Distributed gen2015

Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala
Presented by

• Energy
Introduction

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Sub-orbits in Atom

Sub-orbit Series

Energy of Electron in nth Orbit

1 kg = 900 g + 100 g

1kg 1 kg 1kg

Wood
Petrol
Atomic
Time
Power

State of Energy
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec
2015

Forms of Energy
• The five main forms of energy are:
– Heat
– Chemical
– Electromagnetic
– Nuclear
– Mechanical
2015

2015

Fourth Basic Need of Human

Energy Conversion and Electrical Energy
• Instant energy conversion
• Convert in to more forms
• High conversion efficiency
• Energy storage
• Easy and safe to transport
• Regeneration
• Smooth Control

History of Electricity
• Starting With Benjamin Franklin
(January 17, 1706 - April 17, 1790)
Kite-flying experiments in 1752

• Michael Faraday
(22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867)
An English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
His main discoveries include those of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and
electrolysis.

• Alessandro Volta
In 1800, Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist, made a great discovery.
He soaked paper in salt water, placed zinc and copper on opposite sides
of the paper, and watched the chemical reaction produce an electric
current. Volta had created the first electric cellKumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015

• André-Marie Ampère
(20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)
In September 1820, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying
electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the
currents flow in the same or opposite directions, respectively - this laid
the foundation of electrodynamics.Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015

World First Generating Station
September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl
Street generating station's electrical power distribution
system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to an
initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl
Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164
lamps. The station was built by the Edison Electric
Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas
Edison.

The World's First Hydroelectric Power Plant
Began Operation September 30, 1882
The dam across Fox River in Appleton (USA) the site of the first hydroelectric power plant
in the world.

First Power Plant in India
The first plant consisted of two 65 kW Crompton-Brunton single-phase,
2300 volts and 83.3 hertz alternators coupled with two Gunther's
Turbines. India's first Hydro-Electric Power Station with 2 x 65 kW
capacity was commissioned on 10 November 1897 by C. C. Stevens, the
then Acting Lieutenant Governor of Bengal.
Sidrapong Hydel Power Station

Energy Conversion

Electricity Generation Techniques

Problems of Fossil Fuel
• Limited in Nature
• Million – trillion years to form
• Site specific
• Energy and Economic security
• Global warming

Only Solution………..

Potential of Green Energy in India
Source: NCE Projects in India
Renewable
sources
Installed Capacity Estimated
Potential
Wind 2483 MW 45000 MW
Biomass Power/
Cogeneration
613 MW 19500 MW
Biomass Gasifier 58 MW ---
Small Hydro 1603 MW 15000 MW
Waste to Energy 41 MW 1700 MW
Solar PV 151 MW 20 MW/sq.km

Summary 1

Electrical Energy

Electric Potential Energy
• In order to bring two like charges near each other work
must be done.

How Electrical Energy is Conducted?

2015
Electricity-the Flow of Free Electrons
Bound electron Free electron
Valance electron
Negative source
Positive source

Why power is voltage x current?

DCAC
EdisonTesla
Westinghouse
vs.

AC
DC= “Direct Current” AC= “Alternating Current”
DC
Click

How Ohm’s Law was derived?

Fourier Heat Conduction equation
• It is the transfer of thermal energy
neighboring molecules in a substance due to a
temperature gradient.
• It is due to the combination of vibrations of
the molecules in a lattice the energy transport
by free.

Fourier’s Heat Transfer Equation
Ohm’s Law

V in Volt
IinAmpere
When Temperature Remaining Constant

Inductance
• Faradays law
• 3 view point
 Circuit
 Dimension
 Energy

Capacitance
• Coulombs law
• 3 view point
 Circuit
 Dimension
 Energy

Passive element in Three Point of
View

Passive and Active Element

AC Circuit Fundaments
• Representation of AC quantity
• Instantaneous, Average and RMS value
• Polar and Rectangular co-ordinates
• Phasor Diagram
• Real, Reactive power
• Power Factor

00 90
90
180180 360
The sine wave can be represented as the projection of a vector rotating at a constant
rate. This rotating vector is called a phasor.
Why A.C is represented as Phasor?

Phasor Diagram
• The instantaneous value is
the actual value you would
measure at time t. This
value is never greater than
ε0.
• The instantaneous value can
be represented as the
projection of the phasor
vector onto the horizontal
axis of the circle.

Why AC values are represented
in RMS?

Real power and Reactive power

Response of ‘R’ to sinusoidal voltage

Response of ‘L’ to sinusoidal voltage

Response of ‘C’ to sinusoidal voltage

AC Circuits
• Transient solution
• Steady state solution

Reactive Power Management
A Typical Inductive Load The effect of a capacitor on an Inductive Load

Concept of Reactive Power

Source Current
Source Voltage
Instantaneous Power

Across the resistor

Across the inductor

Algebraic sum of the voltages

With Compensation

Source
click

Power factor
• Effect of power factor
• Power factor improvement
• Why series compensation is not preferred?

Alternator – 3 phase AC Generator

Structure of Present Power System

Structure of Power System
Centralized
Generation
Distributed
Loads
P+jQ
V,f

Problems in the Present Utility Grid
• Brownout
• Blackout
• Reliability
• Synchronization issues
• Focus on renewable energy sources
• Load dispatching
• Maximum energy utilization
• Power quality - Harmonics

In 2013In India

Structure of Microgrid
Play

Smart Grid/Modern Grid
Play

Distributed Generation

Distributed Generation
• Distribution generation (DG) is the generation of electricity by facilities
sufficiently smaller than central generating plants and is integrated within
distribution systems at nearby to the point of use. This on-site generation is
often called “Distributed Generation” [3].
• “Any electric power production technology that is integrated within
distribution systems fits under the distributed generation umbrella. The
designations “distributed” and “dispersed” are used interchangeably [1].
• Distributed generators are connected to the medium or low voltage grid.
They are not centrally planned and they are typically smaller than 30 MW
(DTI 2001). [4]
• These distributed generation systems, capable of operating on a broad
range, offer clean, efficient, reliable, and flexible on-site power alternatives.

Generation and Storage Technology for DG
 Solar PV Generation System
 Wind Energy Conversion Systems
 Micro-turbines based hydel system
 Biomass Generation systems
 Fuel Cells Storage/Generation System
 Chemical Energy Storage (Battery)
 Electrochemical Capacitors Storage
 Mechanical Storage
 Pumped Hydro
 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
 Fly wheel Storage
 Thermal Storage
 Electromagnetic Storage

For What he won the Nobel Prize?

Einstein’s Invention
• solar energy directly into electricity by
Einstein himself in 1905. In 1921, he won the
Nobel Prize for this original proposal.
• The theory proposed that if sunlight is shine
on the metal with a specific frequency
corresponding to that metal, current is
produced. Since current is the flow of
electron, electricity is produced.
• In 1954, the first photovoltaic technology is
developed the silicon photovoltaic cell at Bell
Labs.

Starte
r
Lamp
Ballast
Light switch
Glow cathode Glow cathode

Glow discharge

pre-heating

Ignition  operation

Power And Harmonics in
Nonsinusoidal Systems
• Average power

Example 1
Ans: Pav = 0.32

Root-mean-square (RMS) value of a
waveform, in terms of Fourier series
• Similar expression for current
• Harmonics always increase rms value
• Harmonics do not necessarily increase average
power
• Increased rms values mean increased losses

Power factor
• Power factor is a figure of merit that measures
how efficiently energy is transmitted.

Power Factor Cotd…

THD-Total Harmonic Distortion
IN, VN – Individual Harmonics of order N
(%)
.....(
THD(I)
(%)
.....(
THD(V)
I
III
V
VVV
n
n
1
22
3
2
2
1
22
3
2
2
)100
)100





Distortion factor vs. THD

Energy Conservation

Ten ‘S’ for Energy Conservation
S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S

First Step - Sense
 Waste of Energy around you.

Second Step - Stop
 Do you switch off energy appliances on
proper time?

Third Step - Search
 Search for energy efficient
options/alternatives

Fourth Step - Select
 Do you prefer energy saving means over
other alternatives?

Fifth Step - Shift
 Would you like to shift your present living
style to energy saving ways?
 Load Shifting

Six Step - Service
 Do you service energy consuming units
regularly for regaining efficiency?

Seventh Step - Scrap
 Are you ready to discard energy inefficient
devices?

Eighth Step - Schedule
 Do you plan to carry out multiple
activities at a time to save energy?

Ninth Step - Sacrifice
 Are you ready to compromise with your
comforts & status for energy
conservation?

Tenth Step - Spread
 Are you ready to spreading your energy
conservation knowledge to others?

Reuse and recycle

The Population of the World
Middle East
3%
Africa
14%
Asia/Pacific
55%
North
America
6%
South and
Central
America
9%
Europe
13%
Global Population Profile 2002, U.S. Census Bureau

THE DAYS ARE NOT FAR?

Future Hybrid

Use public Transport Like This ……

Not Like This

If we live closer to work we can
avoid this

And This

Best Six Doctors for Good Health
Sunshine Water Rest
Air Exercise DietKumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015

By
Dr. Kumaravel S.
kumaravel_s@nitc.ac.in
You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop
to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you can not - Eleanor RooseveltKumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015

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