4. 1. CONVEYANCE OF WATER
2. TYPES OF PIPES USED FOR CONVEYANCE OF WATER
3. PIPE JOINTS
4. LAYING OF PIPELINE
5. METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
6. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
INDEX
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 4
5. Water is drawn from the sources by Intakes. After it’s drawing the next
problem is to carry it to the treatment plant which is located usually within
city limits. Therefore after collection, the water is conveyed to the city by
mean of conduits. If the source is at higher elevation than the treatment
plant, the water can flow under gravitational force.
For the conveyance of water at such places we can use open
channel,aqueduct or pipe line, Mostly it has been seen that the water level in
the source is at lower elevation than the treatment plant, In such case water
can be conveyed by means of closed pipes under pressure
1.CONVEYANCE OF WATER
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 5
7. If the source of supply is underground water, usually there is no problem as,
these sources are mostly in the underground of the city itself.
The water is drawn from the underground sources by means of tube-wells
and pumped to the over-head reservoirs, from where it is distributed to the
town under gravitational force.
Hence at such places there is no problem of conveyance of water from
sources to the treatment works.
CONVEYANCE OF WATER
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 7
8. WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
FREE FLOW
SYSTEM
PRESSURE
SYSTEM
1.CANALS
2.FLUMES
3.GRADE
AQUEDUCTS
4.GRADE
TUNNELS
PRESSURE
AQUEDUCTS
PRESSURE
TUNNELS
PRESSURE
MAINS
INVERTED
SYPHOS
WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 8
11. These are circular conduits, in which water flows under pressure.
Now a days pressure pipes are mostly used at every places and they have
eliminated the use of channels, aqueducts and tunnels to a large extent.
These are made of various materials like cast Iron, wrought Iron, steel,
cement Concrete, asbestos, cement, timber, etc.
In distribution system pipes of various diameter, having many connections
and branches are used.
Water pipe lines follow the profile of the ground water and the location
which is most economical, causing less pressure in pipes is chosen.
PIPES
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 11
14. The cost of pipe line depends on the internal pressure to bear and the
length of pipe line.
Therefore as far as possible the hydraulic line is kept closer to the pipe line.
In the valley or low points a scour valve is provided to drain the line and
removing accumulated suspended matter.
Similarly at high points air relief valves are provided to remove the
accumulated air.
To prevent the bursting of pipes due to water hammer, surge tanks or stand
pipes are provided at the end of pipes.
CONVEYANCE OF WATER
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 14
15. The selection of material for the pipes is done on the following points
Carrying Capacity of the pipes
Durability and life of the pipe
Type of water to be conveyed and its corrosive effect on the pipe material.
Availability of funds
Maintenance cost, repair etc..
The pipe material which will give the smallest annual cost or capital cost will
be selected, because it will be mostly economical.
CONVEYANCE OF WATER
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 15
17. 1. CAST-IRON PIPE
2. WROUGHT IRON PIPE
3. STEEL PIPE
4. R.C.C (REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE PIPE)
5. PSC PIPES (PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE PIPE)
6. ABSESTOS CEMENT PIPE
7. PLASTIC PIPE
8. COPPER PIPE
9. GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPE
TYPES OF PIPES USED FOR CONVEYANCE
OF WATER
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 17
18. Out of the types mentioned, plastic or PVC and Asbestos cement pipes,
wooden pipes are not generally used for conveyance of water. They are used
in house drainage or water connection within individual house.
PIPES
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 18
19. Cast – Iron Pipes are mostly used in water supply schemes.
They have higher resistant to corrosion, therefore have long life about 100
years.
Cast Iron pipes are manufactured in lengths of 1.5 m to 5.5 m.
The fittings of these pipes are also manufactured in sand moulds having
core boxes.
These fittings are also weighed, coated with coal tar and finally tested.
Cast-Iron pipes are joined together by means of Bell and Spigot, Threaded
or flanged Joints
CAST IRON PIPES
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 19
21. ADVANTAGES
Ease in jointing the pipes
Can withstand high Internal
pressure
Have a very long design life. (100
years)
They are less prone to corrosion.
They are having moderate cost
DISADVATNAGES
They cannot be used for pressures
greater thang 7kg/cm
They are heavier uneconomical &
diameter are more than 120cm
They are fragile (likely to break
during transportation)
CAST IRON PIPES
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 21
24. Wrought Iron Pipes are manufactured by rolling the flat plates of the metal
to the proper diameter and welding the edges.
To Increase the life of these pipes sometimes these are galvanized with zinc
WROUGHT IRON PIPE
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 24
25. ADVANTAGES
Can be easily cut, threaded and
work
Give neat appearance
DISADVANTAGES
Costlier in compare to C.I. Pipes
It can only use inside buildings,
where place is protected from
corrosion
WROUGHT IRON PIPE
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 25
27. It can be used as, Rising mains, conveying mains, distribution system,
inverted syphos and on bridges and other structure where strength and low
weight are required
It can bear high internal pressure
Diameter size : 0.9m to 3.0m
STEEL PIPE
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 27
28. ADVANTAGES
They can be easily transported
They are easily available
They are easy to construct
DISADVANTAGES
They cannot handle external loads
Their life is half than C.I. pipes
They cannot used in water
treatment plant connection
STEEL PIPE
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 28
30. Cement concrete pipe may be either plain or reinforced
It is manufactured in smaller size ( upto maximum 0.6m diameter)
They are cast-in-situ or precast
These pipes may be precast or Cast-in-situ plain concrete pipe may be used
at such places where water does not flow under pressure,
These pipes are jointed with Bel & Spigot Joints.
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE PIPE
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 30
31. ADVANTAGES
Their life is more about 65 years
They can be easily constructed in the factories or
at site
They have least coefficient of thermal expansion
than other types of Pipes
They do not require expansion joints
Due to their heavy weight, when laid under
water, they are not affected by buoyancy, even
when they are empty.
They are not affected by atmospheric action or
ordinary soil under normal condition.
DISADVANTAGES
They are affected by acids, alkalis
and salty waters
Their repairs are very difficult.
Due to their heavy weight, their
transportation and laying cost is
more.
It is difficult to make connections in
them
Porosity may cause them to leak
due to shrinkage cracks and porosity
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE PIPE
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 31
33. Manufactured from asbestos cement and fibres
Diameter of pipe : 5cm to 130cm in five different grades
Internal pressure : 3.5kg/cm2 – 14kg/cm2 as per IS 1592 : 1989
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 33
34. ADVANTAGES
They have smooth internal surface
Less friction losses
They are light in weight
They can be easily cut, fitted or
jointed
They are anti corrosive
No expansion joint required
DISADVANTAGES
They are costly
They are not durable
They are soft and brittle
They cannot be laid in exposed
places
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 34
36. They are use commonly because of their properties like, corrosion resistant,
highly weighted, economical
Pipes available in market
Low density polyethylene pipe
High density polyethylene pipe
Un-plasticised polyvinyl chloride pipe
PLASTIC PIPES
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 36
37. For the facilities in handling, transporting, and placing in position, pipes are
manufactured in small lengths of 2 to 6 meters.
These small pieces of pipes are then joined together after placing in position
to make one continuous length of pipe.
The design of these joints mainly depends on the material of the pipe,
internal water pressure and the condition of the support
The bell and spigot joints, using lead as filling material is mostly used for
cast Iron pipes.
For Steel pipes welded, riveted, flanged or screwed joints my be used.
PIPE JOINTS
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 37
41. This types of joints is mostly used for cast iron pipes
For the construction of this joint the spigot or normal end of one pipe is
slipped in socket or bell mouth end of the other pipe until contact is made at
the base of the base of the bell.
SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINTS
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 41
42. Sometimes wet clay is used to make tight contact between the runner and
the pipe so that hot lead may not run out of the joint spaces.
The molten lead is then poured into V-shaped opening left in the top by the
clamp joint runner.
The space between the hemp yarn and the clamp runner is removed, the
lead which shrink while cooling, is again tightened by means of chalking tool
and hammer.
Now a days in order to reduce the cost of lead certain patented compounds
of sulphur and other materials and other materials are filled in these joints.
SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINTS
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 42
44. This joint is mostly used for temporary pipe lines, because the pipe Line can
be dismantled and again assembled at other places.
The pipe in this case has flanges on its both ends, cast, welded or screwed
with the pipe.
The two ends of the pipes which are to be jointed together are brought in
perfect level near one another and after placing of washer or gasket of
rubber, canvas, copper or lead between the two ends of flanges is very
necessary for securing a perfect water-tight joints.
These joint cannot be used at places where it has to bear vibration of pipes
etc..
FLANGED JOINT
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 44
46. Sometimes this joint is also called Bell & Socket or Universal Joint.
This joint is used at such places where settlement is likely to occur after the
lying of the pipes.
This joint can also be used for laying of pipes on curves, because at the joint
the pipes can be laid at angle.
This is a special type of joint. The socket end is cast in a spherical shape.
The spigot end is plain but has a bead at the other end.
For the assembling of this joints, the spigot end of one pipe is kept in the
spherical end of the other pipe.
FLEXIBLE JOINT
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 46
48. After this the retaining ring is slipped which is stretched over the bead.
Then a rubber gasket is moved which touches the retainer high after it split
cast iron gland ring is placed,
The outer surface of which has the same shape as inner surface of socket
end.
Over this finally cast iron follower ring is moved and is fixed to the socket
end by means of bolts. It is very clear that if one pipe is given any deflection
the ball shaped portion will move inside the socket, and the joint will remain
waterproof in all the position.
FLEXIBLE JOINT
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 48
50. This joint is used at such places where pipes expand or contract due to change in
atmospheric temperature and thus checks the setting of thermal stresses in the
pipes.
In this joints the socket end is flanged with cast iron follower ring, which can freely
slide on the spigot end or plane end of other pipes. An elastic rubber gasket is tightly
pressed between the annular spaces of socket by means of bolts.
In the beginning while fixing the follower ring some space is left between the socket
base and the spigot end for the free movement of the pipes under variation of
temperature.
In this way when the pipe expands the socket end moves forward and when the pipe
contracts, it move backward in the space provided for it. The elastic rubber gasket in
every position keeps the joint water tight.
EXPANSION JOINT
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 50
52. This type of joint is mostly used for joining big diameter concrete and
asbestos cement pipes.
The ends of the two pipes are brought in one level before each other.
Then rubber gasket between steel rings or jute rope socked in cement is
kept in the grove and the collar is placed at the joint so that it should have
same lap on both the pipes.
Now 1:1 cement mortar is filled in the space between the pipes and the
collar.
COLLAR JOINT
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 52
53. STEP : 1 – MARKING OF CENTRE LINE
STEP : 2 – EXCAVATION TRENCH
STEP : 3 – SIDE PROTECTION TRENCH
STEP : 4 – PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE
STEP : 5 – LOWERING AND JOINING OF PIPES
STEP : 6 – TESTING OF PIPELINE
STEP : 7 – BACKFILLING TRENCH
LAYING OF PIPELINE
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 53
54. For efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required at
various points.
Depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and other local
conditions the water may be forced into distribution system by following
ways.
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 54
55. GRAVITY SYSTEM
DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEM
COMBINED GRAVITY AND PUMPING SYSTEM
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 55
56. METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION-
GRAVITY SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 56
57. Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient height.
Most reliable and economical distribution system.
The water head available at the consumer is just minimum required.
The remaining head is consumed in the frictional and other losses.
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION-
GRAVITY SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 57
58. METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION-
PUMPING SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 58
59. Treated water is directly pumped in to the distribution main with out
storing.
Also called pumping without storage system.
High lifts pumps are required.
If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water supply.
This method is not generally used.
DISADVANTAGE :
Pumping is costly
Continuous supervision at the pumping station is necessary.
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION-
PUMPING SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 59
60. METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION-
COMBINED GRAVITY & PUMPING SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 60
61. Most common system.
Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir.
Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.
The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get
supplied during high demand period.
Economical, efficient and reliable system.
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION-
COMBINED GRAVITY & PUMPING SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 61
62. Advantages :
Pump at work at convenient schedule
Uniform pressure can be maintained during water supply
Distribution reservoir can be used when pump Failure during power failure
The quality of water will improve due to detention of water in the elevation
reservoir
Economical, efficient and reliable system.
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION-
COMBINED GRAVITY & PUMPING SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 62
63. 1. The quality of water should not get deteriorated in the distribution
2. Every consumer should get sufficient water at desired pressure.
3. The design and layout should be economical.
4. It must be capable of being maintained easily and economically.
5. Adequate quantity of water must always be available to put-out an emergency
fire.
6. It should be so designed that even during breakdown or repairs line, water
should reach that locality from other line.
7. During repair work it should not cause obstruction to the traffic.
8. All distribution pipes should be preferably laid 1 m away or above sewer lines.
9. All pipes should be of good quality and leakages through
REQUIREMENT OF AN IDEAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 63
64. The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with
appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to
supply water from its source to the point of usage.
LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 64
65. DEAD END SYSTEM
GRID IRON SYSTEM
RING SYSTEM
RADIAL SYSTEM
LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 65
66. It is suitable for old towns and cities having no
definite pattern of roads
This is also called Tree system
In this system, there is main supply pipe, from
which originates (generally at right angles) a
number submain pipes. Each submain, then
divides into several branch pipes, called laterals
This system is suitable for old towns and cities
having no definite pattern roads.
The water supply mains have then to be taken
along the main roads branches taken off
wherever needed, thus resulting in the
formation of a number dead ends
LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
DEAD END SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 66
67. ADVANTAGES
The design calculations are simple and
easy. It is possible to determine
discharge and pressure in each pipe
very accurately.
Lesser number of cut off valves
(i.e. sluice valves) are required.
Pipe laying is simple.
Shorter pipe lengths are needed.
It is cheap and simple and can be
extended easily.
DISADVANTAGES
Due to a number of dead ends in the
system, there is stagnation of water and
accumulation of sediment at dead ends.
A large number of scour valves are
required at dead ends, for the removal of
sediments
During repairs, the large portion of
distribution area is affected.
Since in this system, the discharge is
reaching a point from only one direction
the supplies during fire fighting cannot
be increased by diverting any other
LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
DEAD END SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 67
68. This system is also known as 'reticulated
system' or 'interlaced system
It is most convenient for towns having
rectangular layout of roads.
Actually, this system is an improvement
over dead-end system. All the dead ends
are interconnected with each other and
water circulates freely throughout system.
LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
GRID IRON SYSTEM
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 68
69. ADVANTAGES
There is free circulation of water, without
any stagnation or sediment deposit.
Due to inter connection, water is
available at each point with minimum
loss of head.
In case of repairs, only very small area
of the distribution system is affected.
Enough water is available in the streets
for fire fighting, since hydrants will draw
water from more than one side.
DISADVANTAGES
This system requires more length
of pipe lines and a large number of
sluice valves(i.e. cut-off valves).
Construction is costlier
Analysis of pressure ,discharge
and velocities are difficult
If one section is to be repaired ,
many number of valve needs to be
closed
LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
GRID IRON SYSTEM
69
70. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
RING SYSTEM
The supply main is laid all along the
peripheral roads and sub mains branch out
from the mains.
This system also follows the grid iron
system with the flow pattern similar in
character to that of dead end system.
So, Determination of the size of pipes is
easy.
Water can be supplied to any point from at
least two directions.
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 70
71. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
RADIAL SYSTEM
• The area is divided into different zones.
• The water is pumped into the distribution
reservoir kept in the middle of each zone.
• The supply pipes are laid radially ending
towards the periphery.
•ADVANTAGES :
• It gives quick service.
• Calculation of pipe sizes is easy
BY : DHARA D.DATTANI 71