1. The document discusses pesticides, their types and uses in agriculture. It describes common pesticides used in India like sulphur, endosulfan, mancozeb etc. 2. Pests are classified as animal pests like rodents and insects or plant pests like weeds, fungi and microbes. 3. The pesticide cycle involves processes of breakdown by microbes, chemicals or sunlight and transfer processes like adsorption, volatilization, runoff, leaching and absorption through the soil.

1. JOURNAL-CLUB
PESTICIDES AND THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE
MADE BY:- AJAY KUMAR
1ST SEM
M.PHARMACY (ANALYSIS)

2. PESTICIDES
• Substances or mixtures of substances intended for
preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.
• A substance that kills a pest (insect, weed, bacteria,
nematode etc.)
1. Herbicide = plant killer
2. Insecticide = insect killer
3. Rodenticide = rodent killer
And other cides e.g. to kill
bacteria and fungi.

3. Most consumed pesticides in the country (during
2005-06 to 2009-10)
Sl. No. Pesticide (Technical Grade)
Quantity consumed
(metric tonnes)
1 Sulphur (fungicide) 16424
2 Endosulfan (insecticide) 15537
3 Mancozeb (fungicide) 11067
4 Phorate (insecticide) 10763
5 Methyl Parathion (insecticide) 08408
6 Monocrotophos (insecticide) 08209
7 Cypermethrin (insecticide) 07309
8 Isoproturon (herbicide) 07163
9 Chlorpyrifos (insecticide) 07163
10 Malathion (insecticide) 07103
)

4. List of pesticides 2017
• Abamectin + emamectin benzoate :- For the control
of green pea aphids on field pea.
• Acephate :- For the control of aphids, thrips and
caterpillars on flowers.
• Thiamethoxam :- For the control of aphids, white fly and
caterpillar on flowers and termites on Sugar cane.
• Pirimiphos-methyl :- For the control of storage pests on
cereals and pulses.
• Fipronil :- For the control of locusts.
• Profenfos 30% + lambda-cyhalothrin 1.5% :- For the
control of African Bollworm cotton.
• Dimethoate 40% :- For the control of cabbage Aphid and
various aphids on cabbage and potato, respectively.

5. Types of pests
Pests
Animals Pests Plant Pests
Rodents Insects Weeds
Fungi Microbes
Biting Sucking

6. EFFECT OF PEST AND INSECTS ON
VARIUOS FOOD
• Animal pests
Rodents: These are responsible for damaging and destroying
medicinal and agricultural crops. They spoil and contaminate the
crude drugs in storage. The spoilage makes crude drugs
unsuitable for use in pharmaceutical industry.
• The spoilage and contamination is done by
Excretory products, Hairs
Rodents responsible for damage may be rabbits, rats, mice.
Biting insects: Grass hopper, corn ear worm. They bite seeds,
stem, fruit and leaves etc.
Sucking insects: They suck instead of biting and examples
include mosquito and butterflies.

7. • Plant pests
 Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses
Bacteria: Xanthomonas causing leave spots
Fungi: Spores when come in contact cause rhinitis
and if inhaled cause asthma and hay fever.

8. Weeds
• Undesirable plants in desirable or cultivated
plants.
• Such plants consume minerals, water and
fertilizer given to cultivated plants hence inhibit
their growth
• Weeds may also be toxic for example spores of
Agrostemma githago contain cyanophore
glycoside and which upon hydrolysis release
Hydrogen cyanide.

9. USE OF PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE
• Use of “crop protecting” agents improves yield
and quality of agricultural products.
• Prevent the spread of diseases to crops
• The use of pesticides is regulated by the E.P.A.
(Environmental Protection Agency, State law and
Country regulation)
• The benefits of pesticides include increased food
production, increased profits for farmers and the
prevention of diseases.

10. PESTICIDE CYCLE

11. CYCLE
Breakdown Processes:-
• Microbial breakdown
• Chemical breakdown
• Photo degradation
Transfer Processes:-
• Adsorption
• Volatilization
• Spray Drift
• Runoff
• Leaching
• Absorption

12. Adsorption
• Adsorption is the binding of pesticides to soil particles
• The amount a pesticide is adsorbed to the soil varies with
the type of pesticide, soil moisture, soil pH and soil texture.
Volatilization
• Volatilization is the process of solids or liquids converting into
a gas, which can move away from the initial application site
• Pesticides volatize most readily from sandy and wet soils
• Hot, dry or windy weather and small spray drops increase
volatilization
• Incorporation of the pesticide into the soil can help reduce
volatilization

13. Spray drift
• Spray drift is the airborne movement of spray
droplets away from a treatment site during
application
Runoff
• Runoff is the movement of pesticides in water over
a sloping surface
• The pesticides are either mixed in the water or
bound to eroding soil
• Runoff can also occur when water is added to a
field faster than it can be absorbed into the soil
• Runoff from areas treated with pesticides can
pollute streams, ponds, lakes, and wells

14. Leaching
• Leaching is the movement of pesticides in water
through the soil
• Leaching occurs downward or sideways
• Groundwater may be contaminated if pesticides
leach from treated fields, mixing sites, washing sites,
or waste disposal areas.
Absorption
• Uptake of pesticides and other chemicals into plants
or microorganisms

15. Degradation or Breakdown Processes
• Microbial breakdown is the breakdown of
chemicals by microorganisms such as fungi and
bacteria.
• Chemical breakdown is the breakdown of
pesticides by chemical reactions in the soil.
• Photo degradation or Photolysis is the breakdown
of pesticides by sunlight. All pesticides are
susceptible to photo degradation to some extent.
• Hydrolysis: Water also degrades pesticides by
dividing large molecules into smaller ones.