel. It is an emerging technology that treats hazardous waste by
converting incinerator ash or chemicals into non-hazardous slag. The high temperature
and lack of oxygen prevent the formation of toxin compounds like dioxins, NOX, furans
or Sulphur dioxide. The whole processing of waste is ecologically clean, converting
solid or liquid wastes into a syngas.
g) Wet waste convertor
(Esmaeilion, 2004) A waste converter is a machine used for the treatment and recycling
of solid and liquid refuse material. A typical treatment cycle will begin with the loading
of sorted waste material and end in the offload of a dry powder of compost product,
which now possesses new characteristics and that the input material did not. The
garbage is loaded into a chamber of the conversion cell, by hand or through the use of
a loading elevator or conveyor belt, depending on the application and toxicity/danger
level associated with handling the waste. The previous batch of post-treatment product
is removed and a new cycle is started through an electronic control panel. Modern
converters are fully automatic and will finish the computer-controlled cycle
autonomously, unless a failure occurs.

16. 11
III. Research Methodology:
i. Nature and Source of data:
Primary data was collected from the cafeteria registered book wherein the per day waste
generation was mentioned in an orderly and sequential manner with proper dates. The
data thus mentioned below is of significant manner and is further used to carry out the
further processes required to manage the green waste. The collected data is on the basis
of present practice of green waste , sources of waste generation, process of collection
of waste from various places, waste transportation schedule, waste disposal process,
total manpower and infrastructure deployed, management of waste at landfill site,
problems with existing solid waste management system, and future plans about
municipal solid waste management. The findings further mentioned give us a broader
view on the waste management methods which would be beneficial not only for the
business but also for the environment.
ii. Data collection: Cafeteria registered book data from 1/06/2020 to
30/06/2020.
Sr.No Date Per day waste generated (in kgs)
1. 1/06/2020 110
2. 2/06/2020 109
3. 3/06/2020 105
4. 4/06/2020 104
5. 5/06/2020 107
6. 6/06/2020 100
7. 7/06/2020 HOLIDAY
8. 8/06/2020 108
9. 9/06/2020 110
10. 10/06/2020 107
11. 11/06/2020 105
12. 12/06/2020 104
13. 13/06/2020 102
14. 14/06/2020 HOLIDAY
15. 15/06/2020 101
16. 16/06/2020 109
17. 17/06/2020 105
18. 18/06/2020 106
19. 19/06/2020 108
20. 20/06/2020 110
21. 21/06/2020 HOLIDAY
22. 22/06/2020 105
23. 23/06/2020 106
24. 24/06/2020 108
25. 25/06/2020 107
26. 26/06/2020 101
27. 27/06/2020 108
28. 28/06/2020 HOLIDAY
29. 29/06/2020 110
30. 30/06/2020 106

17. 12
Graph 3.1: Histogram representation of average waste collection
iii. Data handling, statistical tool used:
The appropriate statistical method was used for data analysis and interpretation. such
as mean, percentage and graphs etc. For better understanding of interrelationship among
different variables Excel spread sheet was used.
iv. Data interpretation and findings:
Average waste collected: 106 kg; Suggested solution: Wet waste converter
Table 3.1: Specifications needed for wet waste converter
Sr.
No.
Particulars Specifications
1. Dimensions 6.5 ft x 2.2 ft x 4.3 ft
2. Capacity required 50 -100 kg
3. Number of cycles required 2-3
4. Price 2,50,000/- to 3,00,000/-
5. Composting system 24-48 hours approx.
6. Payback period:
Initial investment: 300000/-
Cash inflow: 40000/-
=300000/40000
=7.5 years
7. Input Segregated organic waste
8. Output Dry organic compost
110
109
105
104
107
100
108
110
107
105
104
102
101
109
105
106
108
110
105
106
108
107
101
108
110
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829
Amountofwaste
Days
Waste per day

18. 13
Picture 3.1: Wet waste converter
Composting method: Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganism-based composting
with aerobic fermentation and approx. 80% volume reduction.
Advantages:
1. Protection against: Harmful greenhouse gas emissions
2. Protection against: Waste added to landfills
3. Protection against: Air, water, soil pollution
4. Protection against: Toxic gas explosions in landfills
5. Fast in processing and fully automatic
6. No secondary pollution and composts all types of organic waste.
v. Other technologies available:
There are various technologies available other than wet waste convertor for green waste
management but the most efficient one among them is the wet waste convertor. The
other similar technologies which take higher amount of time and are more risky to
environment but are still used at some places are :

19. 14
1. Vermicompost:
Vermicompost is the product of the decomposition process using various species of
worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture
of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
Picture 3.2: Layers of vermicompost
2. Bio- digester
Bio digester is a device or structure in which the digestion of organic waste matter by
bacteria takes place with the production of a burnable biogas and a nutrient-rich slurry
Picture 3.3: Bio digester process

20. 15
3. Concrete rectangle
Concrete rectangle is a layer of Agricultural waste (Dry & green): 1350-1400 kgs;
Cattle dung or biogas slurry: 98 – 100 kgs; Fine-sieved soil: 1675 kgs; Water: 1350-
1400 liters. 2 feet additional added 1 time after 15-30 days per 90-120 days for full
compost.
Picture 3.4: Concrete Rectangle

21. 16
IV. Recommendations:
The political will is the first priority. Generally, Government bodies and municipalities
give priority to present problems which they face but do not think for future problems
due to environmental decay. Legislation and its effective enforcement is a key to
sustainability for which the framework requires to be established.
Efforts to improve waste storage and collection are required. This can be done when
each office and locality are provided standard bins that are placed outside for ease of
collection. In areas where this is not appropriate, centrally located waste collection
points should be established that are shared by a number of households. Co-operation
is required among communities, the informal sector, the formal waste collectors and
the authorities
In India, we cannot afford sanitary land filling as land is precious here and there are lot
of municipalities who do not have land as trenching ground. The source segregation
needs lot of study on human behavior against waste littering. A continuous sensitization
program is to be planned according to the sentiments of the residents towards their city.
If waste segregation is practiced, the potential threats can be minimized directly.
The adoption and transfer of the technologies from the developed countries without
adapting them to the local or regional perspective would be fallacious on the part of the
developing countries. Therefore, the technical aspects for a waste management would
have to take into account many points for planning and implementation of strategies
according to situation of the country.
Picture 3.5: Gypsum panel roofs
Picture 3.6: Green roof components
Gypsum Panels
A cost-effective and durable
way to construct a green
building is to use glass fiber
reinforced gypsum panels.
GFRG panels increase
durability and also
eliminates the need of beams
and columns in the building.
Green Roofs
Covering roofs with
vegetation moderates heat
and keep the building cool.
Plants do not allow direct
sunlight to hit the
building’s roof, hence
temperature in the building
is maintained

22. 17
V. Conclusion:
Thus, we can conclude that the there are many emerging trends in the green technology
with various fields and departments which are included in it and it also has a waste
scope in future. Green technology provides us with various benefits which can act as a
profitable business over a longer period of time. The sub part which has been focused
in this research is the green waste management within which we understood the need
of it and how wet waste convertor is a better technology then most of the alternatives.
Although it has a higher initial investment it provides us with better business image and
a healthy environment to employees which provides better efficiency and productivity.
The findings and recommendations are with respect to India and they can only be
successful if each individual takes waste management as his/ her responsibility and
segregates it effectively. Thus, with implementing the above-mentioned wet waste
convertor we can manage the waste effectively and look forward for a brighter future
with sustainable technologies.

23. 18
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Argun, Y. A., Karacali, A., Calisir, U., & Kilinc, N. (2017). Composting as a Waste
Management Method. January 2018.
Esmaeilion, F. (2004). Solid waste management in Business. 1–12.
Iravani, A. (2018). Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Technology ; Goals ,
Challenges and Strengths. September 2017.
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consumption and environmental impact of an integrated food waste-based biogas
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