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Soil and Water Conservation Training for EU Staff
1. Soil and Water ConservationSoil and Water Conservation
Induction Training for EU - SDDP staff November 2013
Dr. P.B. Dharmasena – National Consultant/ Agriculture and
Water Management
Dr. P.B. Dharmasena – National Consultant/ Agriculture and
Water Management
2. Climate Change & SoilClimate Change & Soil
Resource ProductivityResource Productivity
Climate
change
Soil
productivity
decline
Deforestation
Mis-management of
land
Mis-practices of agriculture
3. Land development plan under theLand development plan under the
projectproject
Ampara: 40 ha
Vavuniya: 260 ha
Mannar: 260 ha
Anuradhapura: 40 ha
Moneragala: 40 ha
Total: 640 ha
3
Implementation Partner: Department of Agriculture
4. Human population growth, forest decline and green revolution
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Forest
PopulationSri Lankan trend
6. ImpactsImpacts
High yielding varieties – High input
requirements, susceptible to pest and
diseases, drought, salinity etc.
Mechanization - soil environment –
physically disturbed
◦ Soil erosion, nutrient loss, water loss, weed
problem
Chemical fertilizer and agro-chemicals –
soil acidity, heavy metals, micro-nutrients
deficiency, health hazards etc.
10. Major Problems in the DryMajor Problems in the Dry
Zone Upland FarmingZone Upland Farming
Erosion of fertile
top soil
Emergence of
obnoxious
weeds
Declining soil
fertility
Difficulty of land
preparation
11. Process of Soil ErosionProcess of Soil Erosion
Disaggregation
of soil
Transport of soil
particle by
water
Deposition in
depressions,
streams, rivers
and reservoirs
12. Types of Soil erosionTypes of Soil erosion
Splash erosion
Vertical erosion
Inter-rill erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion
Stream bank
erosion
13. • Erosion of fertile top
soil
• Reduction of soil
moisture holding capacity
• Gradual decline of the
suitable arable lands
• Gully formation and
land slides
• Sedimentation of low
lying areas and
reservoirs
Consequences of soil erosion
21. 50 m
60 m
50 m
35 m
LAND USE MODEL
ALONG CATENA
Home Garden
Irrigated Upland
Farm tract
Village road
Fruit Forest
Village Forest
Irrigated Lowland
Irrigation canal
35 m
22. Storm water diversion drain
Diversionbundanddrain
Common drain
Cultivated land
Cultivated land
23. Main irrigation canal
Natural drainage
Irrigable land
Homestead
Other field crops
Village forest
Main road
Village road
Farm tract
Communal
lands
Tank
Lower Canal
Upper Canal
Fruit forest gardens
Upstream reservation
Downstream reservation
24. How we conserve soil?
• A = RKLSCP
• A = RK (LS)max Ec., where,
• A = Soil loss (mt/ha), R = Erosivity (mt.m/ha), K
= Erodibility
• (LS)max = Maximum slope - length factor one
can achieve by manipulating land slope and
length in a given piece of land and
• Ec = soil and crop management factor termed
as Erosion Coefficient.
25. How we
conserve soil?
1. Increase soil cover
– Leave all the crop
residues in the field,
– Conservation tillage
that leaves the residues
on the soil surface,
– Apply organic materials
as manures or mulch,
– Adopt inter-cropping
and relay cropping,
– Leave the weed
residues on the surface
26. How we conserve soil?
2. Increase soil
organic matter
content
– Apply compost,
– Add green
manure,
– Add liquid
fertilizer,
– Apply straw
mulch
27. How we conserve soil?
3. Increase water infiltration
and moisture retention
capacity
– Maintain a protective
cover of residues over the
soil,
– Reduce wind velocity by
installing wind breaks,
– Create surface roughness
between the crop rows,
– Keep fallow periods
between cropping,
– Apply organic fertilizer,
Adopt contour ridging,
– Reduce the land slope by
terracing
28. How we conserve soil?
4. Reduce runoff
– Collect the runoff in
structures within
which the water can
infiltrate
– Construct structures
that collect and lead
the runoff away from
the field
– Establish permeable
barriers along the
lines of contour to
reduce runoff velocity
29. How we conserve soil?
5. Improve rooting
conditions
– Loosen the soil
around plants to
reduce compaction
and increase porosity
– Improve drainage by
placing drainage
channels where soils
are poorly or
imperfectly drained
– Make furrows or
raised beds