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Global death causes & preventive strategy
- 1. Analysison leadingcauseof death & their prevention strategies The below snapshot based summary approaches to answer the aforementioned problem statement, along with relevant data points, leads & outlining a potential healthcare framework which acts around preventive approach to combat the disease onset & progression - Deepika Harish
- 2. Problem statement What are top causes of death worldwide & their impact on healthcare expenditure Is there any insightful characteristic/ common pattern associated with these indications What can be potent lead to develop a strategy plan to prevent the onset & progression of these disease indications 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 3. 1 Top 10 leading causes of death globally 1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Stroke 3. COPD 4. Lower respiratory infections 5. Neonatal conditions 6.Trachea, Bronchus & lung cancer 7. Alzheimer’s disease & other dementias 8. Diarrhoeal diseases 9. Diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes) 10. Kidney diseases 1 Source: WHO Global health estimates https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death The graph indicates top 10 causes of deaths globally (2019)1 - Accounted for 55% of 55.4 million deaths worldwide - Associated with three broad topics – • CVD - IHD, stroke • Respiratory – COPD, lower respiratory infections • Neonatal conditions - birth asphyxia, birth trauma, neonatal sepsis, preterm birth complications 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 4. 2 7 out of 10 are non communicable 1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Stroke 3. COPD 6.Trachea, Bronchus & lung cancer 7. Alzheimer’s disease & other dementias 9. Diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes) 10. Kidney diseases Source: WHO Global health estimates https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death New entrant in top 10 “70% increase in mortality since 2000” Leading cause of death since 2000 “8.9 million in 2019” 7 out of 10 cannot be transmitted horizontally across social strata yet deep rooted in terms of impacted numbers - These 7 account for 44% of all deaths - These 7 account for 80% of deaths caused by top 10 diseases 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 5. 3 6 out of 7 contributing to rising cost of healthcare expenditure 1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Stroke 3. COPD 6.Trachea, Bronchus & lung cancer 9. Diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes) 10. Kidney diseases 1 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association | Circulation (ahajournals.org) 2. The Cost of Diabetes | ADA 3.Mortality and global health estimates (who.int) 4. Annual financial cost of COPD $36 billion in U.S: CDC report – ScienceDaily $329.7 billion Annual direct & indirect cost of CVD & stroke in US (2013-2014)1 $ 1 in $7 healthcare $ spent in treating diabetes & related complications2 - IHD, Stroke, COPD, Diabetes - amongst top 10 global causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)* in 20193 - A measure of burden of disease *DALY for a disease is a measure of loss of the equivalent of one year of full health. Sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) & years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs) due to prevalent cases of the disease or health condition in a population > 80% increase in DALYs for diabetes (from 2000 to 2019)3 • $36 billion in U.S - Annual financial cost of COPD • 16.4 million days of work lost (in U.S.) each year due to COPD4 – C.D.C report Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 6. 4 6 are physiologically linked with common ‘modifiable’ risk factors 1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Stroke 3. COPD 6.Trachea, Bronchus & lung cancer 9. Diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes) 10. Kidney diseases 1 https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/conditions.htm 2. Diabetic Kidney Disease | NIDDK (nih.gov) 3. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/39/5/1230 4 Risk Factors for Stroke | Johns Hopkins Medicine 5 COPD Causes and Risk Factors | American Lung Association 6 Risk Factors for Ischemic Heart Disease - PubMed (nih.gov) Diseases are linked in terms of - • common risk factors includes smoking, cholesterol level, blood glucose level • family history or genetic predisposition • disease progression patterns • vulnerability of patient across multiple indications Majority of common risk factors are life-style related attributes & hence ‘modifiable’ Studies indicating linkage between the indications • Physical inactivity • Tobacco use • Cholesterol • Hypertension • Weight • Diabetes • Family history • Smoking • Occupational hazard • Environment • Constant exposure to air pollutants • Hypertension • Weight • High cholesterol • Smoking • Family history 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 7. 5 Indications are preventable 1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Stroke 3. COPD 6.Trachea, Bronchus & lung cancer 9. Diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes) 10. Kidney diseases 1 Preventing Stroke: Healthy Living Habits | cdc.gov 2 Prevent Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC 3 The Effects of Smoking Cessation on the Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations (nih.gov) 4 Diabetic Kidney Disease | NIDDK (nih.gov) upto 80% of strokes inU.S. are preventable1 Prediabetes can be reversed2 Prevalence of ‘modifiable’ life-style related risk factors gives a head start that these 6 indications are preventable !! Best way to slow/ prevent diabetes-related kidney disease is to try to reach blood glucose and blood pressure goals4 Smoking cessation reduces the risk of COPD exacerbations3 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 8. 6 A holistic healthcare management framework for prevention & onset of disease indication 1 Atrial Fibrillation & Ischaemic Stroke: Risk assessment algorithms (practical- haemostasis.com) 2 Development of a Prognostic Tool for the Stratification of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Ischemic Stroke - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov 3 A Risk Assessment Approach for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | PMI Science A framework comprising multitude of healthcare management strategies working across three dimensions- I. Population stratification basis risk assessment1,2,3 • ML/ AI powered ‘Risk Assessment’ algorithm to stratify high/ medium risk population • Utilize EMR data to investigate risk factors • To be driven by State/Govt. run programs for effective health data exchange & interoperability II. Monitoring risk factors for high to medium risk population & early stage diagnosis • Development of health monitoring ecosystem • User friendly solutions to monitor & communicate health data with provider • Digital • POC devices • Non invasive wearables • Skin patches • App enabled diagnostics • Cloud based data repository III. Preventive therapeutic & non-therapeutic interventions to control disease progression • AlertTriggering – proactive approach to align appointment • System enabled E- consultation • Health management programs by providers for better disease management • Incentivized healthcare plans/ wellness programs by employers to promote lifestyle enhancing habits “Interesting examples in next slide” 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 9. 1 Minuteful Kidney | Healthy.io 2. New technology for early detection of Type 1 diabetes - RMIT University 3 Electronic Skin Patches 2020-2030: IDTechEx 4 Home – Polso – Chronic Disease Management. Anywhere. (polsowatch.com) 5 Cardiomo Smartphone enabled Home Kidney testing kit1 Smartphone powered CKD early detection kit (ACR test kit)1 Currently in investigational use POC kit for early detection ofType I Diabetes2 Microchip based POC kit comprising multiple markers Currently in research Review study – Electronic skin patches3 Covering diabetes management, CVD, patient monitoring, etc. Wearable wrist watch tracking vital signs4 Oximeter, pulse rate, ECG, temperature, blood pressure, etc. Currently in investigational use Wearable patch tracking vital signs5 ECG, rate heart, respiratory rate, AI powered risk analysis, alert notifications Currently in pre-commercialization stage Have not covered plethora of marketed products present in the domain of glucometers, oximeters & fitbits.Touched the products which are offering futuristic approach to preventive healthcare management 7 Products for monitoring & early diagnosis of indications 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 10. 8 Final outcomes 1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Stroke 3. COPD 6.Trachea, Bronchus & lung cancer 9. Diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes) 10. Kidney diseases The framework once implemented and operational, has potential to yield following long term and short term outcomes – • Decrease in care gap • Better health outcomes • Decrease in healthcare cost expenditure • Increase in HR productivity These outcomes would be associated with defined metrics to measure the post plan benefit assessment in quantifiable manner 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 11. Disclaimer All views expressed in this article are my own and do not represent the opinion of any entity whatsoever with which I have been, am now, or will be affiliated. 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.
- 12. Thank you! I look forward to hear about your ideas/ comments on the thoughts shared in this article. Fee free to reach out to me via linkedIn or @Harish.Deepika@gmail.com - Deepika Harish 3/30/2021 Data points/ figures/ facts are wholly owned by the sources mentioned in the document. Author does not claim ownership of data points & facts mentioned in the document.