A full explanation of the details of using radioactive tracers in medicine. It's relevant to Unit 1 Module 1 SS1 and also will help you be sure you picked the right answer for the 2012 U1 P1 Q1.
Cape Unit 2 Module 3 Aluminium Extraction Cram SheetDenison Dwarkah
Everything you need to know for CAPE Unit 2 Module 3 on the chemistry of aluminium extraction. It will allow you to answer any past paper question on this topic. The physical properties of aluminium were left out since you can easily find those yourself.
How To Determine The Colour Of Transition Metal ComplexesDenison Dwarkah
Many times students ask the question as to how do we figure out what colour a complex will be. This is a basic starting point and applies to the CAPE Chemistry Syllabus, Module 3 Section 5.
Explanation of what the term 'metathesis' means. This is relevant to CAPE Chemistry Unit 2 Module 2 Syllabus Subsection 3. Precipitation gravimetry makes use of this type of reaction.
Comparison Of Ease Of Chlorination - Benzene, Methylbenzene And NitrobenzeneDenison Dwarkah
An easy to follow explanation of the relative ease of reactivity of benzene, methylbenzene and nitrobenzene which can be used to answer more than one CAPE Unit 2 chemistry question, including one from the 2013 exam paper.
A very basic look at the dative covalent bond. It is normally met at CAPE, but recently has been introduced to students in form three. It is that form three occurrence which really prompted this piece of work
Cape unit 2 chemistry reactions of halogenoalkanes cram sheetDenison Dwarkah
Everything you'll ever need to know to answer any CAPE chemistry question on halogenoalkanes.
Print double sided for one sheet that will solve all your problems.
Ideal for a five minute revision session just before the exam, or for a first time student wanting to know what's really important in this section of the syllabus.
Free Radical Substitution Of Propane - An Unanswerable CAPE Chemistry Questi...Denison Dwarkah
This presentation addresses the method used to calculate relative amounts of monosubstituted products as a result of free radical substitution involving alkanes and chlorine at RTP in the presence of sunlight/uv light.
It also deals with a CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry multiple choice question on the topic where students were given no correct option to choose.
Cape Unit 2 Module 3 Aluminium Extraction Cram SheetDenison Dwarkah
Everything you need to know for CAPE Unit 2 Module 3 on the chemistry of aluminium extraction. It will allow you to answer any past paper question on this topic. The physical properties of aluminium were left out since you can easily find those yourself.
How To Determine The Colour Of Transition Metal ComplexesDenison Dwarkah
Many times students ask the question as to how do we figure out what colour a complex will be. This is a basic starting point and applies to the CAPE Chemistry Syllabus, Module 3 Section 5.
Explanation of what the term 'metathesis' means. This is relevant to CAPE Chemistry Unit 2 Module 2 Syllabus Subsection 3. Precipitation gravimetry makes use of this type of reaction.
Comparison Of Ease Of Chlorination - Benzene, Methylbenzene And NitrobenzeneDenison Dwarkah
An easy to follow explanation of the relative ease of reactivity of benzene, methylbenzene and nitrobenzene which can be used to answer more than one CAPE Unit 2 chemistry question, including one from the 2013 exam paper.
A very basic look at the dative covalent bond. It is normally met at CAPE, but recently has been introduced to students in form three. It is that form three occurrence which really prompted this piece of work
Cape unit 2 chemistry reactions of halogenoalkanes cram sheetDenison Dwarkah
Everything you'll ever need to know to answer any CAPE chemistry question on halogenoalkanes.
Print double sided for one sheet that will solve all your problems.
Ideal for a five minute revision session just before the exam, or for a first time student wanting to know what's really important in this section of the syllabus.
Free Radical Substitution Of Propane - An Unanswerable CAPE Chemistry Questi...Denison Dwarkah
This presentation addresses the method used to calculate relative amounts of monosubstituted products as a result of free radical substitution involving alkanes and chlorine at RTP in the presence of sunlight/uv light.
It also deals with a CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry multiple choice question on the topic where students were given no correct option to choose.
Truth About Alcohol Oxidation - CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry Module 1Denison Dwarkah
Secondary alcohols can be oxidized past ketones and tertiary alcohols can be oxidized. We talked about this in the last CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry class. Here are the full details
High data quality and accuracy are recognized characteristics of Sanger re-sequencing projects and are primary reasons that next generation sequencing projects compliment their results by capillary electrophoresis data validation. We have developed an on-line tool called Primer Designer™ to streamline the NGS-to-Sanger sequencing workflow by taking the laborious task of PCR primer design out of the hands of the researcher by providing pre-designed assays for the human exome. The primer design tool has been created to enable scientists using next generation sequencing to quickly confirm variants discovered in their work by providing the means to quickly search, order and receive suitable pre-designed PCR primers for Sanger sequencing. Using the Primer Designer™ tool to design M13-tailed and non-tailed PCR primers for Sanger sequencing we will demonstrate validation of 28-variants across 24-amplicons and 19-genes using the BDD, BDTv1.1 and BDTv3.1 sequencing chemistries on the 3500xl Genetic Analyzer capillary electrophoresis platform.
Cis-Trans Isomerism In Organic Compounds For CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry StudentsDenison Dwarkah
Explains the basics of what cis-trans isomerism is, and how to spot it in organic compounds. A useful presentation for someone who is just starting CAPE unit 2 chemistry.
This presentation will help students understand the origin of colour in transition element complexes. It will also teach them how to score full marks on CAPE Unit 1 chemistry questions related to the topic.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Truth About Alcohol Oxidation - CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry Module 1Denison Dwarkah
Secondary alcohols can be oxidized past ketones and tertiary alcohols can be oxidized. We talked about this in the last CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry class. Here are the full details
High data quality and accuracy are recognized characteristics of Sanger re-sequencing projects and are primary reasons that next generation sequencing projects compliment their results by capillary electrophoresis data validation. We have developed an on-line tool called Primer Designer™ to streamline the NGS-to-Sanger sequencing workflow by taking the laborious task of PCR primer design out of the hands of the researcher by providing pre-designed assays for the human exome. The primer design tool has been created to enable scientists using next generation sequencing to quickly confirm variants discovered in their work by providing the means to quickly search, order and receive suitable pre-designed PCR primers for Sanger sequencing. Using the Primer Designer™ tool to design M13-tailed and non-tailed PCR primers for Sanger sequencing we will demonstrate validation of 28-variants across 24-amplicons and 19-genes using the BDD, BDTv1.1 and BDTv3.1 sequencing chemistries on the 3500xl Genetic Analyzer capillary electrophoresis platform.
Cis-Trans Isomerism In Organic Compounds For CAPE Unit 2 Chemistry StudentsDenison Dwarkah
Explains the basics of what cis-trans isomerism is, and how to spot it in organic compounds. A useful presentation for someone who is just starting CAPE unit 2 chemistry.
This presentation will help students understand the origin of colour in transition element complexes. It will also teach them how to score full marks on CAPE Unit 1 chemistry questions related to the topic.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Blotting techniques includes southren,northern,western and dot blotting
Cape Unit 1 Chemistry - Radioactive Tracers In Medicine
1. CAPE UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY –
Radioactive Tracers In Medicine
Uses Of Radionuclides* In Medicine
How A Tracer Is Defined
Uses Of Radionuclides In Medicine
1. Diagnostic i.e. determining the problem.
2. Therapeutic i.e. treating the problem.
3. Power source (e.g. in cardiac pacemakers).
Radionuclides used in diagnostic
nuclear medicine are often called
radioactive tracers.
*A nuclide is a type of atom with definite numbers of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus A radionuclide is a nuclide
How Much Is Used
I di ti li ti t h i i lland neutrons in the nucleus. A radionuclide is a nuclide
exhibiting radioactivity.
In diagnostic applications, technicians use small
amounts of radionuclides whose progress through
the body or localization in
specific organs can be followed.
Larger quantities of radionuclides are used in
therapeutic applications.
Chemical Principles Behind Use
The fundamental chemical principle behind the
use of radionuclides in diagnostic medical work
is the fact that a radioactive nuclide of an
element has the same chemical properties as a
nonradioactive nuclide of the element. Thus,
body chemistry is not upset by the presence of a
small amount of a radioactive substance whose
nonradioactive form is already present in the
body.
Criteria For Selecting Diagnostic Radionuclides
(a) At low concentrations (to minimize radiation damage),
the radionuclide must be detectable by instrumentation
placed outside the body.y p y
(b) The radionuclide must have a short half life.
(c) The radionuclide must have a known mechanism for
elimination from the body.
(d) The chemical properties of the radionuclide must be
such that it is compatible with normal body chemistry.
Example Of Tracer Application In
Medicine
Location Of Impaired Circulation The Three Half Lives: TE, TB And TR
Material compiled by Denison at Global in Cunupia.
Interested students can call 693‐2909.
Location Of Impaired Circulation
Sodium‐24 is used to follow the circulation of
blood in the body. A small amount of this
radionuclide is injected into the blood stream in
the form of a sodium chloride solution. The
movement of the sodium‐24 through the
circulatory system is followed with radiation
The Three Half Lives: TE, TB And TR
The half life of a radionuclide T½ is the time taken for half
of the active nuclei to disintegrate, or alternatively the
time taken fro the activity to fall to half its original value.
When a radioactive isotope is taken into the body, it is
subject to various biological processes which will removecirculatory system is followed with radiation
detection equipment. If it takes longer than
normal for the radionuclide to show up at a
particular spot in the body, this is an indication
that the circulation is impaired at that spot.
THE HALF LIFE OF SODIUM‐24 IS 15.0 HOURS.
subject to various biological processes which will remove
it, such as urination, respiration and defecation. This
means that its effective half life, TE in the body is less
than the physical half life, TR from radioactive decay
alone. The biological half life, TB is defined as the time
taken for biological processes to remove half the original
active material. The effective half life is then given by the
equation:equation:
1/TE = 1/TB + 1/TR