This document summarizes a study analyzing the characteristics of wastewater from the sewerage system in Greater Noida, India. It describes the various physical, chemical, and biological parameters tested in the wastewater including solids, COD, BOD, nutrients, metals, and microorganisms. Samples were taken and various wastewater quality characteristics were measured to understand the composition and remove pollutants from the water before discharge or reuse. The goals were to ensure good water quality, remove pollutants efficiently and economically, and avoid other environmental impacts.

1. STUDY OF WASTEWATER
CHARACTERSTICS OF GREATER
NOIDA WASTEWATER SEWERAGE
SYSTEM
NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY

2. Submitted to
Rajesh Meena Sir
Submitted by
Dhruv Sharma
Waseem Ahmad
Abhijeet Jha
Anurag negi

3. Outline
1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Wastewater Parameters
a. Physical parameters
b. Chemical parameters
c. Biological parameters
4. Wastewater Sampling
5. Progress report

4. 1. Introduction
Why are we analyzing Wastewater?
• Domestic and industrial processes use
and pollute water => wastewater
• Minimize effects of discharge on
environment
• Remove pollutants for recycling and/or
reuse of water

5. Objectives of analysis of
Wastewater
• Ensure good water quality in natural
environment
• Remove pollutants most efficiently and
economically
• Avoid or minimize other environmental
impacts like:
– solid disposal
– gas emission
– odor creation

6. 2. Wastewater Characterization
What is (in) Wastewater?
1. Identify wastewater sources and flows
2. Specify likely key pollutants
3. Select suitable sampling strategies
4. Measure pollutant concentrations
5. Calculate pollutant loads
6. Identify main components to be removed

7. Composition
>99.0% Water
Solids
70% Organic 30% Inorganic
Sewerage characteristics can be divided into
three broad categories:-

8. Wastewater Quality Characteristics
• Physical: solids, temperature, color,
turbidity, salinity, odor
• Chemical:
– Organic : carbohydrates, fats, proteins, toxins…
– Inorganic: alkalinity, N, P, S, pH, metals, salts…
– Gaseous : H2S, CH4, O2 …
- COD, BOD…
• Biological: plants (algae, grass, etc.),
microorganisms (bacteria, viruses)

9. a. Physical Characteristics
1. Solids
2. Odor
3. Temperature
4. Salinity
5. Color and turbidity
6. Carbohydrate
7. Protein

10. 1. Solids
• Solids separated by filtration into non/soluble
and by high temperature oxidation into
non/volatile
• Solids often form large percentage of total
organic material
• Solids degradation often slow due to mass
transfer limitations
• Sources: food processing, abattoirs rural
industries (piggeries etc.), domestic

11. • TOTAL SOLIDS:- Include both suspended
and dissolved solids. It is measured by
evaporating a known volume of sample and
the weighting the residue. Results are
expressed in mg/l
• SUSPENDED SOLIDS:- Suspended solids
refers to small solid particles which remain in
suspension in water as a colloid or due to
the motion of the water

12. • DISSOLVED SOLID:- Filtrate which has
passed thought 0.45µ filter is evaporated in
china dish. The residue gives the dissolved
solids.
• SETTLEABLE SOLIDS:- It is the fraction of
the solids that will settle in an imhoff cone in
30-60 minutes. These are expressed as mg/l.

13. Imhoff cone

14. Practical Exercises: Solids
In solids analysis, the following
measurements
were obtained:
– Sample size: 50 mL
– After filtration/evaporation:
12 mg filter cake, 2.5mg solids in filtrate
– After high temperature oxidation:
2.0 mg filter cake
What is TSS and TS in the sample? mg/ml

15. Answer
TSS : 12 mg / 50 ml = 0.24 mg/ml
TS : (12+2.5) mg /50 ml = 0.29 mg/l

16. 2. Odour
• Often very small amounts cause
nuisance (eg. H2S approx. 10 ppb)
• Physical/chemical measurement difficult

17. 3. Temperature
• Industrial WW often elevated temperature
• Affects treatment performance of many
treatment systems
• Gas eg. O2 solubility is lower at higher
temperature
• Effluent temperature usually specified in
license limits

18. 4. Salinity
• Affects ecosystems in receiving waters
• Reduces O2 solubility
• Restricts reuse applications (eg. irrigation)

19. 5. Colour & Turbidity
• Colour of WW & biological treatment:
– light brown-gray => fresh, aerobic
– dark brown-black => old, anaerobic
• Soluble dyes (stains) also cause coloring,
very difficult to remove (e.g textile)
• Turbidity measures light-transmission
– Caused by colloidal or suspended matter
– Can be correlated with suspended solids

20. 6. Organic Matter
• Largest component group in most ww: 75 % of
TSS, 40 % of TDS (domestic ww)
• Composition highly industry dependent
• Types:
– carbohydrates
– proteins
– oil & grease
– organic toxins (priority pollutants, eg.pesticides)
• Mostly biodegradable, some very slowly

21. Oil & Grease
• Composition: C, H, O
• Hydrophobic substances: grease, fat, oil
• Mostly insoluble, floating, easily adsorbed
on surfaces
• Slowly biodegradable, even when
hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids
• Sources: meat processing, food
production, chemical factories

22. Measurement of Organic Content
• Mostly overall content measured:
– Total organic carbon: TOC
– Biochemical oxygen demand: BOD
– Chemical oxygen demand: COD
• BOD & COD most commonly used for
design and effluent specifications

23. b.Chemical Characteristics
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorous
• Chlorides (Cl-)
• Sulfates (SO4-2)
• Heavy metals

24. 1.Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Also measures oxygen required, but for
chemical oxidation of organics
• COD: chemical oxidants used for oxidation of
organics to CO2, H2O & NH3
• Standard COD: K2Cr2O7
2- /H2SO4 @ 145°C

25. 2.Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
• Is a measure of organic materials
(based on measurement of carbon in
the organic materials by combustion
and measurement of CO2 evolves)

26. 3. Nitrogen
• Organic Nitrogen: The amount of
nitrogen present in organic
compounds, such as protein and urea.
• Ammonia nitrogen (NH3/NH4+)
• Nitrite nitrogen (NO2-)
• Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-)

27. 4.Heavy metals
• Mercury (Hg)
• Arsenic (As)
• Lead (Pb)
• Zinc (Zn)
• Cadmium (Cd)
• Copper (Cu)
• Nickel (Ni)

28. Biological Characteristics
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
• Wastewater Microbial Life

29. 1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Measures oxygen required for biological
oxidation of organics
• BOD: oxygen uptake by microorganism
during aerobic growth in ww sample
• Standard BOD: 5 day incubation @ 20°C

30. Significance of BOD
• Used in design of waste water
treatment plants.
• Used to measure efficiently of waste
water treatment plant.

31. 2.Wastewater Microbial Life
• Bacteria
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Viruses
• Algae
• nematodes

32. Sources
• Soil (through infiltration)
• Human waste