The paper looks at the institutional arrangements put in place by the Kaduna State Government in Nigeria for water resources management and assess the level of preparedness to ensure that nobody is left behind in access to safe water in the State.

1. D. Bashir
Kaduna State Water Services Regulatory
Commission
IN ACCESS TO SAFE WATER:
HOW PREPARED IS KADUNA STATE?
LEAVING NOBODY BEHIND
Paper presented at a Symposium Organized as part of the 2019 World Water
Day Celebrations by Kaduna State Ministry of Water Resources at
Command Guest House, Kaduna on 21st March, 2019

2. 1. Introduction
2. Access to Water as a Human Right
3. Key Issues Under Consideration
4. What Needs to be Done
5. Features of WASH in Kaduna State
6. Water Sector Reforms in Kaduna State
7. Regulating the Water Sector in Kaduna State
8. Status of WASH Sector in Kaduna State
9. Way Forward
Outline of Presentation
2

3.  World Water Day is an international day designated by the
United Nations to celebrate freshwater.
 This was recommended at the 1992 United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio
de Janeiro and was approved by the United Nations General
Assembly by designating 22 March as the World Water Day.
 World Water Day is held annually as a means of focusing
attention on the importance of freshwater and advocating for
its sustainable management.
 The Day also provides opportunity to learn more about water
related issues, be inspired to tell others and take action to
make a difference.
 The theme of 2019 World Water Day is 'Leaving No One
Behind'.
Introduction
3

4.  The theme of 2019 World Water Day (Leaving No One Behind)
is an adaptation of the central promise of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development: as sustainable development
progresses, everyone must benefit .
 Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) includes a target to
ensure availability and sustainable management of water for
all by 2030. By definition, this means leaving no one behind.
 Billions of people are still living without safe water in their
households, schools, workplaces, farms and factories.
 Marginalized groups – women, children, refugees, indigenous
peoples, disabled people and many others – are often
overlooked, and sometimes face discrimination, as they try to
access and manage the safe water they need.
Introduction…
4

5.  ‘Safe water’ is a ‘safely managed drinking water service’ that
provides water that is accessible on the premises, available
when needed, and free from contamination1;
 Access to water underpins public health and is therefore
critical to sustainable development and a stable and
prosperous world;
 In 2010, the UN recognized “the right to safe and clean drinking
water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the
full enjoyment of life and all human rights2;
 The human right to water entitles everyone, without
discrimination, to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically
accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic use;
 This includes water for drinking, personal sanitation, food
preparation, and personal and household hygiene3.
Access to Water as a Human Right
5

6. Key Issues Under Consideration
 2.1 billion people live without safe water at home4;
 One in four primary schools have no drinking water
service, with pupils using unprotected sources or going
thirsty5;
 More than 700 children under five years of age die every
day from diarrhoea linked to unsafe water and poor
sanitation6;
 Globally, 80% of the people who have to use unsafe and
unprotected water sources live in rural areas7;
 Women and girls are responsible for water collection in
eight out of ten households with water off-premises8;
 Over 800 women die every day from complications in
pregnancy and childbirth9;
6

7.  For the 68.5 million people who have been forced to flee
their homes, accessing safe water services is highly
problematic10,11;
 Around 159 million people collect their drinking water
from surface water, such as ponds and streams12;
 Around 4 billion people - nearly two-thirds of the world’s
population - experience severe water scarcity during at
least one month of the year13;
 700 million people worldwide could be displaced by
intense water scarcity by 203014;
 The wealthier generally receive high levels of WASH
services at (often very) low cost, whereas the poor pay a
much higher price for a service of similar or lesser quality15.
Key Issues Under Consideration…
7

8. How People are Left Behind Without
Safe Water
 Some of the factors that militate against access to safe
water are:
• Sex and gender,
• Race, religion, caste, and nationality,
• Disability, age and health status;
• economic and social status;
 Other factors, that affect marginalized groups through
impacts on water include:
• environmental degradation,
• climate change,
• population growth,
• conflict,
• forced displacement and migration.
8

9. To ‘leave no one behind’:
 Efforts must be focused towards including people who
have been marginalized or ignored;
 Water services must meet the needs of marginalized
groups and their voices must be heard in decision-
making processes;
 Regulatory and legal frameworks must recognise the
right to water for all people, and
 sufficient funding must be fairly and effectively targeted
at those who need it most.
What Needs to be Done
9

10. How Prepared is Kaduna State?
10
Enabling
Environment
Assessment
Information
Allocation tools
Policies
Legislation
Strategies
Organizational
Framework
Institutional
Capacity Building
ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY SOCIAL EQUITY
 How prepared Kaduna State is would depend on how much
its WASH Sector is aligned to the provisions of the IWRM
Framework

11. Features of Kaduna State
Kaduna In North West Geo-political Zone
Capital in Kaduna City, Kaduna North LGA
Capital of defunct Northern Nigeria
Land Mass 46,051 km2
≈ 5% Land Area of Nigeria
Coordinates Between Lat. 90 03”N and 110 32”N &
Between Long. 60 05”E and 800 38”E
Population 3rd most populous State in Nigeria
6,113,503 (2006 Census)
8,767,304 (2018 estimates at projected
3.05% growth)
People Diverse people spread in:
 23 LGAs,
 46 Dev. Areas,
 255 Political Wards
 32 Autonomous Traditional Institutions
 Christianity and Islam as Major Religions
11

12. Features of Kaduna State…
Climatic Patterns
Altitude (asl) = 638 m
Ave. Temp. = 24.9 oC
Annual Rainfall = 1050 mm
Altitude (asl) = 613 m
Ave. Temp. = 25.2 oC
Ann. Rainfall = 1211 mm
Altitude (asl) = 740 m
Ave. Temp. = 24.4 oC
Ann. Rainfall = 1540 mm
12

13. Surface Water Bodies in Kaduna State
Source: NASRDA (2008). Surface Water Mapping of Kaduna State Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS. A Study Report by The Nigeriasat Imageries and
Consultancy Services Ltd, National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Centre, Airport Road, Abuja. December, 2008
o Identified surface water bodies in the State include:
Streams 3,098 units, Rivers 196 units, Ponds 26 units,
Lakes 24 units and Dams 9 units;
o Most of the Local Government Areas are having pots of
either ponds, lakes and dams except Sanga, Kaura,
Lere, Jaba, Markafi, Zaria and Kaduna South where
traces of these features could not be found;
o 69 major rivers are identified across the LGAs in the
State except in Jaba, Kaduna North, Kaduna South,
Kudan and Sabon Gari where no such rivers could be
identified;
o These 69 rivers identified are rivers that originate from
the LGA and/or enters the State through the LGA.
13

14. Ponds Lakes Dams Rivers Identified Rivers
Birnin Gwari
4 3 1 10
R. Araga, R. Damari, R. Kogin-Bagwoma, R. Koriga,
R. Kura, R. Kureta, R. Kusheriki, R. Kwingi, R.
Mariga, R. Shiwaka
Chikun 4 4 1 8
R. Babban-Udawa, R. Godani, R. Gunugu, R. Jugo,
R. Kada Taba, R. Romi, R. Shapedna, R. Uba
Giwa 1 0 0 3 R. Gazara, R. Iyaka, R. Tubo
Igabi 4 6 2 3 R. Labar, R. Likarbu, R. Rigasa
Ikara 0 1 0 2 R. Bauda, R. Tiga
Jaba 0 0 0 0
Jema'a 4 1 0 3 R. Assow, R. Mada, R. Okwa
Kachia 0 1 0 7
R. Abron, R. Babban-Kogi, R. Deidei, R. Dinya, R.
Kasan-Kogi, R. Lai, R. Sarkin-Pawa
Kaduna North 1 0 0 0
Kaduna South 0 0 0 0
Kajuru 1 2 0 4 R. Gurara, R. Iyna, R. Rubu, R. Tapa,
Kagarko 1 0 0 1 R. Iri
Source: NASRDA (2008). Surface Water Mapping of Kaduna State Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS. A Study Report by The Nigeriasat Imageries and
Consultancy Services Ltd, National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Centre, Airport Road, Abuja. December, 2008
Major Surface Water Bodies in Kaduna State…
14

15. Ponds Lakes Dams Rivers Identified Rivers
Kaura 0 0 0 1 R. Kogun
Kauru 3 1 0 3 R. Kabari, R. Kadi, R. Kutsheri
Kubau 2 0 0 6
R. Galma, R. Kaciwirgi, R. Kwanderri, R. Maiwa, R.
Mantunku, R. Matsachik
Kudan 0 0 1 0
Lere 0 0 0 5
R. Dalgagu, R. Gora, R. Kaduna, R. Karami, R.
Rahama
Makarfi 0 0 0 2 R. Gimi, R. Shika
Sabon Gari 0 2 3 0
Sanga 0 0 0 4 R. Gudi, R. Karma, R. Sanga, R. Toep
Soba 0 3 1 1 R. Kinkaba
Zangon Kataf 1 0 0 5
R. Babana, R. Gantan, R. Kachia, R. Ohwang, R.
Wawa Rafi
Zaria 0 0 0 1 R. Saye
Total 26 24 9 69
Source: NASRDA (2008). Surface Water Mapping of Kaduna State Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS. A Study Report by The Nigeriasat Imageries and
Consultancy Services Ltd, National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Centre, Airport Road, Abuja. December, 2008
Surface Water Bodies in Kaduna State…
15

16. Hand
Pump
Borehole Other
Pipe
borne
Water
Protected
Well
Rain
Water
River/
Lake/
Pond
Unpro-
tected
Well
Vendor
/ Truck
Improve
d
Sources
Birnin Gwari 8.5 0.6 2.45 22.4 0.6 13.9 49.7 1.8 33.9
Chikun 10.6 0.6 25.7 41.3 0.6 3.3 10.1 7.8 78.2
Giwa 13.3 0.6 0.6 21.1 0.6 4.8 54.2 5.4 35.5
Igabi 18.3 0.0 0.6 18.9 0.0 3.3 55.0 3.9 37.8
Ikara 16.6 0.0 9.9 7.9 0.0 0.0 63.6 2.0 34.4
Jaba 4.7 0.0 32.7 21.3 0.7 9.3 30.7 0.7 59.3
Jema'a 19.1 0.0 13.1 51.4 0.0 7.7 7.1 1.6 83.6
Kachia 33.1 0.0 8.8 29.8 0.6 14.4 12.7 0.6 72.4
Kaduna North 10.2 0.6 50.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 10.2 25.0 64.2
Kaduna South 22.5 0.0 49.7 16.2 0.0 0.0 8.4 3.1 88.5
Kajuru 30.0 0.7 0.0 30.7 0.0 0.0 38.7 0.0 60.7
Kagarko 34.5 0.0 0.7 14.2 0.0 16.2 34.5 0.0 49.3
Kaura 14.6 0.0 34.4 28.5 0.0 9.3 13.2 0.0 77.5
Main Source of Drinking Water
(% Households)
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
16

17. Hand
Pump
Borehole Other
Pipe
borne
Water
Protected
Well
Rain
Water
River/
Lake/
Pond
Unpro-
tected
Well
Vendor
/ Truck
Improve
d
Sources
Kauru 9.6 0.0 0.0 12.6 0.0 37.7 40.1 0.0 22.8
Kubau 0.0 0.6 3.0 23.2 0.0 0.0 73.2 0.0 26.2
Kudan 4.7 0.0 4.7 24.05 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 33.3
Lere 26.1 1.8 3.0 12.1 0.0 6.1 49.7 1.2 41.2
Makarfi 2.9 0.0 0.0 33.8 0.0 0.0 62.6 0.7 36.7
Sabon Gari 18.3 0.0 18.3 23.2 0.0 0.0 13.4 26.8 59.8
Sanga 42.1 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 32.3 18.9 0.6 48.2
Soba 9.2 0.6 0.0 23.9 0.0 10.4 49.7 6.1 33.1
Zangon Kataf 9.1 1.8 4.8 47.3 0.0 9.7 26.7 0.6 61.2
Zaria 17.4 0.5 5.5 29.4 0.0 0.0 25.4 21.9 52.2
Urban 17.2 0.3 30.6 18.4 0.0 0.0 14.6 18.9 66.3
Rural 16.3 0.4 7.6 25.0 0.2 9.5 39.2 1.8 49.1
State 16.5 0.3 12.0 23.8 0.2 7.7 34.5 5.1 52.4
Main Source of Drinking Water
(% Households)…
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
17

18. Access to Improved Sources of
Drinking Water (% Households)
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
89
84
78 78
72
64
61 61 60 59
52
49 48
41
38 37 36 34 34 33 33
26
23
66
49
52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
K/South
Jema'a
Chikun
Kaura
Kachia
K/North
Z/Kataf
Kajuru
S/Gari
Jaba
Zaria
Kagarko
Sanga
Lere
Igabi
Makarfi
Giwa
Ikara
B/Gwari
Kudan
Soba
Kubau
Kauru
Urban
Rural
State
18

19. Covered
Pit
Latrine
Flush
Sewer
Flush
To
Soak
Away
None
(Open
Defeca-
tion Other
Pail/
Bucket
Toilet
On
Water
Un-
Covered
Pit
Latrine
VIP
Latrine
Birnin Gwari 54.5 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.4 0.0
Chikun 39.7 6.1 42.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 3.9 5.6 1.1
Giwa 39.8 0.6 4.8 3.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 48.2 0.0
Igabi 48.9 0.6 7.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.2 0.0
Ikara 46.4 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.7 0.7
Jaba 54.7 0.0 19.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 24.7 0.7
Jema'a 35.5 3.3 26.8 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 12.0 0.5
Kachia 37.6 7.7 13.8 24.3 7.2 0.0 2.2 6.1 1.1
Kaduna North 34.1 21.0 30.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 13.6 0.0
Kaduna South 29.3 17.8 38.2 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 12.0 0.0
Kajuru 4.07 0.7 4.7 13.3 11.3 0.0 0.0 27.3 2.0
Kagarko 16.9 4.7 4.7 7.4 19.6 0.0 0.0 46.6 0.0
Kaura 41.7 6.0 24.5 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 23.8 0.0
Type of Toilet Facilities Used
(%Households)
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
19

20. Covered
Pit
Latrine
Flush
Sewer
Flush
To
Soak
Away
None
(Open
Defeca-
tion Other
Pail/
Bucket
Toilet
On
Water
Un-
Covered
Pit
Latrine
VIP
Latrine
Kauru 25.1 2.4 0.6 38.3 6.6 0.0 1.8 22.2 3.0
Kubau 54.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 42.7 1.2
Kudan 50.7 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47.3 0.0
Lere 38.2 3.0 0.6 7.9 0.6 2.4 0.0 39.4 7.9
Makarfi 51.1 0.0 1.4 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.5 2.9
Sabon Gari 31.1 11.6 24.4 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 31.7 0.0
Sanga 42.1 10.4 1.8 14.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0
Soba 36.2 0.0 1.2 8.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 53.4 0.0
Zangon Kataf 37.6 3.6 7.3 32.1 1.8 0.0 0.0 16.4 1.2
Zaria 60.2 0.5 11.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 22.9 3.5
Urban 39.3 12.4 26.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 19.8 1.0
Rural 41.6 2.7 9.3 10.0 2.7 0.2 0.5 31.9 1.2
State 41.1 4.5 12.5 8.2 2.3 0.2 0.5 29.6 1.1
Type of Toilet Facilities Used
(%Households)…
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
20

21. 21
Water Sector Reforms in Kaduna State
The Kaduna State Government reviewed the 2013 State
Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (KSWSSP) to align it
with IWRM principles, address some identified gaps and
capture the current thrust of Government that included:
a) Review of the sector service delivery targets;
b) Institutionalization of participation by the private sector and
communities in sectoral development strategies;
c) Adoption of the cost sharing arrangement for capital
investment and operations and maintenance between the
tiers of government;
d) Incorporation of a robust pro-poor policy that allows for
targeted subsidy to allow for timely exit in the sector;

22. 22
e) Designation of the Kaduna State Water Board (to be renamed
as Kaduna State Water Corporation (KSWC)) as the urban
water infrastructure asset holder on behalf of Government;
f) Designation of the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency
(RUWASSA) as the agency responsible for rural and small-
town water supply;
g) Establishment of a Water Services Regulatory Commission to
regulate operations in the sector and promote all State and
Federal water policies and strategies and enforcement of laws;
and
h) Assigning the Kaduna State Ministry of Water Resources to be
in-charge of policy formulation and sector co-ordination.
Water Sector Reforms in Kaduna State…

23. 23
Legal Framework for Sustainable
Management of the Water Sector
 Based on the provisions of the 2015 KSWSS Policy,
the Kaduna State Government developed a
composite law for the establishment and operations
of three vital water sector agencies.
 On 25th May, 2016, the Executive Governor of Kaduna
State signed into law, the Kaduna State Water Supply
and Sanitation Law, 2016; Law No. 11 of 2016 of
Kaduna State of Nigeria.

24. 24
Objectives of the KSWSS Law 2016
The general objectives of the Kaduna State Water Supply and
Sanitation Law, 2016 are to provide for:
a) the right of access to basic water supply and basic sanitation
necessary to secure sufficient water and an environment not
harmful to human health or well-being;
b) the setting of standards and norms for service provision and
standards for tariffs in respect of water and sanitation services;
c) the preparation and adoption of water services development
plans by the Ministry responsible for water resources in
accordance with this Law;
d) a regulatory framework for water services institutions and other
water service providers;
e) the establishment of state water supply service delivery
agencies, their powers and duties, and of state steering
committees;

25. 25
f) the formulation, monitoring and review of the Kaduna State Water
Sanitation and Hygiene Policy for the water and sanitation sector;
g) coordination of intervention in water and Sanitation delivery by
Federal, State and Local Governments as well as other non-
governmental agencies and bodies;
h) the gathering and dissemination of information in a State
information system;
i) the accountability of water and sanitation service providers;
j) the promotion of effective water resource management and
conservation particularly for water within the constitutional
authority of the State; and
k) collaboration of the sector institutions with other national and state
agencies in the development of water and sanitation services in
accordance with the National Water Policy, the State Water Sector
Master Plan and this Law.
Objectives of the KSWSS Law 2016...

26. a) The goal of regulating the water sector is ensuring
sustainable provision of water, adequate in quantity and
quality to the various water users including the ecosystem;
b) The Water Supply and Sanitation Law, 2016 established the
Kaduna State Water Services Regulatory Commission and
places on it the responsibility of regulating the water sector
in the State so that residents can have better access to safe
water
c) For the Commission to execute its mandates, certain
working tools must be put in place. Consequently, one of its
key take-off activity is the development and production of
regulatory tools
26
Regulating the Water Sector in Kaduna State

27. 27
The Commission had gone far in the development of the
following Start-off Regulations, Standards and Guidelines :
a) Regulations on Quality of Service of Water Utilities – drafted;
b) Regulations and Guidelines for Reservoir Operation and Utilization
in Kaduna State – drafted;
c) Regulations on Groundwater Exploitation in Kaduna State – drafted;
d) Occupational Code for Borehole Drillers in Kaduna State – drafted;
e) Occupational Code for Package Water Production and Vending in
Kaduna State – drafted;
f) Guidelines for Establishment and Operations of Water Users
Associations (WUAs) in Kaduna State; and
g) Guidelines for Establishment and Operations of Water Consumers
Associations (WCAs) in Kaduna State.
Development of Start-off Regulatory Tools

28. 28
Status of WASH Sector in Kaduna State
 With the reforms in the WASH sector embarked in 2015 by the
current administration in Kaduna State, the sector has been
properly positioned for sustainable WASH services delivery;
 The WASH sector reforms are fully compliant with IWRM
principles;
 The enabling environment are substantially provided as the
policy and legislation are in place and are in conformity with
IWRM principles;
 The institutional arrangements provided by the enabling
WASH policy and legislation are IWRM compliant and the
institutions are established;
 Most of the coordination mechanisms are set up;
 Regulations, guidelines and Codes to guide WASH services
delivery are being developed;

29. 29
Way Forward
 The current administration in Kaduna State has provided the
enabling environment for sustainable WASH services
delivery;
 However, part of the institutional roles and most of the
management instruments in the IWRM framework are yet to
be provided;
 To consolidate the reforms in the WASH sector and ensure
that “no one is left behind” in access to safe WASH services,
the following are recommended:
a) Embark on capacity development of the WASH
institutions;
b) Carry out comprehensive water resources assessment
and water demand assessment in the State;

30. 30
Way Forward…
c) Strengthen and regularize the functions of the coordination
mechanisms such as:
i. The State WASH Steering Committee
ii. Water Sector Management Committee
iii. Water Sector Technical Committee
d) To effectively involve all WASH sector stakeholders, expedite
actions to develop guidelines for the establishment and
operations of:
i. Water Consumers Associations (WCAs) in Kaduna State,
ii. Water Users Associations (WUAs) in Kaduna State, and
iii. Water Sector CSOs in Kaduna State
e) Develop and implement effective funding regimes for the
WASH sector agencies to subsidize WASH services to the
marginalized groups.

31. THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
31

32. 1. WHO/UNICEF: https://washdata.org/monitoring/drinking-water
2. UN (2010): A/RES/64/292 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 28 July 2010:
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/64/292
3. OHCHR, UN Habitat, WHO: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet35en.pdf
4. WHO/UNICEF (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene:
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/
5. UNICEF (2018) WASH in Schools: Global baseline report 2018: https://data.unicef.org/resources/wash-in-schools/
6. Calculation made in 2018 based on data from UNICEF: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/diarrhoeal-disease/
7. WHO (2017) Safely managed drinking water - thematic report on drinking water 2017: https://data.unicef.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/03/safely-managed-drinking-water-JMP-2017-1.pdf
8. WHO/UNICEF (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene:
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/
9. UNICEF: https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/
10. UNHCR (2017) Global Trends Report: Forced Displacement in 2017: https://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf
11. WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme)/UN-Water (2019) The United Nations World Water
Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind
12. WHO/UNICEF (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene:
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/
13. Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2016), Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science Advanced, Vol. 2, No. 2:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26933676
14. Global Water Institute (2013) Future water (in)security: facts, figures and predictions:
https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/27b53d18-6069-45f7-a1bd-d5a48bc80322/downloads/1c2meuvon_105010.pdf
15. WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme)/UN-Water (2019) The United Nations World Water
Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind
References
32