The document discusses the need for a pedagogy of technology in physical education. It argues that technology is often introduced into education without fully considering pedagogical principles and how the technology can best support teaching and learning. Educators need to focus first on what they want to achieve pedagogically before introducing new technologies. The document examines different definitions of pedagogy and reviews literature showing that technology has been underutilized in physical education classrooms. It advocates developing an understanding of pedagogical dimensions for effective technological integration, including technical knowledge, awareness of opportunities and limitations, and applying a pedagogy of technology.

1. Living Beyond the
material world:
Isn’t it time to develop a pedagogy of
technology for physical education?

2. Dr Ashley Casey

3. “
the possibilities are
endless; what is needed is
imagination
“”
Fernández-Balboa, 2003

4. In considering the journey toward
technological integration in Physical
Education are we missing a vital step
?

5. Are we assuming that change is a
A
B

6. Are we assuming that change is a
journey from A to B?
A
B

7. Are we forgetting that change is a
often a journey from A to B?
A
B

8. Are we trying to start
A
B

9. straight at
A
B

10. and forgetting where we are now?
A
B

11. A
B
at the imagining?

12. “
If I don’t practice
for a day, I know
it. If I don’t
practice for two
days, the critics
know it. And if I
don’t practice for
three days, the
public knows it.
“”
Louis Armstrong

13. “
I'm not out there
sweating for three
hours every day just
to find out what it
feels like to sweat.
“”
Michael Jordan

14. “
The fight is won or lost far away from
witnesses - behind the lines, in the
gym, and out there on the road, long
before I dance under those lights.
“”
Mohammad Ali

16. Basketball

18. “
10,000 hours.
That is the
difference
between success
and non-success,
genius and
mediocrity
”
Gladwell 2008

19. So why when we get
one of these ...

20. Do we expect to take
it straight into our
classrooms?

21. How many
hours have we
practice with it?

22. Are we putting the
horse before the cart?

23. Are we putting the
horse before the cart?
Are we doing things in the
wrong order?

24. Shouldn’t we decide
what to do here?

25. before buying this...?

26. or at least bringing it
in here?

27. In other words...

28. ...are we putting the
technology before the
pedagogy?

30. Pedagogy
1
Text

31. Pedagogy
1
Text
2
Technology

32. Pedagogy
Pedagogy of technology
1
3
Text
2
Technology

33. Pedagogy
Pedagogy of technology
1
3
Text
2
4
Technology
“Material World”

34. Pedagogy
1
Text

35. What is pedagogy?

36. What is pedagogy?
hard “g”

37. What is pedagogy?
soft “g”

38. “
pedagogy is under-defined, often
referring to no more than a
teaching style, a matter of
personality and temperament, the
mechanics of securing classroom
control to encourage learning,
“”
Lusted, 1986

39. “
Yet pedagogy means different
things in different langauages
“”
Tinning 2011

40. “
the roots of the term come from
the ancient greek work Pedagogue
“”
Tinning 2011

41. “
a man having the oversight of a
child or a youth, an attendant who
led the boy from home to school,
a man whose occupation is the
instruction of children and youths
“”
Oxford English Dictionary, 1989

42. Yet the Greeks don’t
use the term in this way

43. In the Czech Republic
pedagogy is a negative term
connected with the communist
notion of the ideal state.

44. “
In Sweden it is a discipline
that extends to the
consideration of the
development of health and
bodily fitness, social and moral
welfare, ethics and aesthetics...
“”
Tinning 2011

45. With these mixed meanings
it is important to understand
how I am interpreting the
term pedagogy.

46. It appears that the word
only really entered the
mainstream vocabulary of
education in the last decade

47. “
pedagogy [was originally] equated
with teaching and instruction and
didactics
“”
Tinning, 2011

48. “
[more recently] another term
often used in conjunction with
pedagogy is curriculum
“”
Tinning, 2011

49. These ideas move beyond
““”
Pedagogy as the science of
teaching
Tinning 2011

50. Drawing on the European word ‘didactique’
“
The irreducible three way
relationship linking teacher,
students and a piece
of knowledge to be taught
and learned
“”
Amade-Escot 2006

51. “
The notion of pedagogy that we
are working with here can be
defined by its three key elements
of learning, teaching and
curriculum
“”
Kirk, Macdonald and O’Sullivan 2006

52. Teaching

53. Curriculum

54. Learning

55. Pedagogy

56. It becomes the place
where teaching, learning
and curriculum meet.

57. “
Pedagogy is the most profound
relationship that an adult can have
with a child
“”
Van Manen 1980

58. It is where we decide what
we want to achieve here

59. By thinking about what
‘she’ needs

60. within a wider
curriculum context

61. before we buy this

62. or at least use it here

63. Pedagogy
1
Text
2
Technology

64. “
Technology in education is
commonly defined as a
technical device or tool used to
enhance instruction.
“”
Okojle, Ollnzock and Okejle-Boulder, 2006

65. Technology

66. Hardware
Technology

67. Hardware
Software
Technology

68. Hardware
Software
Technology
Fixed

69. Hardware
Software
Technology
Fixed
Portable

70. Hardware
Software
Technology
Social Media
Fixed
Portable

71. Hardware
Internet
Software
Technology
Social Media
Fixed
Portable

72. ???
???
???
Technology
???
???
???

73. “
It is difficult to imagine schools
without technology
“”
Baert, 2012

74. “
We are currently preparing
students for jobs that don’t yet
exist, using technologies that
haven’t yet been invented in order
to solve problems that we haven’t
identified as problems yet
“”
Richard Riley

75. yet

76. “
the fact that the massive
investment in technology has had
such limited impact on enhancing
student learning is worrying
“”
Tearle and Golder, 2008

77. But who ‘lives’
in our schools
?

78. Digital Natives
Palfrey and Gasser 2008

79. “
Born digital...they all have access
to networked digital technologies.
And they all have the skills to use
those technologies.
“”
Palfrey and Gasser 2008

80. Digital Settlers
Palfrey and Gasser 2008

81. “
although not native to the digital
environment...often quite
sophisticated in their use of these
technologies but they also rely on
traditional analog interactions
“”
Palfrey and Gasser 2008

82. Digital Immigrants
Palfrey and Gasser 2008

83. “
learnt how to email and use social
networks late in life
“”
Palfrey and Gasser 2008

84. These are the people
contesting the
technological environment

85. yet

86. “
Fullan (2013) argues that the digital lives
of children are haphazard and occur either
outside of the classroom (in the free spaces
around school) or more significantly
beyond the school gates but not in lessons.
“”
Casey, 2014

87. But why?

88. “
With the integration of
technology into the daily lives of
students, there is a concern of
how well teachers are prepared
to teach with technology
“”
Hasselbring et al, 2000

89. for many of the adults
in schools and
universities

90. “
technology is still an
imposed and novel
‘outsider’ in the
pedagogy of schools
“”
Watson, 2001

91. “
While technologies have been
found useful within education,
studies indicate that teachers do
not feel prepared to use
technology in their instruction
“”
McGovern, 2003

92. It seems essential that

93. “
[teachers] grasp this technological
reality and use it both in and
beyond the classroom.
“”
McNeill andFry, 2012

94. What is said about
Technology in PE?

95. “
Although discipline-specific
technology has been developed,
generally, technology inclusion has
not become commonplace in
physical education
“”
Gibbone, Rukavina and Silverman, 2010

96. “
in the UK, the Government’s
inspectorate, the Office for
Standards in Education
(OFSTED), recently concluded
that few schools routinely use
Information Communication
Technology (ICT) in PE
“”
OfSTED, 2012

97. “
Furthermore, they suggested that
of those schools who do use ICT
less than 1 in 10 use it
purposefully to engender student
interest or to support learning.
“”
OfSTED, 2012

98. “
... best ICT practice in physical
education [was found to be]
the use of interactive
whiteboards, still images, digital
cameras and video analysis.
“”
OfSTED, 2012

99. “
The majority of tools
currently used are those
related to traditional
computer technologies
“”
Baert, 2012

100. “
the commonest use of ICT
was to monitor, assess,
record and report on
pupils.
“”
Casey and Jones, 2011

101. “
OfSTED reported that less
than 10% of the lessons
observed used ICT to stimulate
learning and engagement, and
that few schools routinely used
ICT in physical education.
“”
OfSTED, 2009

102. “
the most widely used
piece of ICT equipment
was a compact disc player
“”
Thomas and Stratton, 2006

103. “
computer technologies,
pedometers and heart rate
monitors were tools most
often integrated
“”
Baert, 2012

104. “
The disparity between innovation
and the current use of technology
in physical education is stark.
“”
Casey and Jones, 2011

105. “
technology [is] in danger of
becoming a box ticking exercise in
which teachers argue that they
“do that” rather than it being an
aid to learning.
“”
Hastie, Casey and Tarter, 2010

106. “
it is deeply worrying that the
massive investment in
technology has had such limited
impact on enhancing student
learning
“”
Tearle and Golder, 2008

107. Pedagogy
Pedagogy of technology
1
3
Text
2
Technology

108. “
The speed at which such tools are
introduced into society makes one
wonder about how technology is
integrated within education in a
way that it preserves the quality of
effective instruction
“”
Baert, 2012

109. “
Successive Governments have
recognised the importance of ITC
in schools [yet] these
technologies are only entering
schools very slowly.
“”
Akkoyunlu, 2002

110. This is despite the fact that

111. “
ICT is often perceived as a
catalyst for change, change in
teaching style, change in
learning approaches, and change
in access to information.
“”
Watson, 2001

112. Yet

113. “
Using technology to enhance the
educational process involves more than
just learning how to use specific pieces
of hardware and software. It requires
an understanding of pedagogical
principles that are specific to the use of
technology in an instructional settings
“”
Diaz and Bontembal, 2000

114. “
in order to use educational
technologies effectively, teachers
should be trained in the use of
technologies and their integration
into the teaching/learning process.
“”
Akkoyunlu, 2002

115. “
lack of training, personal
comfort levels, availability of
equipment and time
“”
Martin, 2003

116. “
educators either teach
themselves how to use
technology or learn it
from others
“”
Baert, 2012

117. The key is not to isolate
technology from the
pedagogical processes that
it is intended to support

118. “
Technology integration is
complex and is made up of
processes of interconnected
activities.
“”
Okojle et al, 2006

119. “
educational technology
might include media, models,
projected and non-projected
visual, as well as audio, video and
digital media.
“”
Lever-Duffy, McDonald and Mizell, 2005

120. “
teachers should connect instructional
technology with the learning
objectives, methods of instruction,
learning style and pace of learning,
assessment and evaluation strategies,
including follow-up procedures.
“”
Okojle et al, 2006

121. “
[teachers] did not resist
technology per se but agreed that
they could not fully integrate it into
their own practices because of the
organisational, administrative,
pedagogical, or personal constraints
“”
Leh, 2005

122. “
Infusing technology into a
curriculum is less likely to make
an impact on students’ learning
if technology is not considered
as a component of instruction.
“”
Okojle et al, 2006

123. “
The teacher should be able
to assess the appropriateness
of any technology used for
teaching and learning in
relation to specific instruction.
“”
Okojle et al, 2006

124. “
When you go to the hardware
store to buy a drill, you don’t
actually want a drill, you want a
hole, they don’t sell holes at the
hardware store, but they do sell
drills, which are the technology
used to make holes…
“”
Fletcher, 2006

125. “
…We must not lose sight
that technology for the
most part is a tool and it
should be used in
applications which address
educational concerns.
“”
Fletcher, 2006

126. “
Technology in education is not a
mere object to be introduced into
teaching and learning activities at
will without considering basic
principles of learning and sound
teaching methodology.
“”
Okojle, Ollnzock and Okejle-Boulder, 2006

127. What pedagogical principles
guide the use of technology
for teaching and learning
within the curriculum?

128. Pedagogy

129. we know how to
teach people to film
each other...

130. ...but have we worked out
how to teach them about
what to film, what to look
for, how to give feedback
that helps them and the
person/people they filmed
to learn and develop?

131. In his work…

132. Bozkurt suggested that
there were four
fundamental dimensions
of technological
integration

133. Technical
Knowledge

134. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge Opportunities

135. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge Opportunities
Knowing the
Limitations

136. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge Opportunities
Knowing the
Pedagogy of
Limitations Technology

137. Technical
Knowledge

138. “
Teachers need to understand
the technical details of the
technology and know how to
use it effectively.
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

139. “
In addition, teachers need to
know how to solve lower
level technical problems that
can occur in relation to that
technology.
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

140. “
A teacher also needs to have
a basic understanding of the
language and terms (even in a
foreign language) used in the
application.
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

141. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge Opportunities

142. “
One of the basic reasons for
using technology is to eliminate
the hard-to-overcome
procedures with the help of
technological facilities.
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

143. In the past feedback was
instantaneous. The teacher
watched the performance and
gave verbal or even written
feedback

144. The only record of this
was the student’s memory

145. Yet with apps like “Coaches
Eye” or “Ubersense” this
feedback is both
instantaneous and ‘saveable’
so students can revisit it as
many times as they want

146. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge
Knowing the
Limitations

147. “
It is as important to be
aware of the limitations of
technology as is knowing the
opportunities it presents
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

148. Using video analysis technology is
limited by the number of computers
or tablets you have. Any ratio less
than one per student means that
either someone is doing nothing or
they are doing something else.

149. That is not to suggest that
you shouldn’t use video
analysis...

150. just that you do need to
know how to compensate
for these limitation

151. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge
Knowing the
Pedagogy of
Limitations Technology

152. “
This is necessary for the
appropriate use of
technology for particular
student groups.
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

153. Like pedagogy itself it is
not a ‘one size fits all’

154. “
For example, a teacher
can assess his or her
students’ performance
using electronic portfolios
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

155. “
However, to achieve this, the
teacher needs to know how to
use the technology to support
rather than replace the teaching.
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

156. “
In addition, the teacher should be
able to determine which
technology is appropriate to use
by considering the level of the
student group he or she is teaching
“”
Bozkurt, 2011

157. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge Opportunities
Knowing the
Pedagogy of
Limitations Technology

158. If we return to our
hardware example...

159. Where we wanted a hole
but had to buy a drill...

160. The teacher should find
out what they want to
achieve...

161. and then find the
appropriate technology

162. ...so we put the
pedagogy before the
technology

163. Rather than buying a
Birmingham Screwdriver

164. Rather than buying a
Birmingham Screwdriver
Industrial slang for a hammer.
A multipurpose tool for fixing problems

165. Rather than buying a
Birmingham Screwdriver
“whack it with that Birmingham driver and see it it works”

166. Pedagogy
Pedagogy of technology
1
3
Text
2
4
Technology
“Material World”

167. “
[we need to consider that] at
even broader societal levels,
technological literacy has become
a somewhat unquestioned
component of long-term personal
and professional success
“”
Cleary, Pierce,and Trauth, 2006

168. “
2014, it is estimated that 90% of
all people in the United States will
be online with dramatically faster,
high-speed networks
“”
Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes, 2009

169. “
Ninety percent of school-age
youth use the Internet, with
adolescents ages 12 to 17
representing the largest and
fastest-growing group of users
“”
Greenhow,et al, 2009

170. “
Recent national surveys (in the
USA) report that the majority of
teenagers go online daily or several
times a day, mostly from home
“”
Greenhow,et al, 2009

171. However, let’s look at
this from a different
perspective

172. 2014, it is estimated that 10%
of all people in the United
States will not be online

173. 2014, it is estimated that 10%
of all people in the United
States will not be online
If the USA has a population
of 316 million that means that
31.6 Million are not online

174. Ten percent of school-age youth
can’t use the Internet

175. A minority of teenagers rarely go
online and never from home

176. The digital divide

177. “
We must look at the stark reality
that there is a continuing
achievement gap between the rich
and the poor, and between whites
and minority students, ... and it
will only get bigger if we do not
close the digital divide as well.
“”
Richard Riley

178. “
inequalities across schools can
involve differences in physical
access to ICTs, such as computers
and the internet.
“”
Wood and Howley, 2012

179. “
...and teachers simply having the
confidence that activities designed
around the World Wide Web
would not be foiled by an
unreliable internet connection.
“”
Wood and Howley, 2012

180. This is another debate but...

181. When considering ICT use in
Physical education it is vital
that we not only consider the
dimensions of technological
integration

182. Technical
Awareness of
Knowledge Opportunities
Knowing the
Pedagogy of
Limitations Technology

183. i.e. we identify the hole
here

184. and then use the
correct tools

185. we also need to consider

186. we also need to consider
How all children access
this technology

187. thanks for listening

188. I can be found on twitter
@DrAshCasey

189. I write a weekly blog at
www.peprn.com

190. I publish a weekly
podcast at
peprn.podomatic.com

191. Where I talk about
physical education
research

192. Image References
Slide 1 - apple wireless keyboard and magic mouse by duckycards on iStock
Slide 12 -[Portrait of Louis Armstrong, Carnegie Hall, New York, N.Y., ca. Apr.
1947] (LOC) on Flickr
Slide 13 - Michael Jordan from Nike
Slide 14 - zoom_Greenlight_MuhammadAli_1
Slide 15 - trumpet by rachelb56 on flickr
Slide 16 - basketball by Curtis M. Kularski on flickr
Slide 17 - boxing glove by kaybee07 on flickr
Slide 18 - time by songallery on Flickr
Slide 19 - iStockphoto editorial
Slide 20 - iStockphoto
Slide 59 - Happy Birthday by Maria Pavlova on iStockphoto.jpg
Slide 60 - Flickr
Slide 94 - old fashioned basketball court by ryanmcginnisphoto on flickr.jpg
Slide 186 - Little boy & family with digital tablet from iStock